青藏高原氮沉降研究现状及草地生态系统响应研究进展

为了解青藏高原氮沉降的时空差异特征及对高原生态系统的影响,对青藏高原不同区域大气活性氮沉降定量研究的相关结果进行总结分析,对大气活性氮沉降对草地生态系统的影响并与青藏高原现阶段相关研究进行综述与比较。研究表明:青藏高原氮沉降通量定量研究较少,且局限于短期监测或仅定量雨水活性氮含量,长期性的定点原位监测、大气活性氮的组成特征、城乡差异及变化趋势均未见报道;同时,大气氮沉降对青藏高原草地生态系统植物多样性的影响,植物化学计量特征变化趋势及物候相应等均报道较少,仅局限于现象的解释,并未对变化机理进行阐述。氮沉降作为全球变化的主要驱动因子,青藏高原氮沉降通量及其对生态环境的影响有待进一步加强。     

氮沉降对湿地生态系统的影响研究

大气氮沉降的急剧增加是近年来全球变化研究的焦点,湿地生态系统的碳储量远高于其他生态系统,是全球变化的敏感区域.主要介绍了湿地生态系统及其氮沉降的现状,综述了国内外的相关研究结果,阐明了氮沉降对湿地生态系统植物和土壤微生物的具体影响,并对未来研究所面临的问题进行了展望,可为更好地预测及评估氮沉降背景下湿地生态系统的稳定性提供参考.     

大气氮沉降研究进展

随着经济的快速发展,人类活动排放至大气中的氮持续增长,大气氮沉降已成为气候变化、二氧化碳浓度升高、土地利用变化之外的影响陆地生态系统结构和功能的第四大因素。通过大气沉降到生态系统的氮一部分可作为营养源供植物生长,过量的氮则会产生消极作用。文章围绕大气氮沉降的氮素组成及其沉降通量,氮沉降的时空特征,氮沉降对土壤及植物的影响三方面进行了综述,总结了大气氮沉降的不同氮素形态及沉降通量,对比了氮干、湿沉降的时空特征,阐述了大气氮沉降对土壤生态系统及植物生长的影响。从现有的文章来看,我国对各地区大气氮沉降情况的监测越来越多,包括农田、城市、森林等,但关于大气氮沉降的影响研究多与水体、森林、草地等相关,对农田生态系统的影响,例如对土壤微环境、农作物生长及作物产量、农产品质量等的影响研究尚且较少。     

氮沉降对草原凋落物分解的影响

大气氮沉降增加是全球变化的重要现象之一,草原生态系统对氮沉降增加的响应成为草地生态学的研究热点之一。凋落物分解是草原生态系统养分循环和能量流动的主要途径,氮沉降增加引起草原植物群落结构变化,导致凋落物质量、土壤肥力、土壤微生物和土壤动物的变化,最终影响凋落物的分解。本文综述了氮沉降对草原凋落物结构、化学组成和分解环境的影响等方面的国内外最新研究进展,讨论了需进一步加强研究的内容,以期为进一步拓展该领域研究的广度和深度、为全面分析和评估全球变化对草原生态系统的影响提供参考。     

大气氮沉降监测方法及中国不同地理分区氮沉降研究进展

随着我国经济快速发展,近年来大气活性氮排放量呈持续增长的趋势,研究表明,我国多地大气活性氮沉降量已经超过临界值。活性氮来源于化石燃料燃烧、畜牧家禽排放以及农业氮肥挥发、交通废气的排放等。沉降到生态系统的氮一部分可作为营养源提供给农作物,而过量的氮沉降会对生态系统及空气环境产生诸多消极作用。我国对地区大气活性氮监测的研究越来越多,主要是对农田、城市、水体及森林生态系统氮沉降情况的监测。重点阐述活性氮干湿沉降的研究方法及我国不同地理分区大气活性氮干湿沉降的时空特征。     

