Evaluation of nitrogen requirement and efficiency of rice in the region of Yangtze River Valley based on large-scale field experiments

Overestimation of nitrogen(N) uptake requirement is one of the driving forces of the overuse of N fertilization and the low efficiency of N use in China. In this study, we collected data from 1 844 site-years of rice(Oryza sativa L.) under various rotation cropping systems across the Yangtze River Valley. Selected treatments included without(N0 treatment) and with N application(N treatment) which were recommended by local technicians, with a wide grain range of 1.5–11.9 t ha–1. Across the 1 844 site-years, over 96% of the sites showed yield increase(relative yield105%) with N fertilization, and the increase rates decreased from 78.9 to 16.2% within the lowest range 4.0 to the highest 6.5 t ha–1. To produce one ton of grain, the rice absorbed approximately 17.8 kg N in the N0 treatment and 20.4 kg N in the N treatment. The value of partial factor productivity by N(PFP N) reached a range of 35.2–51.4 kg grain kg–1 with N application under the current recommended N rate. Averaged recovery rate of N(RE N) was above 36.0% in yields below 6.0 t ha–1 and lower than 31.7% in those above 6.0 t ha–1. Soil properties only affected yield increments within low rice yield levels(5.5 t ha–1). There is a poor relationship between N application rates and indigenous nitrogen supply(INS). From these observations and considering the local INS, we concluded there was a great potential for improvement in regional grain yield and N efficiency.     

深耕加秸秆还田下施氮量对土壤碳氮比、玉米产量及氮效率的影响

为明确深耕加秸秆还田条件下的适宜施氮量,研究了深耕加秸秆还田条件下不同施氮量[0、240、270、300(当地生产平均施氮水平)、330、360 kg/hm2N]对土壤碳氮比、玉米产量及氮效率的影响。结果表明,深耕加秸秆还田下增施氮肥可以提高玉米植株干物质和氮素积累量,增加土壤有机质和全氮含量,调节土壤碳氮比,进而提高玉米籽粒产量和氮效率。深耕加秸秆还田条件下,随着施氮量的增加,土壤有机质和全氮含量增加,碳氮比降低;玉米植株干物质积累量、氮素积累量、籽粒产量及氮素农学效率、氮素表观利用率均先增加后降低,以330 kg/hm2处理最高,其籽粒产量、氮素农学效率、氮素表观利用率比当地生产平均施氮水平300 kg/hm2处理分别显著提高9.3%、23.6%、46.7%,但其产量与360 kg/hm2处理差异不显著。表明,深耕加秸秆还田条件下,玉米需适当增加氮肥施用量,试验区玉米适宜氮肥用量以330 kg/hm2(较当地平均施氮水平高10%)为宜。     

Comparisons of yield performance and nitrogen response between hybrid and inbred rice under different ecological conditions in southern China

In order to understand the yield performance and nitrogen(N) response of hybrid rice under different ecological conditions in southern China, field experiments were conducted in Huaiji County of Guangdong Province, Binyang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Changsha City of Hunan Province, southern China in 2011 and 2012. Two hybrid(Liangyoupeijiu and Y-liangyou 1) and two inbred rice cultivars(Yuxiangyouzhan and Huanghuazhan) were grown under three N treatments(N1, 225 kg ha–1; N2, 112.5–176 kg ha–1; N3, 0 kg ha–1) in each location. Results showed that grain yield was higher in Changsha than in Huaiji and Binyang for both hybrid and inbred cultivars. The higher grain yield in Changsha was attributed to larger panicle size(spikelets per panicle) and higher biomass production. Consistently higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars was observed in Changsha but not in Huaiji and Binyang. Higher grain weight and higher biomass production were responsible for the higher grain yield in hybrid than in inbred cultivars in Changsha. The better crop performance of rice(especially hybrid cultivars) in Changsha was associated with its temperature conditions and indigenous soil N. N2 had higher internal N use efficiency, recovery efficiency of applied N, agronomic N use efficiency, and partial factor productivity of applied N than N1 for both hybrid and inbred cultivars, while the difference in grain yield between N1 and N2 was relatively small. Our study suggests that whether hybrid rice can outyield inbred rice to some extent depends on the ecological conditions, and N use efficiency can be increased by using improved nitrogen management such as site-specific N management in both hybrid and inbred rice production.     

