生物机械制浆废水特征及处理研究

研究表明，生物机械制浆废水的污染负荷只有其它高得率浆（ＣＭＰ，ＣＴＭＰ）废水污染负荷的１／３－１／２。用活性尼法处理Ｂｉｏ－ＭＰ废水，只要较短的水力停留时间（３－４ｈ）即可去除７９％的ＣＯＤ和９８％的ＢＯＤ。紫外分光光度研究表明，处理后的Ｂｉｏ－ＭＰ废水废水的木质素素含量降至处理前的３６％。Ｂｉｏ－ＭＰ废水污染负荷低，毒性小且具有良好的可生物处理性。     

杨木高得率制浆技术的最新进展

本文介绍了杨木的纤维特性、化学成份和利用杨木生产高得率纸浆的适应性,以及杨木为原料的漂白化学热磨机械浆（ＢＣＴＭＰ）和碱性过氧化氢化学机械浆（ＡＰＭＰ）。ＡＰＭＰ是９０年代研制成功的高得率制浆新方法,其特点是纸浆得率高、白度高和强度好。该法适用于针阔叶木,特别是杨木。杨木ＡＰＭＰ可代替部分长纤维针叶木浆,配抄低定量胶印新闻纸和涂布纸等。     

21世纪的木材硫酸盐制浆新技术

本文论述了２１世纪的木材硫酸盐制浆技术。其中，在蒸煮方面介绍了间歇蒸煮的快速置换、药液全置换技术与连续蒸煮的改良、深度脱木素改良技术；漂白方面介绍了氧漂白、臭氧漂白、过氧化物漂白、生物漂白、无元素氯漂白、完全无氧漂白技术。通过改进蒸煮技术，采用氧脱木素、高温洗涤和无氯漂白，可以解决硫酸盐制浆漂白废水污染问题，满足环保的要求。     

颤杨机械浆和高得率浆的回用性能

研究了颤杨机械浆和高得率浆在回用过程中性质的变化，并对照研究了黑云杉热磨机械浆的回用性能。结果表明，纸浆了明显的变化，发生在第一次加用后。用于研究的所有浆的保水值下降，游离度增加，并伴随着结合的能力的降低，而纤维本身折强度并没有明显变化。云极ＴＭＰ对回用的反应与颤杨ＴＭＰ不同；经磺化处理的颤杨ＣＭＰ与未磺人的颤有区别。显然，机械浆和高得率浆的回用性能与树种和制浆条件有关。     

国外林业科技文摘10则

一种新的制浆工艺ASAE这种制浆工艺是在原有的亚硫酸盐法制浆（ASAM）基础上修改成的．即：将乙醇代管其中的甲醇，这种新的制浆方法被简称为ASAE。试验选用土耳其松（P．Brutia）作为蒸煮的原料，在不同的蒸煮条件下，重复了28次蒸煮试验，以取得最有效的ASAE纸浆得率和物理性质方面的蒸煮参数。同时进行亚硫酸盐法制浆的对照试验。通过数据最优化分析得出，最佳制浆条件为：20％Na2SO3＋50％乙酸在最高温度下蒸煮15min。研究发现：ASAE制浆与ASAM相比具有更高的得牢、粘度、亮度及强度。ASAE制装还有其它一些优点。如：在蒸…     

21世纪的木材硫酸盐制浆新技术

本文论述了21世纪的木材硫酸盐制浆技术。其中,在蒸煮方面介绍了间歇蒸煮的快速置换、药液全置换技术与连续蒸煮的改良、深度脱木素改良技术;漂白方面介绍了氧漂白、臭氧漂白、过氧化物漂白、生物漂白、无元素氯漂白、完全无氧漂白技术。通过改进蒸煮技术,采用氧脱木素、高温洗涤和无氯漂白,可以解决硫酸盐制浆漂白废水污染问题,满足环保的要求。     

海南岛树木资源(续7)

被子植物亚门　ＡＮＧＩＯＳＰＥＲＭＡＥ双子叶植物纲　ＤＩＣＯＴＹＬＥＤＯＮＥＡＥ　　　玉蕊科　ＬＥＣＹＴＨＩＤＡＣＥＡＥ玉蕊（Ｂａｒｒｉｎｇｔｏｎｉａｒａｃｅｍｏｓａ（Ｌｉｎｎ．）Ｓｐｒｅｎｇ）；Ｈ（１５），Ｄ（３５）。文昌（头宛）。本岛东北部海滩或海岸。　　　野牡丹科　ＭＥＬＡＳＴＯＭＡＴＡＣＥＡＥ※海南谷木（ＭｅｍｅｃｙｌｏｎｈａｉｎａｎｅｎｓｅＭｅｒｒ．ｅｔＣｈｕｎ）；吊罗。小乔木，本岛南半部常见。谷木（Ｍ．ＬｉｇｕｓｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍＣｈａｍｐ．ｅｔＢｅｎｔｈ．），角木（琼）；Ｈ（２０）…     