基于整合分析的氮添加对草地植被多样性、生物量及净初级生产力影响

【目的】揭示氮沉降对全球草地生态系统植被多样性、生物量及净初级生产力的综合效应,并探究不同气候条件下氮沉降对于草地影响程度。【方法】根据设计的标准收集整理国内外121篇文献,采用整合定量分析氮沉降对全球草地生态系统的综合效应。【结果】与未施加氮的天然草地相比,氮添加显著提高草地生产能力,其中草地总生物量(P0.05)、地上生物量(P0.001)、地下生物量(P0.01)及地上净生产力(P0.001)平均效应值分别为24.11%、33.55%、16.38%及29.73%;氮添加显著降低天然草地植被多样性,其中植被香农-威纳指数(P0.05)及丰富度指数(P0.01)平均效应值分别下降27.11%及14.65%;年降水会显著影响天然草地植被多样性指数、辛普森指数及覆盖度指数对氮沉降的响应,而不显著影响植物生物量和净生产力对氮沉降的响应,年均温不会显著影响草地植被多样性、生物量及净初级生产力对氮沉降的响应。【结论】大气氮沉降会提高天然草地生态系统的生物量及净生产力,但会造成植物丰富度降低,对草地生态系统物种多样性造成负面影响。     

陆地生态系统碳·氮·水耦合机制研究进展

在大气CO2浓度升高和氮沉降增加等全球变化背景下,陆地生态系统碳、氮循环相互作用及功能耦合规律的研究是揭示这些不确定性的基础,也能反映森林生态系统生物产量与养分之间的作用规律,涉及到林地持久生产力的生态学机理问题。生态系统的碳循环和水循环以气孔行为为结点,耦联成有机的整体。因此,着重在生态系统尺度上,综述了碳、氮、水循环耦合作用研究的一些进展与存在的问题,并对今后研究方向进行了展望。     

氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体的影响研究

随着全球生态环境的不断恶化,大气氮沉降的增加对森林温室气体的影响是近来生态学研究的重要课题。该文通过查阅近年来国内外氮沉降的相关文献,简单介绍了氮沉降对森林温室气体的影响和存在的问题,并对今后的进一步研究工作提出展望。     

高氮负荷森林生态系统对大气氮沉降降低的响应研究进展

大气氮沉降对全球生物多样性和生态系统功能构成严重威胁。过去50多年,由于减排措施的实施,欧美国家率先出现大面积区域的氮沉降降低,中国从2010年开始趋于稳定,氮沉降的未来变化趋势可能因全球各地而异。本研究采用文献检索方法和综合分析方法,综述了国内外氮沉降恢复的方法,分析了森林生态系统土壤(酸化和溶液化学)、结构(植被-微生物多样性)与功能(生产力和碳吸存)对氮沉降降低的响应。随着氮沉降的降低,植被物种组成、土壤微生物群落和土壤过程可能恢复缓慢,而一些土壤参数(如pH、硝酸盐和铵浓度等)对氮输入减少的响应相对较快。当氮沉降降低时,可在某种程度上减轻土壤酸化,促进树木生长,但也可能因环境氮沉降速率依然很高并保持土壤酸化,林木的活力仍在恶化。植被多样性的恢复可能存在恢复障碍并在短期内难以维持富营养化的恢复,但促进了贫营养型物种的增加。森林生态系统恢复响应对减排政策存在延迟,且氮沉降增加存在遗留效应,致恢复相当缓慢,但恢复只是时间问题。因此,高氮负荷生态系统的恢复是一个长期缓慢的过程,进一步加强减排尤为重要。参94     

气候变化和放牧干扰对草地土壤有机碳的影响研究进展

草地土壤有机碳库是陆地重要的碳库之一,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡,研究草地生态系统土壤有机碳对预测气候变化及未来全球碳收支有重要的意义。本文通过对土壤有机碳的研究现状进行综述,分析土壤有机碳稳定性维持的物理、化学和生物机制,探究气候变暖和大气氮沉降增加等全球变化因子对草地土壤有机碳及其稳定性的影响,同时分析放牧干扰对草地生态系统土壤有机碳的作用,有助于深入了解全球变化和人类活动干扰下草地生态系统土壤碳收支情况,为草地生态系统碳循环研究提供依据,为草原生态保护和可持续发展提供理论参考。     