不同水氮运筹模式对田间土壤氨挥发及春玉米籽粒产量的影响

为了减少氨挥发带来的氮素损失和面源污染,寻求一种节水、节肥、稳产的水氮运筹模式,研究分析了氨挥发规律及春玉米籽粒产量对不同水氮运筹模式的响应。试验采用裂区设计,共15个处理。主区为灌水定额,设置3个水平,分别为525、750、975 m~3·hm~(-2);副区为施氮量,设置5个水平,分别为0、80、160、240、320 kg·hm~(-2)。于2014、2015年连续两年进行田间试验。采用通气法采集田间氨挥发量,并计算氨挥发速率、氨挥发损失量及损失率。结果表明:2014、2015两年同一处理追肥后的氨挥发速率峰值均大于该处理施入基肥后的氨挥发速率峰值,追肥后氨挥发速率峰值比施入基肥后的氨挥发速率峰值分别高出63.31%和62.06%。施氮量、灌水定额以及两者的交互作用均对NH_3-N损失量具有极显著影响,三者对田间土壤NH_3-N损失量的影响表现为施氮量灌水定额两者的交互作用。2014、2015两年各施氮处理施入基肥后平均NH_3-N损失量为5.71~13.95 kg·hm~(-2),追肥后平均NH_3-N损失量为8.70~18.66 kg·hm~(-2)。2014年各施氮处理NH_3-N总损失量为13.90~32.21 kg·hm~(-2),2015年各施氮处理NH_3-N总损失量为15.45~32.99 kg·hm~(-2)。处理W2N3(灌水定额750 m~3·hm~(-2),施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2))既能节水、节肥,又能保证获得高产,同时显著地降低了NH_3-N损失量,故推荐该处理为适用于当地的最优水氮运筹模式。     

Review grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rice production regions in China

As one of the staple food crops, rice(Oryza sativa L.) is widely cultivated across China, which plays a critical role in guaranteeing national food security. Most previous studies on grain yield or/and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE) of rice in China often involved site-specific field experiments, or small regions with insufficient data, which limited the representation for the current rice production regions. In this study, a database covering a wide range of climate conditions, soil types and field managements across China, was developed to estimate rice grain yield and NUE in various rice production regions in China and to evaluate the relationships between N rates and grain yield, NUE. According to the database for rice, the values of grain yield, plant N accumulation, N harvest index(HIN), indigenous N supply(INS), internal N efficiency(IE_N), reciprocal internal N efficiency(RIE_N), agronomic N use efficiency(AE_N), partial N factor productivity(PEPN), physiological N efficiency(PE_N), and recover efficiency of applied N(RE_N) averaged 7.69 t ha~(–1), 152 kg ha~(–1), 0.64 kg kg~(–1), 94.1 kg kg~(–1), 53.9 kg kg~(–1), 1.98 kg kg~(–1), 12.6 kg kg~(–1), 48.6 kg kg~(–1), 33.8 kg kg~(–1), and 39.3%, respectively. However, the corresponding values all varied tremendously with large variation. Rice planting regions and N rates had significant influence on grain yield, N uptake and NUE values. Considering all observations, N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1) commonly achieved higher rice grain yield compared to less than 200 kg N ha~(–1) and more than 250 kg N ha~(–1) at most rice planting regions. At N rates of 200 to 250 kg ha~(–1), significant positive linear relationships were observed between rice grain yield and AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN, and 46.49, 24.64, 7.94, 17.84, and 88.24% of the variation in AE_N, PE_N, RE_N, IE_N, and PFPN could be explained by grain yield, respectively. In conclusion, in a reasonable range of N application, an increase in grain yield can be achieved accompanying by an acceptable NUE.     