中山杉纸浆材制浆特性初探

以9年生中山杉木材为试验材料,通过测定其化学组成和纤维特性,结果表明其适合作为制浆材。采用正交试验方法,对中山杉进行硫酸盐法（KP 法）蒸煮制浆特性进行初步研究,得出较佳的蒸煮工艺条件为：用碱量22％、硫化度27％、保温温度170℃和保温时间2.0 h,蒸煮后浆得率47.63％,卡伯值42.1,白度27.3％（ISO）。对其 KP 浆进行 CEH、CEHP、TCF 漂等不同漂序的组合漂白,白度增幅很大,均能达60％（ISO）以上,可漂性强。     

OH法制浆工艺研究

研究了在氨水中添加少量钾碱作为蒸煮剂的稻草制浆新工艺，系统讨论了蒸煮液的用量和配比，液固化，蒸煮最高温度和保温时间对蒸煮效果的影响，继而确定了适宜工艺条件，结果表明，该蒸煮体系对稻草木质素的脱除率达到85．12％，纸浆得率38．12％，通过红外光谱（IR）测定了稻草蒸煮过程中木质素的结构变化，蒸煮黑液中因富含氮、磷、钾和有机质，可作为有机肥料资源用于农业生产，该工艺有望实现禾草类原料制浆工艺的清洁生产。     

青冈常绿阔叶林死地被层和土壤性质特征的研究

１９９０年至今对浙江建德青冈常绿阔叶林生态系统的养分循环进行了研究。报道了死地被层现存量，死地被层（包括Ｌ、Ｆ、Ｈ三亚层）和土壤（包括Ａ、Ｅ、Ｂ三层）中Ｃ和８种养分元素的分布，以及植物对养分元素的累积特征。结果表明：死地被层现存量为１４．１４１ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中Ｈ＞Ｆ＞Ｌ．死地被物中９种元素含量和贮量大小依次为Ｃ＞Ｎ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｐ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ，而土壤中为Ｃ＞Ｎ（Ｋ）＞Ｋ（Ｎ）＞Ｍｇ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃａ＞Ｐ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ。与其它地区相比，本区土壤中Ｍｎ和Ｎ的含量较高而Ｐ和Ｃａ较低．不同元素具有不同的层次分布和季节变化特征。自表层至深层，Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｎ的含量呈下降趋势；而Ｋ、Ｍｇ的含量均在表层较低，并在深层有较高的含量；而Ｐ、Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ则以Ｈ与Ａ层的含量为最高．植物对元素的累积特征因元素和层次（种类）而异。各元素中以Ｃａ的富集系数最高，Ｎ次之，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ最低；一般而言，藤本、草本和下木层植物对元素的累积程度比乔木层和亚乔木层要高。     

A mathematical model of kraft pulping related to the alkali concentration in the cooking liquor

Summary A new mathematical model for checking and controlling the kraft pulping process has been derived. The model is based on the modified relationship between the lignin content and the alkali concentration of a cooking liquor expressed as the ratio of lignin/active alkali vs. concentration of the active alkali in a cooking liquor. The derived model characterizes the variation of the lignin content of the partially delignified wood or pulp with the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor during an entire pulping cycle, i.e. during the initial, transition, bulk and residual phases of the kraft delignification. The relationship between the lignin content of the partially delignified wood ships or pulp and the concentration of the residual alkali in a cooking liquor is expressed by the logarithmic straight line equation or its power form. The slope and intercept constants of the derived equation for the individual phase of delignification have different values. Received 5 June 1996     

European hardwoods versus Eucalyptus globulus as a raw material for pulping

The importance of eucalypt as a raw material for pulping is steadily growing. Eucalyptus globulus was compared with European hardwood species using two alkaline pulping processes, kraft and alkaline sulfite, anthraquinone pulping (ASA), which is a recently developed modified alkaline sulfite process. All cooks were performed to similar kappa numbers. Poplar cooks resulted in the highest yields followed by eucalypt and birch which were on the same level. Yield of beech pulps was definitely lower. ASA pulps show a moderate higher yield due to the less alkaline pH-profile of the cooking liquor. This yield advantage was maintained and even enhanced after TCF-bleaching. The bleaching response of all pulps was excellent. The birch pulps had the highest tensile strength followed by the poplar and beech pulps. Surprisingly eucalypt pulps had the lowest tensile strength. But this was compensated by the very good tear index of eucalypt pulps. The runnability factor, as an index for the overall strength potential, was on the same level for all pulps. Due to the higher hemicellulose content of the ASA pulps their tensile strengths were higher, but tear strengths lower compared to the kraft pulps. The different morphology of the hardwoods investigated resulted in different volumes and light scattering coefficients of the corresponding pulps. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.Walter Liese on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

Differential behavior between acacia and Japanese larch woods in the formation and decomposition of hexenuronic acid during alkaline cooking

