水土流失地区耗散结构分析

用耗散结构理论对水土流失地区的土壤侵蚀系统，生态系统，社会系统进行分析后认为：社会系统耗散结构处于水土流失地区耗散结构的主导地位，社会系统通过增强该地区生态系统耗散结构水平，是控制和减弱土壤侵蚀耗散结构这一低等非生命自组织现象的最有力的手段之一。     

定西市安定区不同水土保持措施结构下综合效益评价

依据土壤侵蚀原理和生态经济学原理等理论,基于DPSIR模型,构建了适合区域水土保持综合效益评价的指标体系,运用灰色关联投影法,对定西市安定区不同水土保持措施结构下的综合效益进行了科学系统的评价。评价结果表明:1993年、2000年和2010年水土保持综合效益投影值分别为0.116 1,0.190 3,0.218 4。水土保持综合效益值在2010年达到最大,其相对应的措施结构为该地区水土保持综合治理较优的措施比例结构。     

土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学重点研究领域与问题

进入新世纪,我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究迎来了新的发展机遇和挑战。在分析我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科研究的社会需求、科学需求及其特殊性的基础上,指出了我国土壤侵蚀与水土保持科学研究中存在的主要问题,提出了该领域亟待解决的前沿科学问题,如土壤侵蚀过程与机理,土壤侵蚀预报模型,水土保持措施防蚀机理及其适用性,流域生态过程和水土保持措施配置,大尺度土壤侵蚀与水土保持的格局及其变化规律,土壤侵蚀与水土保持环境效应评价,土壤侵蚀研究新技术与方法等。     

水土保持措施及其减水减沙效益分析

水土流失已经和正在蚕食着人们赖以生存的宝贵的水土资源，如何有效地控制水土流失日益受到社会各界和科学家们的广泛关注。中国在水土保持方面创造了许多颇具特色的水土保持措施，如：生物林草措施、耕作措施和水土保持工程措施。该文总结了目前所采用的主要水土保持措施类型。采用坡度、坡长校正公式将数据转化为具有可比性的量值(标准小区)，定量分析了各种水土保持措施对于减少径流和土壤侵蚀产沙的效果，即治理措施的减水减沙效益，为小流域土壤侵蚀预报、水土保持措施的优化及合理配置、优化土地利用结构等提供参考依据。     

黄土高原的土壤侵蚀与保护

黄土高原严重的土壤侵蚀正消耗着其水土资源，威胁着农业生产的持续发展。在分析黄土高原土壤侵蚀及水土保持现状的基础上，提出了防治土壤侵蚀的区域水土保持措施，并论述了其必要性。     

低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀空间分布定位定量评价

根据研究区璧山县狮子小流域的土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,从方法学的角度综合分析G IS在空间分析处理上的原理、方法及优势,利用复杂系统微分原理提出将典型坡地系统进行微分栅格化,转为栅格均质体土壤侵蚀评价单元,利用USLE方程进行处理,并在深入分析研究USLE方程和G IS的基础上对方法进行了研究与应用。该项研究为水土保持规划和水土保持措施布局提供了理论支持。     

峨庄流域土壤侵蚀时空变化特征

以淄川水土保持生态修复区峨庄流域为研究区域,综合运用"3S"技术和水土保持相关理论与方法,对1990年和2005年峨庄流域土壤侵蚀格局与动态进行了系统研究.结果表明:15年来峨庄流域的土壤侵蚀综合防治效益日趋显著;流域土壤侵蚀类型为水力侵蚀,土壤侵蚀强度以轻度侵蚀为主,局部区域存在中度和强度侵蚀;土地利用、植被盖度、坡度等环境因子对流域土壤侵蚀影响密切.研究成果可为优化水土保持措施提供决策依据和技术支撑.     

基于GIS的中国土壤侵蚀预报信息系统

土壤侵蚀预报信息系统的建立是动态分析处理土壤侵蚀信息，适时定量预报土壤侵蚀，进行水土保持规划和评价的重要技术基础。系统介绍了中国土壤水蚀预报信息系统的研制目标、系统组织结构和功能，以及系统的实际应用评价。     

论城市土壤侵蚀与城市水土保持问题

该在阐述城市土壤侵蚀，城市型水土保持等有关概念及开展城市水土保持势在必行的基础上，进一步论述了城市土壤侵蚀具有人为影响的主导性，侵蚀强度的隐蔽性，侵蚀方式的复杂性，侵蚀物源的多样性等特点，城市水土保持具有目的要求特殊，防治人为侵蚀是重点、涉及面广，城市地域结构是水保措施布局的基础等特点，以及城市水土保持的类型和内容。     

延河流域水土保持措施减蚀效应分析

 利用延河流域35个雨量站50多年的日降雨、数字高程模型、土壤类型图、土地利用图和植被覆盖图、水土保持措施调查数据,结合黄土高原的区域特征,运用CSLE,在ArcGIS的支持下分别计算研究区1986、1997和2006年土壤侵蚀量,以1986年的水土保持措施实施情况作为基期水平,模拟1997、2006年在水土保持基期水平情景下的土壤侵蚀量,对比分析水土保持措施变化对土壤侵蚀量的影响。结果表明:以1986年作为基期,新增水土保持措施在1997年减少土壤侵蚀量96万t,在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量628万t;考虑2006年降雨特征不同于研究区多年降雨特征,按照2006年降雨特征计算,则新增水土保持措施在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量140万t。研究结果可为延河流域水土保持效益评价、水土流失治理和生态建设提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.