中国北方森林和草地生态系统碳氮耦合循环与碳源汇效应研究

全球变化自20世纪80年代以来作为一个科学问题开始出现,现今已超越科学领域,成为影响当今世界发展的重大政治、经济和外交问题。在科技部的 “十三五”期间“全球变化及应对”重点研发计划专项支持下,来自中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所、西北农林科技大学、中国科学院植物研究所等6个单位31位科学家于2016年7月开始承担“中国北方森林和草地生态系统碳氮耦合循环与碳源汇效应研究”项目。该项目旨在:1)凸显中国北方植物群落演替在温室气体吸收和排放平衡,特别是在我国未来碳汇中的作用;2)绘制森林和草地碳源汇转变的敏感区、脆弱区;3)建立和发展稳定同位素技术研究碳氮循环的多时间序列历史变化及其对全球氮沉降、大气CO2浓度上升和气候变化的响应;4)揭示氮沉降、升温、火干扰和植被演替驱动的碳氮耦合循环生物学机制及其碳源汇响应。通过该项目5年的实施,预期能增加我国北方森林和草地生态系统碳氮耦合循环生物学机制的认识,增强对北方森林和草地生态系统对全球变化响应的预测能力和减少预测的不确定性。      

ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON URBAN FORESTS: AN OVERVIEW

● Patterns and effects of N deposition on urban forests are reviewed. ● N deposition generally shows an urban hotspot phenomenon. ● Urban N deposition shows high ratios of ammonium to nitrate. ● N deposition likely has distinct effects on urban and natural forests. The global urban area is expanding continuously, resulting in unprecedented emissions and deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) in urban environments. However, large knowledge gaps remain in the ecological effects of N deposition on urban forests that provide key ecosystem services for an increasing majority of city dwellers. The current understanding of the spatial patterns and ecological effects of N deposition in urban forests was synthesized based on a literature review of observational and experimental studies. Nitrogen deposition generally increases closer to cities, resulting in an urban hotspot phenomenon. Chemical components of N deposition also shift across urban-suburban-rural gradients, showing higher ratios of ammonium to nitrate in and around urban areas. The ecological effects of N deposition on urban forest ecosystems are overviewed with a special focus on ecosystem N cycling, soil acidification, nutrient imbalances, soil greenhouse gas emissions, tree growth and forest productivity, and plant and soil microbial diversity. The distinct effects of unprecedented N deposition on urban forests are discussed in comparison with the common effects in natural forests. Despite the existing research efforts, several key research needs are highlighted to fill the knowledge gaps in the ecological effects of N deposition on urban forests.     

A coherent signature of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition to remote watersheds of the Northern Hemisphere

Humans have more than doubled the amount of reactive nitrogen (Nr) added to the biosphere, yet most of what is known about its accumulation and ecological effects is derived from studies of heavily populated regions. Nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios ((15)N:(14)N) in dated sediments from 25 remote Northern Hemisphere lakes show a coherent signal of an isotopically distinct source of N to ecosystems beginning in 1895 ± 10 years (±1 standard deviation). Initial shifts in N isotope composition recorded in lake sediments coincide with anthropogenic CO(2) emissions but accelerate with widespread industrial Nr production during the past half century. Although current atmospheric Nr deposition rates in remote regions are relatively low, anthropogenic N has probably influenced watershed N budgets across the Northern Hemisphere for over a century.     

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE IMPACT OF NITROGEN DEPOSITION ON GLOBAL GRASSLANDS

● Grasslands in many regions of the world have been impacted by atmospheric nitrogen deposition. ● Nitrogen deposition commonly leads to reductions in species richness. ● Increases in biomass production is a common response to increased N deposition. ● In some parts of the world there has been limited research into the impacts of nitrogen deposition. Grasslands are globally-important ecosystems providing critical ecosystem services. The species composition and characteristics of grasslands vary considerably across the planet with a wide variety of different grasslands found. However, in many regions grasslands have been impacted by atmospheric nitrogen deposition originating from anthropogenic activities with effects on productivity, species composition and diversity widely reported. Impacts vary across grassland habitats but many show declines in species richness and increases in biomass production related to soil eutrophication and acidification. At a continental level there is considerable variation in the research effort that has been put into understanding the impacts of nitrogen deposition. In Europe, North America and parts of Asia, although there are unanswered research questions, there is a good understanding of N deposition impacts in most grassland habitats. This is not the case in other regions with large knowledge gaps in some parts of the world. This paper reviews the impacts of N deposition on grasslands around the world, highlighting recent advances and areas where research is still needed.     