滇池柴河流域蔬菜地土壤施用控释尿素与普通尿素的氮损失比较

在滇池柴河流域,蔬菜地施用的氮肥通过径流、淋溶和氨挥发等途径向水体迁移,对周围水体质量有较大影响。通过盆栽试验比较了控释尿素（3个氮水平：0 mg N/kg土、280 mg N/kg土和320 mg N/kg土）与普通尿素（4个氮水平：0 mg N/kg土、280 mg N/kg土、320 mg N/kg土和400 mg N/kg土）施用在柴河流域土壤所表现出的肥料氨挥发和氮淋失特征。结果表明,两种氮肥所有施氮水平处理的氮淋溶量都显著大于氨挥发量。在两种施氮水平下（320 mg N/kg土和280 mg N/kg土）,施用普通尿素产生的氨挥发量分别占施氮量的3.64%和3.57%,而施用控释尿素产生的氨挥发量分别占施氮量的3.64%和2.78%;施用普通尿素产生的氮淋失量分别占施氮量的14.38%（其中硝态氮占85.34%）和14.46%（其中硝态氮占95.70%）,施用控释尿素产生的氮淋溶量分别占施氮量11.60%（其中硝态氮占91.05%）和8.37%（其中硝态氮占96.84%）。硝态氮淋溶可能是柴河流域蔬菜地肥料氮素向水体迁移的主要途径。随着施氮量的减少,控释尿素的氮淋失量显著下降,而普通尿素的氮淋失量差异不显著。相同施氮水平下,普通尿素氮淋失量显著大于控释尿素。由此可见,控释尿素主要通过减少氮淋溶途径来减少氮损失。减量施氮结合控释尿素的施用对控制该地区氮肥施用对水体污染具有实际的指导意义。     

长期不同施肥措施冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系周年氨挥发损失的差异

目的 基于定位试验平台,比较长期不同施肥处理下小麦-玉米轮作体系周年土壤氮素氨挥发损失的差异,为降低氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用率提供理论依据。方法 2019—2021年,依托山东农业大学黄淮海玉米技术创新中心定位试验平台,以冬小麦品种石麦15和夏玉米品种郑单958为试验材料,以不施氮肥为对照（CK）,采用有机肥（腐熟牛粪M）和无机氮肥（U）两种氮肥类型,设置两个施氮量分别为380 kg N·hm^-2（M1、U1、U2M2）和190 kg N·hm^-2（U2、M2）,试验共计6个处理,其中氮肥在两季作物间的分配是小麦47.4%、玉米52.6%。采用通气法比较各处理土壤氨挥发速率、累积损失量、籽粒产量及氮肥利用效率的差异。结果 两个种植周期内不同施肥处理均显著影响土壤氨挥发。各处理施肥后氨挥发损失速率变化趋势基本一致,小麦和玉米两季的土壤氨挥发均主要发生在施肥后0—7 d,之后处理间的差异逐渐变小。小麦玉米轮作体系周年氨挥发损失量可达8.6—79.4 kg N·hm^-2,以U1处理最高,达到79.4 kg N·hm^-2,其氨挥发损失量较U2、U2M2、M1、M2和CK分别增加18.5%、111.7%、162.3%、20.5%和825.7%,表明高施氮量增加土壤氨挥发损失量,无机氮肥较有机肥增加氨挥发损失量。U2M2、M1和M2处理的氨挥发损失率比U1处理降低80.9%、61.3%、24.8%,表明有机氮肥与无机氮肥配施或单施有机氮肥可显著降低氨挥发损失。周年籽粒产量以U2M2处理最高,达到24 621.8 kg·hm^-2,较U1、U2、M1、M2分别增产10.1%、24.7%、11.7%和32.7%。U2M2处理周年氮肥利用率达52.6%,较U1、U2、M1和M2处理分别提高11.3%、4.1%、13.4%和10.7%。U2M2处理降低了氨挥发损失、同步提高了产量和氮肥利用率,是冬小麦玉米周年轮作的理想施肥策略。结论 施用有机肥可以显著降低小麦玉米轮作体系的周年氨挥发损失量,提高周年籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率。考虑到有机肥源及施用便捷性可将有机无机配施作为当前小麦玉米轮作生产体系降低氨挥发损失、提高氮肥利用效率的主要施肥方式。     

Net energy yield and carbon footprint of summer corn under different N fertilizer rates in the North China Plain