The effects of anthraquinone (AQ) and polysulfide (PS) on the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of pulp during kraft cooking were studied using Acacia mearnsii (acacia) and Larix leptolepis (Japanese larch) sapwood. In contrast to the results of cooking Japanese larch at an H-factor of 1200, the HexA contents of acacia pulp with a kappa number of 20 at an H-factor of 291 did not differ greatly between the kraft, kraft-AQ, and PS-AQ cooking methods, although the hydroxide ion concentration in the acacia cooking liquor decreased on the addition of AQ or sulfur. To explain this difference, we studied the behavior of the formation and degradation of HexA during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan from cotton linter, which was cooked with 1.0 and 2.0 mol/l NaOH. The relationship between HexA content and H-factor during alkaline cooking of glucuronoxylan was clarified. The amount of HexA and its rate of decomposition were higher in the 2.0 mol/l solution than in the 1.0 mol/l solution. At a low H-factor similar to that for hardwood cooking, HexA content increased to a maximum level and then started to decrease at high hydroxide ion concentrations such as 2.0 mol/l, whereas it slowly decreased at low hydroxide concentrations such as 1.0 mol/l. At an H-factor of around 450, the HexA formation/degradation curve for 1.0 mol/l of hydroxide crossed the decomposition curve for 2.0 mol/l of hydroxide. Therefore, it was shown that at a low H-factor, a decrease in hydroxide ion concentration during acacia wood cooking had little effect on the HexA content of pulp.     

竹子深度脱木质素蒸煮与常规硫酸盐法蒸煮的比较

为了提高竹浆性能和减少环境污染,对福建丛生小径竹进行了实验室模拟延伸改良连续蒸煮(EMCC)和常规硫酸盐法蒸煮(CKC)的研究。结果表明,EMCC蒸煮通过分段加入蒸煮药液和在逆流段进行药液置换,比CKC具有更高的脱木质素选择性。在蒸煮相同卡伯值的竹浆时,EMCC浆比常规硫酸盐浆(CK浆)具有更高细浆得率、较低粗渣率、更高粘度和更好强度性能。在相同的打浆度下,EMCC浆抗张指数、耐破指数和撕裂指数都比常规硫酸盐浆高。     

杨木制浆技术的新进展

本文介绍了用杨木生产漂白化学浆,包括硫酸盐法,硫酸盐-蒽醌法,烧碱-蒽醌法和碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制浆;用杨木生产漂白化学热磨机械浆;用杨木生产碱性过氧化氢机械浆;特别是杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆是90年代发展研制成功的高得率、高白度和强度性好的新化学机械浆种,它适用于配抄低定量胶印新闻纸、低定量涂布纸等。     

Influence on pulping yield and pulp properties of wood density of Acacia melanoxylon

Wood density and pulp yield are key parameters in the evaluation of tree productivity and quality for pulping and their relationships are of high practical importance. The influence of wood density on pulp yield and other pulp quality parameters was investigated using Acacia melanoxylon and its natural variability as a case study. Twenty trees were harvested (five trees in each of four sites in Portugal), and wood discs taken at different height levels, from the base to the top of the tree, providing 100 wood samples, covering the natural variability of wood density ranging from 449?kg?m^?3 to 649?kg?m^?3. Under the same experimental conditions of kraft pulping, screened pulp yield ranged 47.0?C58.2?%, Kappa number 10.9?C18.4, ISO brightness 14.9?C45.6, fibre length 0.660?C0.940?mm and fibre width 16.2?C22.9???m. The pulp yield and Kappa number were not correlated with wood density. Higher pulp yields were associated with lower Kappa numbers and alkali consumption, suggesting the important role of chemical composition of wood on kraft cooking. The results confirm the high pulping potential of Acacia melanoxylon trees grown in Portugal and suggest the possibility of tree selection using both wood density and pulp yield.     

坭竹黄竹制浆造纸研究

介绍采用硫酸盐法对江西乡土丛生竹种坭竹、黄竹进行蒸煮制浆造纸试验,结果表明:用3年生坭竹、黄竹制浆造纸,其纤维形态和制浆得率好于毛竹,并用于制浆造纸工业,为江西巩固林业产权制度改革成果,大力发展林产工业奠定了基础。     

Influence of pulping variables on the properties of Elaeis guineensis soda pulp as evaluated by response surface methodology

Response surface methodology with central composite design was used to investigate the influence of pulping conditions, viz. cooking temperature, time-at-temperature and alkali charge for alkaline pulping of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres, on the properties of the pulp and paper obtained (screened yield, Kappa number, tensile and tear indices). Quadratic models consisting of the three independent variables were found to accurately describe the pulping of this material with correlation between the actual and predicted values of the response variables having a relatively good degree of R². The delignification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre can be achieved with ease using sodium hydroxide as the sole cooking agent to about 30–45% yield with the process greatly enhanced by an increase in temperature. Although, a relatively low temperature (about 160°C) within the limits of pulping time (60–120 min) and of alkali charge between 20 and 30% is generally sufficient.     

Alkaline pulping with additives. A review

Summary The technology and chemistry of recent advances in alkaline pulping are reviewed from the standpoint of the authors' work over the past few years. Topics reviewed include soda-amine [particularly soda-ethylenediamine (EDA)], soda-anthraquinone (AQ), kraft-AQ, and soda-AQ/EDA pulping and their effects on pulp strength properties and bleachability. There is evidence to support the concept that the rates of all alkaline delignification reactions, including kraft, are controlled by a reductive step which transfers electrons to the degrading lignin.