The CO2 balance of unproductive aquatic ecosystems

Community respiration (R) rates are scaled as the two-thirds power of the gross primary production (P) rates of aquatic ecosystems, indicating that the role of aquatic biota as carbon dioxide sources or sinks depends on its productivity. Unproductive aquatic ecosystems support a disproportionately higher respiration rate than that of productive aquatic ecosystems, tend to be heterotrophic (R > P), and act as carbon dioxide sources. The average P required for aquatic ecosystems to become autotrophic (P > R) is over an order of magnitude greater for marshes than for the open sea. Although four-fifths of the upper ocean is expected to be net heterotrophic, this carbon demand can be balanced by the excess production over the remaining one-fifth of the ocean.     

Arctic lakes and streams as gas conduits to the atmosphere: implications for tundra carbon budgets

Arctic tundra has large amounts of stored carbon and is thought to be a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) (0.1 to 0.3 petagram of carbon per year) (1 petagram = 10(15) grams). But this estimate of carbon balance is only for terrestrial ecosystems. Measurements of the partial pressure of CO(2) in 29 aquatic ecosystems across arctic Alaska showed that in most cases (27 of 29) CO(2) was released to the atmosphere. This CO(2) probably originates in terrestrial environments; erosion of particulate carbon plus ground-water transport of dissolved carbon from tundra contribute to the CO(2) flux from surface waters to the atmosphere. If this mechanism is typical of that of other tundra areas, then current estimates of the arctic terrestrial sink for atmospheric CO(2) may be 20 percent too high.     

N沉降下土壤动物群落的响应:1年研究结果总述2681258920

2003年7月至2004年8月,选择了苗圃、针叶林、混交林和季风林4个生态系统,采用模拟的方法,人为构建N沉降增加梯度系列,即对照、低N处理（50 kg/(hm2·a)）、中N处理（100 kg/(hm2·a)）、高N处理（150 kg/(hm2·a)）和倍高N处理（300 kg/(hm2·a)）,在14个月的时间内,对土壤动物群落在N沉降下的响应进行了持续观测研究.研究结果表明,土壤动物群落无论在时间尺度和空间尺度（垂直分布）都发生了明显的变化.生态系统类型的影响很显著,季风林和针叶林增长模式的不同,最终导致3个森林土壤动物分布格局的根本改变.苗圃样地N处理具有明显的阈值效应.虽然整体上森林样地N处理梯度未产生显著影响,但它在与不同植被、不同取样期的交互作用中可以清楚表现出来.N沉降存在明显的累积效应.在持续大量N沉降的作用下,动物向土壤深层趋避,显示N处理的负效应.N沉降的阈值效应和累积效应也都符合中度干扰理论.最后,该文还对N沉降对土壤动物群落的影响机制进行了初步探讨,认为N沉降可能通过对土壤无机环境的改变间接影响较高营养阶——土壤动物群落,而N沉降处理的阈值效应、生态系统成熟度及处理时间累积对试验效果的影响,本质上可能均反映了生态系统N饱和状态对N沉降的响应.      

Increasing N abundance in the northwestern Pacific Ocean due to atmospheric nitrogen deposition

The relative abundance of nitrate (N) over phosphorus (P) has increased over the period since 1980 in the marginal seas bordering the northwestern Pacific Ocean, located downstream of the populated and industrialized Asian continent. The increase in N availability within the study area was mainly driven by increasing N concentrations and was most likely due to deposition of pollutant nitrogen from atmospheric sources. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition had a high temporal correlation with N availability in the study area (r = 0.74 to 0.88), except in selected areas wherein riverine nitrogen load may be of equal importance. The increase in N availability caused by atmospheric deposition and riverine input has switched extensive parts of the study area from being N-limited to P-limited.