Excessive use of N fertilizer in intensive agriculture can increase crop yield and at the same time cause high carbon(C) emissions.This study was conducted to determine optimized N fertilizer application for high grain yield and lower C emissions in summer corn(Zea mays L.).A field experiment, including 0(N0), 75(N75), 150(N150), 225(N225), and 300(N300) kg N ha–1 treatments, was carried out during 2010–2012 in the North China Plain(NCP).The results showed that grain yield, input energy, greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions, and carbon footprint(CF) were all increased with the increase of N rate, except net energy yield(NEY).The treatment of N225 had the highest grain yield(10 364.7 kg ha–1) and NEY(6.8%), but the CF(0.25) was lower than that of N300, which indicates that a rate of 225 kg N ha–1 can be optimal for summer corn in NCP.Comparing GHG emision compontents, N fertilizer(0–51.1%) was the highest and followed by electricity for irrigation(19.73–49.35%).We conclude that optimazing N fertilizer application rate and reducing electricity for irrigation are the two key measures to increase crop yield, improve energy efficiency and decrease GHG emissions in corn production.     

沼液在稻田的精确施用及其环境效应研究

为探究沼液在稻田中的适宜用量,通过田间试验,研究不同氮素水平的沼液(0、90、157.5、225、292.5、562.5 kg·hm~(-2))对水稻产量、氮素利用率、田面水无机氮动态变化、土壤残留无机氮以及稻田氨挥发的影响。结果表明,水稻籽粒产量随沼液氮素施用量的变化符合线性加平台模型,沼液在水稻种植中的最佳氮素施用量为213.9 kg·hm~(-2);施用沼液显著增加了田面水铵态氮浓度,施用沼液3 d后,田面水铵态氮浓度迅速降低,而田面水硝态氮初始浓度无明显变化;稻田氨挥发总量随沼液氮素施用量的增加而显著增加,且主要集中在沼液施用后的一周内,氨挥发所引起的氮素损失占沼液氮素量的14.52%~17.64%;等氮量施用的沼液和化肥相比,水稻产量、氮素利用率、氮素农学生产率和土壤残留无机氮均无显著差异,而单位稻谷产量的氨挥发量显著降低22.6%。由此可见,稻田合理施用沼液具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of rice under different soil conditions

Four rice cultivars were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield and characteristics of nitrogen uptake under two soil conditions (sandy and clay soil) in soil culture pool. The results were as follows. First, yield of rice in sandy and clay soil was increased by nitrogen application, and that in clay soil was higher than that in sandy soil, but the effect of nitrogen on yield increment was greater in sandy soil than in clay soil. Second, nitrogen utilization of rice was different under different soil conditions. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) and physiological Nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) were higher in sandy soil than in clay soil. Apparent Nitrogen recovery efficiency (ANRE), partial factor productivity for applied Nitrogen (PFP), and soil Nitrogen dependent rate (SNDR) were higher in clay soil than in sandy soil. Agronomic Nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE) was varied in different cultivars under different soil conditions. Third, N harvest index, agronomic N use efficiency, physiological N use efficiency, partial factor productivity for applied N, and soil N dependent rate were decreased significantly with the increment of the amount of nitrogen applied under two soil conditions. In sandy soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing nitrogen application and reached the highest value at high nitrogen level. However, in clay soil, ANRE was increased with the increasing of nitrogen application at first, and reached the highest value at medium nitrogen level, then decreased dramatically at high nitrogen level. Fourth, N uptake rate for rice straw and for rice grain and total N uptake rate for rice were higher in sandy clay soil than in sandy soil, but the difference between them was relatively small. Fifth, under different soil conditions, there were significant genotypic differences in the effects of applying nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, and characteristics of nitrogen uptake. __________ Translated from Acta Agronomoca Sinica, 2005, 31(11): 1422–1428 [译自: 作物学报]     

生石灰施用增加了酸性双季稻田氮素氨挥发损失

选择南方典型酸性双季稻田,采用通气法研究了不同生石灰用量对稻田氨挥发通量、田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和pH值的影响。结果表明:撒施生石灰显著影响稻田田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和pH值,生石灰用量与田面水NH_4~+-N浓度和田面水pH值之间均存在极显著正相关关系;撒施生石灰,显著增加稻田氮素氨挥发损失,早、晚稻季氨挥发损失量较不施生石灰处理分别增加2.20~22.91和3.08~52.44 kg/hm~2,增幅分别达19.28%~200.79%和6.96%~118.48%;当早、晚稻季分别施纯氮150和180 kg/hm~2时,撒施生石灰450~3 750 kg/hm~2,氨挥发损失量分别达13.61~34.32和47.34~96.70 kg/hm2,氮素损失率分别达7.44%~18.78%和21.66%~44.24%;当早、晚稻季生石灰用量分别超过900和1 800 kg/hm2时,稻田氨挥发显著增加。     

