保护性耕作对旱作农田耕层土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

通过田间定位试验,研究了不同耕作方式对黄土高原西部旱农区耕层土壤肥力和酶活性的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田可以显著提高 0—5和5—10 cm土层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾和3种水解酶活性; 10—30 cm 土层仅提高了有机质、全钾和速效钾含量,对其余各养分含量和水解酶活性并无明显影响。免耕降低了0—5、5—10和10—30 cm土层硝态氮含量,但对过氧化氢酶活性有明显促进作用。相关分析表明,土壤有机质、养分和碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性之间呈极显著相关关系。进一步应用主成分分析表明,土壤有机质、养分和水解酶活性共同反映着黄土高原雨养农区土壤肥力水平的高低。     

长期定位施肥对土壤酶活性的影响及其调控土壤肥力的作用

为探讨长期施肥条件下土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系,对褐潮土肥料定位试验田第12年的土壤酶以及土壤养分因子进行了测定和分析。结果表明,NPK与有机肥长期配合施用能明显提高土壤有机质含量,全氮、全磷及速效氮、磷、钾含量,增强土壤转化酶、磷酸酶和脲酶的活性。玉米秸秆有利于提高土壤转化酶活性,而有机肥则主要提高土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性;采用轮作方式比连作能更好地培肥土壤。土壤酶活性与土壤肥力之间具有很好的相关性,其中,磷酸酶、脲酶、转化酶活性与有机质、全磷、速效磷含量呈显著正相关;磷酸酶与碱解氮、速效钾,脲酶与速效钾,转化酶与碱解氮均呈显著相关。长期施肥不能增强土壤中过氧化氢酶活性,过氧化氢酶与土壤养分之间无明显相关。     

宁南黄土丘陵区马铃薯连作土壤养分、酶活性和微生物区系的演变

采用常规方法研究了宁南黄土丘陵区马铃薯不同连作年限土壤养分、酶活性及微生物区系组成的演变趋势。结果表明,宁南黄土丘陵区土壤有机质及全氮与土壤微生物数量和酶活性均呈显著正相关;马铃薯连作4年引起土壤有机质、全氮、全磷及全盐含量显著下降,而土壤pH、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著增加;试验区土壤微生物区系组成中细菌占微生物总量的80%以上;随连作年限的延长,土壤真菌比例逐渐上升,土壤放线菌比例有较大幅度提高,而土壤细菌比例则明显下降。逐步回归分析表明,脲酶、蔗糖酶、真菌、放线菌和细菌都与土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性显著负相关;全磷及速效磷只和磷酸酶极显著正相关;土壤pH与脲酶、蔗糖酶及细菌均呈显著或极显著负相关;脲酶与蔗糖酶及细菌、放线菌和真菌之间均呈显著或极显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶极显著负相关。马铃薯连作不仅加重土壤养分亏缺,土壤理化性状恶化,而且导致过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,土壤微生物区系组成发生改变。     

包膜控释尿素对保护地菜地土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

为探讨包膜控释尿素施用条件下土壤酶活性及其与土壤肥力的关系，对种植黄瓜、番茄、辣椒等蔬菜的保护地菜地土壤酶活性以及土壤养分因子含量进行了测定和分析。结果表明，施用包膜控释尿素比普通尿素能明显提高土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量，降低了土壤速效磷含量；包膜控释尿素可增强土壤多酚氧化酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性，这些酶活性与土壤养分之间具有极显著或显著的相关性，施用包膜控释尿素未增强过氧化氢酶、转化酶的活性，过氧化氢酶、转化酶与土壤养分因子相关性不明显。在评价土壤酶活性与土壤养分的关系方面要根据不同的作物作具体的分析。     

翻压不同绿肥品种对植烟土壤肥力及酶活性的影响

为了明确不同绿肥品种与土壤肥力及酶活性的关系,通过田间试验及简单相关分析、典型相关分析和主成分分析,研究种植翻压不同品种绿肥对植烟土壤酶活性及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,不同品种绿肥种植翻压均可显著改善土壤的物理性状,提高土壤养分含量和土壤酶活性,在效应上具有相似的特点,主要影响土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶与酸性磷酸酶活性及碱解氮和有效磷的含量,主要差异是土壤体积质量、孔隙度、pH、有机质、全氮、速效钾、过氧化氢酶的变化;脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种土壤酶不仅两两之间均呈极显著正相关,而且与土壤肥力指标均呈极显著相关;土壤肥力与土壤酶活性存在极显著的典型相关关系;此结果对当前的烤烟生产和土壤改良具有较大的意义。     

广西平果县岩溶山地不同植物群落的土壤酶活性

为探讨平果县岩溶山地典型植物群落的土壤酶活性特征,基于调查取样与试验分析,采用相关分析、多重比较以及主成分分析方法,研究了不同植物群落间土壤酶活性的差异,分析了土壤酶活性与土壤化学性质的关系。结果表明:(1)土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性的群落间差异达显著水平,显示不同植物群落对土壤酶活性产生一定影响;(2)土壤pH值与过氧化氢酶、脲酶间呈极显著正相关(p0.01),与碱性磷酸酶间呈显著负相关(p0.05);(3)4个酶活性与代表土壤肥力的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮及速效钾之间具有较强的相关性,但速效磷与4个土壤酶之间的相关性均未达显著水平(p0.05);(4)过氧化氢酶、脲酶及碱性磷酸酶能敏感反映土壤质量的变化,可作为本区域土壤质量评价的指标。     

