食用农产品质量安全监管体系存在问题及对策研究

食用农产品安全问题一直以来都是国家政府部门关注的重点,食用农产品安全不仅影响了社会经济的健康发展,也关系着社会群体的自身安全。我国为应对食用农产品安全问题制定了多项管理措施,对于维护食用农产品质量的安全发挥了重要作用,本文主要分析食用农产品监管体系存在的问题与改进。     

No country is an island in regulating food safety:How the WTO monitors Chinese food safety laws through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM)

Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization(WTO),the Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM) reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China's trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China's trade policy in 2006,2008,2010,2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards,alignment of domestic standards with international standards,the role of different domestic institutions,transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS) and on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT Agreement),import and export,and geographical indications(GIs). It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute,within its mandate,to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. It notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM,follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.     

我国可持续食物安全的实证研究

分析了可持续食物安全的基本内涵,建立了可量化的我国可持续食物评价指标体系,并对我国可持续食物安全的基本状况进行了实证研究。研究结果表明：我国食物安全的水平,质量和可靠性一直稳定提高,并基本处于安全状态,可持续性和公平性则出现波动和下降的趋势,我国食物安全下一步的目标主要是提高农产品质量和效益,提高农民收入,储备农业生产能力,保护农业资源和生态环境,发展持续农业,这是我国未来否实现可持续食物安全的根本。     

Direct farm,production base,traceability and food safety in China

With the rapid growth of China's economy,rising demand for safety food has been accompanied by frequent food safety scandals. Given that China's farming is dominated by millions of small-scale farms,ensuring food safety is a major challenge facing the public and private sectors. The direct farm(DF) program,initiated in 2008,represents one of the government's major initiatives to modernize the distribution of fresh fruit and vegetables(FFV) and improve food safety. Under the DF program,participating national and international retailers are expected to establish more direct procurement relationships with farm communities. While it is often claimed that greater participation by retailers in the production and post-harvest processing implied the DF program will lead to improved quality,safety and traceability,systematic evidence remains elusive as existing studies are largely narrative,based on case studies,or theoretical inference. Little empirical evidence is available for a broader evaluation of the DF program. This paper aims to fill this gap by assessing the overall performance of a single retailer's DF experience with respect to the procurement and food safety of FFV. We use data from a survey of production managers of 35 DF production bases(PBs) spread across 11 provinces,3 cities and 1 autonomous region in China. The results show a mixture of opportunities and challenges. On one hand,the DF program improves production practices and distribution channels of FFV produced on its PBs,thus facilitating the move of China's food system towards improved food safety compliance. On the other hand,significant heterogeneity in the traceability of food and the ability of DF to meet higher safety standards is evident both across major product categories and across household-operated vs. firm-operated PBs. The paper concludes with policy implications.     

The third-party regulation on food safety in China:A review

Stakeholders in the field of food safety management in China can be classified into three categories,government,food producers(farmers and enterprises),and the third-party regulatory bodies. The third-party regulation has experienced rapid development in past twenty years,and recently received considerable attention from consumers and the central government. This paper provides a review about the development,problems and future trend of the third-party regulation on food safety in China. To be specific,five forms of the third-party regulation are assessed,including media exposure,the third-party certification,regulation by consumer associations,social movements promoted by non-governmental organizations(NGOs),and regulation by industry associations. The study concludes that media and consumer associations are the major players in the third-party regulation and are highly repudiated among customers. The food certification industry has developed rapidly,but is now facing crises of confidence among consumers because of its lack of self-regulation. NGOs and industry associations still remain in the early development stages of food safety management,and therefore,are of little importance in current regulatory bodies.     