盐渍化土壤上不同类型氮肥氨挥发损失特征研究

在室内采用"磷酸甘油-海绵通气法",对不同类型氮肥在典型非盐渍化土壤、盐化土壤,碱化土壤上的氨挥发损失特征进行研究.结果表明:(1)在相同的施氮量情况下,占施入量1.34;～27.74;的氮以NH3的形式挥发损失;(2)除硝酸钙外,随着土壤盐渍化程度的增加,不同类型氮肥氨挥发损失均随之增加,挥发速率与盐渍化类型有关;(3)不同盐渍化类型土壤上的氨挥发量均为碳酸氢氨＞尿素＞硝酸铵,硝酸钙几乎不发生氨挥发;因此盐渍土上选择硝态氮肥不失为降低氨挥发损失的一种选择;(4)过量盐分的存在对于氮肥硝化作用的抑制是导致盐渍化土壤上氮肥氨挥发损失增加的主要原因.     

Integrated application of February Orchid(Orychophragmus violaceus) as green manure with chemical fertilizer for improving grain yield and reducing nitrogen losses in spring maize system in northern China

The development of more efficient management systems is crucial to achieving high grain yields with high nitrogen use efficiency(NUE). February Orchid-spring maize rotation system is a newly established planting system with the benefits of ground cover and potential wind erosion in northern China. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with reduction of chemical fertilizers(INTEGRATED) on spring maize yield, N uptake, ammonium volatilization, and soil residual mineral N in northern China. Compared to farmers' traditional fertilization(CON), integrated application of February Orchid as green manure with 30% reduction of nitrogen fertilizers(INTEGRATED) increased maize grain yield and biomass by 9.9 and 10.2%, respectively. The 0–100 cm soil residual Nmin at harvest was decreased by 58.5% and thus nitrogen use efficiency was increased significantly by 26.7%. The nitrogen balance calculation further demonstrated that the INTEGRATED approach performed better than CON with lower apparent nitrogen loss(decreased by 48.9%) which evidenced by the ammonium volatilization of top-dressing fertilizer was decreased by 31.1%, the N_(min) movement to the deeper soil layers was reduced, and the apparent nitrogen leaching loss nearly equal to 0 under the INTEGRATED treatment. Therefore, in northern China, integrated application of green manure and chemical fertilizers is an efficient management approach for improving maize yields and NUE simultaneously.     

不同管理模式下农田水氮利用效率及其环境效应

 【目的】定量化不同水氮管理模式下的农田水氮利用效率和环境效应,为制定优化的水肥管理措施提供理论指导。【方法】在华北平原北部的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,设置了农民习惯和基于土壤水分养分实时监测的优化管理两种水氮管理模式。首先,应用田间系统的观测数据（2004年10月至2006年9月）对水氮管理模型进行了校验,然后应用校验后的模型计算得到了两种水氮管理模式下的作物产量、农田水分渗漏、氮素淋失、气体损失和水氮利用效率等。【结果】2年内农民习惯和优化管理下的灌水量差别不大,而优化管理的施肥量（540 kg N·hm-2）仅为农民习惯施肥量（1 100 kg N·hm-2）的一半。农民习惯和优化管理模式下的作物年平均产量分别为11 579和11 748 kg·hm-2;两者的水分利用效率分别为1.65和1.72 kg·m-3;氮素利用效率分别为15和24 kg·kg-1 N。氮素淋失和氨挥发是氮素损失的主要途径,农民习惯和优化管理下的氮素淋失分别为407和68 kg N·hm-2;氨挥发分别达到了282和104 kg N·hm-2。【结论】优化管理下的作物产量和水氮利用效率都高于农民习惯管理的,并且氮素损失明显低于农民习惯管理。因此,为了保证该地区的农业可持续发展,必须改进当前农民习惯的水氮管理措施。     