伊犁河谷不同造林模式土壤养分与酶活性的关系

[目的]研究伊犁河谷5种典型造林模式下土壤养分和酶活性空间特征,为伊犁河谷地区造林树种的搭配和布局提供依据。[方法]通过采样和室内测试分析,对0—20和20—40cm土壤的化学性质及酶活性等指标进行分析测定,并对其相关性进行研究。[结果]0—20的土层土壤酶活性更强,养分含量也更高;各模式土壤养分含量差异显著,榆树防护林土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量最高,全钾和有效钾处于较高水平,林草间作用材林土壤全氮、全磷和有机质含量最高,碱解氮也处于较高水平;土壤酶活性与土壤养分有一定的相关,其中脲酶与全磷、碱解氮、速效磷和有机质显著正相关,过氧化氢酶与全钾和速效钾呈显著正相关,与全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有机质呈显著负相关。[结论]土壤酶活性与土壤养分间关系紧密,并可较好表征土壤肥力水平,可广泛应用于森林土壤的肥力水平评价。     

宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄基地土壤酶活性

调查了宁夏御马酿酒葡萄基地不同栽培年限下土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,并与土壤的基本理化性质进行了回归分析。结果表明,供试土壤为强碱性反应,耕作施肥对土壤pH和全盐含量影响不显著;土壤有机质、全氮、铵态氮、速效磷、阳离子代换量大都处于最低的六级水平,但肥力随耕种年限的延长显著增加;随栽培年限的延长,表层土壤磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性显著增加;蔗糖酶、脲酶活性随剖面深度的加深而显著减小;表土过氧化氢酶活性随栽培年限的延长而显著下降,但不同土地利用下表层以下各层次土壤过氧化氢酶活性总体上高于表层,且差异显著。磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;磷酸酶活性、蔗糖酶和脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、缓效钾、速效钾之间存在着极显著相关关系;四种酶之间,磷酸酶与脲酶之间存在极显著相关关系,脲酶与蔗糖酶之间存在极显著相关关系。由此表明,磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性的大小可以代表宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄栽培区土壤肥力的高低。     

纳板河自然保护区土壤酶对不同海拔、坡向的响应

在纳板河自然保护区内分海拔和坡向采集土样,测定分析了尿酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶4种主要土壤酶活性和主要养分指标的变化。结果表明:土壤有机质、水解氮含量随海拔升高显著增加;阳坡全氮含量随海拔升高呈现由中间向两端减小的趋势,阴坡全氮含量随海拔升高波动增加;土壤速效磷含量随海拔呈现由中间向两端减小趋势;蛋白酶活性高海拔 > 低海拔,海拔对表层过氧化氢酶活性影响较小,脲酶、蔗糖酶活性随海拔呈现波动。土壤有机质、全氮、水解氮、速效磷含量阳坡 > 阴坡;土壤蛋白酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性阴坡 > 阳坡,各土层土壤脲酶活性阳坡 > 阴坡。各养分含量及酶活性表层 > 中下层。土壤酶活性与各肥力因子间相关关系显著,各土壤酶活性间相关性显著。有机质、全氮、全磷是影响蛋白酶活性的主导因子,速效磷和水解氮为次要因子;全磷、速效磷、水解氮为影响脲酶活性的主要因子,有机质、全磷、速效钾为次要因子。主成分分析结果表明蛋白酶和脲酶活性作为保护区土壤肥力指标具有可行性。     

山东省不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒组成及其分形维数特征

选取山东省120个不同土壤剖面,应用分形理论研究不同土地利用方式的土壤颗粒分形特征以及与土壤养分的相关关系。结果表明:（1）不同土地利用方式土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、全磷、全氮、有机质含量均表现为林地和草地显著高于耕地和农地（p < 0.05）,其中林地和草地土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、全磷、全氮、有机质含量差异均不显著（p > 0.05）。（2）不同土地利用方式土壤粒径分布中,黏粒含量占主导地位,黏粒含量百分比45.98%～67.12%,粗砂粒含量相对较低。（3）不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒分布的分形维数随着土层深度增加逐渐增大,0—10 cm土层土壤颗粒分布分形维数变化幅度较小,而40—50 cm变化幅度较大。（4）回归分析表明不同土地利用方式土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤粒径呈显著或极显著的线性负相关。（5）相关分析表明不同土地利用方式土壤分形维数均与土壤有机质含量呈显著负相关,与土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷、全磷、全氮呈正相关。综上所述,不同土地利用方式下土壤颗粒组成差异较大,草地和林地相对于耕地和农地大颗粒含量明显增多,小颗粒明显减少,土壤颗粒分布的分形维数可以作为表征土壤肥力的状况指标。     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

稳定同位素在植物源性农产品产地溯源研究进展

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