中日水产品贸易的变化及我国的应对措施

中日之间水产品贸易关系一直十分密切,并且互为对方最大的贸易伙伴。然而近年来,其贸易量却出现了下降趋势。为促进水产品贸易的恢复,两国都进行了诸多研究。通过总结中日水产品贸易的发展历程、背景,并分析两国采取的贸易措施可以看出,新中国成立以来,中日间的水产品贸易经历了扩大期、成长期、减少期三个阶段。影响其发展的主要因素有生产量与消费量的变化、水产品加工技术的发展、以及食品安全标准的强化等。对于中日之间水产品贸易量下降的现象,我国采取的应对措施主要包括法律及食品安全标准的强化和出口管理体系的完善等。此外我国与日本开展了食品安全推进会,以有效应对两国水产品贸易中出现的问题。上述管理措施对于两国水产品贸易量的下降起到了一定的控制作用,然而其中尚存有很多未解决的问题,要实现中日水产品贸易的恢复,仍然任重而道远。     

过期食品逆向流动原因及解决方法探讨

近年来,过期食品逆向流动引发的食品安全事件频发,因此,探讨过期食品逆向流动的原因并采取有效措施避免过期食品逆向流动对于维护我国食品安全具有重要的意义。通过分析我国过期食品回收处理现状及相关规章制度,发现我国过期食品逆向流动主要是由过期食品回收处理无法可依、无章可循,企业诚信缺失,问责制度及监管体系不完善等原因造成的。针对以上原因提出过期食品逆向流动的解决办法和更加合理有效的过期食品市场监管体系。     

我国食品质量安全保障体系现状分析

近些年,我国食品质量与安全问题已成为社会热点问题之一,受到各方面的关注.本文主要分析了我国现有的食品质量安全保障体系现状,通过与发达国家相比可以发现我国食品质量安全保障体系主要存在三大问题,即法律法规和标准体系有待完善、安全检测体系不健全、检测方式、关键监测技术和设备落后、危险性评估控制技术未广泛采用.针对以上问题,文章最后提出了5点政策建议.     

食品业中豆制类产品安全卫生现状

对我国豆制品产品现状进行介绍,从企业、消费者以及监督管理部门3个方面对我国食品业中豆制品产品所存在的安全卫生问题进行分析,从而提出相应的解决措施。     

欧盟的粮食安全政策及对我国的启示

分析探讨了欧盟国家对粮食安全的认识,介绍和分析了欧盟国家在粮食安全问题上的政策和措施,通过与我国农业发展现状的比较,揭示了欧盟食物安全政策对我国粮食安全和现代化农业建设所具有的重要启示作用,提出了加强粮食安全和农业发展的建议和措施.建立符合中国国情的粮食预警体系;实施农业保护政策,提高农业综合生产能力;深化粮食流通体制改革,建立安全可靠的粮食储备系统;建立食物安全生产的诱导机制;生态建设要与粮食生产能力建设和储备相结合.     

Welfare and Market Impacts of Food Safety Measures in China: Results from Urban Consumers' Valuation of Product Attributes

This study provides an economics assessment of various food safety measures in China. A choice experiment approach is used to elicit Chinese consumer preferences for various food safety attributes using data from a 2008 urban consumer survey. An alternative welfare calculation is used to model aggregate market impacts of select food safety measures. Our results show that the largest welfare gains are found in the current government-run certification program. The implementation of a third-party certification system, a traceability network and a product label would generate significant value and would help reduce current system inefficiencies in China. This study builds on previous research and provides an alternative approach for calculating consumer valuation of safety and quality attributes that can be used to estimate aggregate economic and welfare impacts.     

Food safety inspection and the adoption of traceability in aquatic wholesale markets:A game-theoretic model and empirical evidence

Supply chain traceability is key to reduce food safety risks, since it allows problems to be traced to their sources. Moreover, it allows regulatory agencies to understand where risk is introduced into the supply chain, and offers a major disincentive for upstream agricultural businesses engaging in economically motivated adulteration. This paper focuses on the aquatic supply chain in China, and seeks to understand the adoption of traceability both through an analytical model, and empirical analysis based on data collected through an extensive(largest ever) field survey of Chinese aquatic wholesale markets. The field survey includes 76 managers and 753 vendors, covering all aquatic wholesale markets in Zhejiang and Hunan provinces. The analytical and empirical results suggest that the adoption of traceability among wholesale market vendors is significantly associated with inspection intensity, their individual history of food safety problems, and their risk awareness. The effect of inspection intensity on traceability adoption is stronger in markets which are privately owned than in markets with state/collective ownership. The analysis offers insights into the current state of traceability in China. More importantly, it suggests several hypothesized factors that might affect the adoption of traceability and could be leveraged by regulatory organizations to improve it.     