保护性耕作对冬小麦-夏玉米农田氮肥氨挥发损失的影响

【目的】保护性耕作有利于水土保持和提高土壤有机碳库,而对氮素氨挥发的影响并不是很清楚。研究长期定位试验下华北农田施肥后氨挥发发生规律,探索保护性耕作条件下的氮素利用率。【方法】采用间歇动态箱式法对翻耕、旋耕和免耕3种耕作方式下冬小麦-夏玉米农田氨挥发通量及其影响因素进行比较研究。【结果】相对于翻耕和旋耕处理,免耕显著促进了小麦季和玉米季地表追肥的氨挥发,但显著降低了小麦基肥期的氨挥发速率。翻耕、旋耕和免耕下小麦-玉米全生育期氨挥发损失量为15.8、18.4和28.6 kg?hm-2?a-1,分别占施肥量的4.9%、5.7%和8.8%。实验室培养分析表明,免耕和旋耕显著提高了表层（0—5 cm）土壤脲酶活性,加速尿素水解为NH4+,从而促进氨挥发。【结论】免耕条件下,肥料表施易发生氨挥发,采用一次性深施是减少免耕氨挥发的有效途径之一。     

酸性茶园土壤氨挥发及其影响因素研究

氨挥发是土壤氮素损失的主要途径之一。利用大型水泥槽田间试验,采用通气法研究了不同施氮量和施氮时期对茶园土壤氨挥发的影响,同时测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量,结合气象因子进行偏相关分析,探讨了氨挥发的影响因素。设置CK(未施氮)、N1(减量化施氮、225 kg·hm~(-2))和N2(常规施氮,450 kg·hm~(-2))共3个处理,春季追肥、秋季追肥和冬季基肥比例为3∶3∶4。结果表明:茶园土壤氨挥发损失量为13.01~60.85 kg·hm~(-2),氨挥发损失率为10.63%~12.42%;施氮既是氨挥发峰值出现的主要原因,也能显著增加土壤氨挥发量(P0.05),N_1和N_2处理增幅分别为214.78%和367.72%,其增幅效应在冬季基肥期更显著;不同施氮时期对氨挥发量影响很大,冬季基肥期挥发量约占全年氨挥发损失量的50%,与冬季基肥期间土壤铵态氮浓度高且持续时间较长有关。偏相关分析表明,土壤氨挥发与铵态氮含量、地温和空气相对湿度呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤水分和气温呈极显著负相关,与土壤硝态氮含量相关性不显著。     

有机无机肥料配合施用对日光温室土壤氨挥发的影响

【目的】在大幅减施肥料和合理灌溉的基础上,研究有机无机肥料配合施用对设施菜田土壤氨挥发的影响。【方法】利用芹菜-番茄轮作田间试验,采用通气法监测土壤氨挥发速率特征动态变化。【结果】施基肥后2-3 d出现土壤氨挥发峰值,8-10 d接近对照水平;追肥第1天出现氨挥发峰值,10-11 d接近对照水平。土壤氨挥发损失的主要时期在基肥和前两次追肥阶段,氨挥发量占当季损失量的70%-80%。土壤氨挥发主要发生在温度较高的春茬（番茄茬）,春茬（番茄茬）各处理土壤氨挥发总量是冬茬（芹菜茬）的3.0倍。芹菜茬和番茄茬大幅减施肥料的有机无机肥配合施用模式土壤氨挥发损失量较习惯施肥处理的分别降低50.0%和47.9%,且随着有机氮比例的增加土壤氨挥发率逐渐降低。等氮量投入时,冬茬和春茬（2/4）化肥氮+（2/4）秸秆氮处理土壤氨挥发损失量较（2/4）化肥氮+（2/4）猪粪氮处理的分别降低32.4%和30.0%。本试验条件下基于产量、经济和环境效益的适宜有机无机肥料配合施用模式是（3/4）化肥氮+（1/4）猪粪氮模式处理。【结论】有机无机肥料配合施用可显著降低土壤氨挥发损失量,是经济效益显著、可操作性强和环境友好的施肥模式,在设施蔬菜种植中值得推广应用。     