台湾食品安全监管法律制度及其借鉴意义

我国大陆近来频发的食品安全问题暴露出食品监管法律制度的缺陷,亟待解决。台湾地区的食品安全监管制度相对大陆来说比较完善,有比较健全的监管机构和法律制度、强有力的社会团体监督以及严厉的违法处罚措施。目前,我国大陆食品安全监管缺乏完善的食品安全认证和法律制度,应该借鉴台湾食品安全的监管经验,通过完善食品安全立法制度和法律制度,发挥食品行业协会的作用,以及制定严格的违法处罚措施来健全大陆的食品安全监管法律体系。     

我国核技术的农业应用

介绍了中国核农学的现状、发展以及应用,提出了中国核农学的发展应从总体上提高我国核农学的技术创新能力,继续保持我国核农学的综合优势。     

我国人工林的地位，作用及主要造林技术

人工林在木材供给，生态保护，环境安全等安全等方面具有十分重要的地位，发挥着巨大的作用，我国人工造林已形成一个完整的技术系统。     

Food safety management and regulation:International experiences and lessons for China

China is experiencing rapid urbanization,changes in diets,and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context,food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management,regulation,and consumer behavior,with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First,a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second,it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist,and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand,mechanisms to identify and reward quality,and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.     

The prospects for China's food security and imports: Will China starve the world via imports?

China's food supply and demand have significant implications for both China's own national food security and that of the world. This study reviews China's food security prospects and their implications, focusing on international trade in the coming decade. The results show that China's policies for ensuring food security will be enhanced and China will move to sustainable agriculture. Most studies anticipate that China will increase its food and feed imports in the coming decade. China's overall food self-sufficiency is likely to fall from 94.5% in 2015 to around 91% by 2025. The greatest increases in imports are likely to be soybean, maize, sugar, and dairy products. However, within the production capacity of the major exporting countries and of many food-importing developing countries, China's additional imports of 3 to 5% of its total food consumption in the coming decade are unlikely to threaten global food security. Indeed, the projected imports of feed and several foods could provide opportunities for many exporting countries to expand their production and save global resources.     

对我国石油战略储备的思考

针对我国石油供应安全的紧迫形势,结合我国国情,从建立和完善石油储备体系,尽快制订石油储备法、切实提高石油战略储备的战略威慑和抗风险能力、着力提高油料战略储备基地的生存防护能力以及石油战略储备建设中应注重解决的问题四个方面,提出了建立和完善我国石油战略储备的方法和途径。     

提高中国粮食安全风险管理能力的思考

人均耕地面积少、人口基数大、地力弱化、自然灾害、环境污染等一直是中国粮食自给和安全保障的风险所在。粮食安全风险管理一直是农业风险管理领域的热点问题,前人对此进行深入研究,影响粮食安全的因素主要有资源风险、气候风险和市场风险等。研究认为,影响中国粮食安全抗风险能力的因素中,既有意识层面的问题,也有体制机制方面的问题,如风险管理主体的风险意识有待提高、风险防控体制、机构有待建立完善等。因此,建议从强化预防为主的风险管理意识、夯实粮食生产基础、建立粮食生产风险管理体系等来提升粮食安全风险管理水平。     

德国鲁尔区资源枯竭型城市转型中的土地利用政策研究

运用案例分析法，具体研究了德国鲁尔区资源型枯竭城市在转型过程中所采取的土地利用政策，从而为我国资源枯竭型城市转型中土地利用政策提供借鉴。提出我国资源枯竭型城市在转型中，需采取以下措施：确立政策的权威性；将产业转型与国土整治相结合；引入公私合作制方式等。