秸秆和生物质炭对苹果园土壤容重、阳离子 交换量和氮素利用的影响

【目的】中国苹果园土壤有机碳含量较低,氮肥施用量偏高。本研究为苹果生产上合理应用秸秆和生物质炭来提高土壤缓冲性能和氮肥利用效率提供依据。【方法】以两年生富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N标记示踪技术,研究添加秸秆和生物质炭对土壤容重、阳离子交换量、植株生长及氮素转化（树体吸收、氨挥发、N2O排放和土壤残留）的影响。试验共设4个处理：对照（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、施用氮肥并添加生物质炭（N+B）和施用氮肥并添加秸秆(N+S)。【结果】不同处理的土壤容重在0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层中的变化趋势一致。CK与N处理间差异不显著,但均显著高于N+B和N+S处理;两个添加外源碳的处理间,N+B处理的土壤容重显著低于N+S处理。与N处理相比,N+S和N+B处理的0-5 cm和5-10 cm两个土层的容重分别降低了0.06、0.09 g•cm-3和0.07、0.11 g•cm-3。与CK（18.32 cmol•kg-1）和N（19.61 cmol•kg-1）处理相比,N+S（22.27 cmol•kg-1）和N+B处理（25.35 cmol•kg-1）显著提高了0-10 cm土层土壤阳离子交换量,并且以N+B处理效果较好。3个施氮处理间植株总干重、15N积累量和15N利用率均以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低。与CK相比,3个施氮处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的氨挥发量均显著增加。与N处理相比,添加外源碳的两个处理（N+S和N+B处理）显著减少了氨挥发损失量,以N+B处理减少幅度最大。与CK相比,3个施N处理（N、N+S和N+B处理）的N2O排放量均显著增加,以N+B处理最高,其次为N+S处理,N处理最低,可见添加外源碳的两个处理的N2O排放量均有所增加,但3个施氮处理间差异不显著。去掉CK本底值后,N、N+S和N+B处理的氮素总气态损失量（氨挥发+N2O排放）占施氮量的比例分别为6.54%、4.33%和3.04%。可见,添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了氮素气态损失,以N+B处理效果较好。耕层土壤（0-50 cm）的15N残留量以N+B处理最高,N+S处理次之,N处理最低;而深层土壤（50-100 cm）则以N处理最高,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最低。3个施氮处理间,N回收率（树体吸收+土壤残留）以N+B处理最高,为42.26%,其次为N+S处理（37.22%）,N处理最低（31.54%）;N损失率以N处理最高,为68.46%。其次为N+S处理（62.78%）,N+B处理最低（57.74%）。【结论】添加秸秆和生物质炭显著降低了土壤容重,提高了土壤阳离子交换量,促进了苹果植株生长和对肥料氮的吸收,增加了土壤对氮的固定,减少了氮肥的气态损失,提高了氮肥利用率,其中以添加生物质炭的效果较好。     

氮磷配施的氨挥发规律及机理研究

[目的]探讨氮磷配施的氨挥发规律及机理。[方法]设置5个施磷水平,通过大田试验、盆栽试验和土壤培养试验,研究氮磷配施的氨挥发规律。[结果]磷作基肥氮作追肥时,不同施磷处理的氨挥发速率先从低到高逐渐增至峰值,然后降低,峰值随施磷量增加而增高,最高峰值为2.36 kg/(hm2.d);追施氮肥3、7、12 d后,随着施磷量的增加,土壤中铵态氮含量增加,氨挥发强度增强;土壤脲酶活性比氮磷同为基肥时增强,随施磷量增加呈明显增加趋势。氮磷同为基肥时,单施氮处理不施磷处理的土壤脲酶活性比氮磷同施处理高,随着施磷量的增加,氮磷同施处理的脲酶活性略有增加趋势。[结论]土壤铵态氮含量与氨挥发速率、土壤脲酶活性均有较好的相关性。     

施氮水平对冬小麦冠层氨挥发的影响

为探索冬小麦全生育期冠层氨挥发规律、主要影响因素及其对麦田氨挥发的贡献率,设置0、90、180 kg N·hm~(-2)三种氮素水平,利用改进型通气式氨气捕获装置,原位分析冬小麦冠层氨挥发速率及其与叶片氮素生理指标的关系。结果表明:麦田氨挥发主要发生在施肥后2~3周,全生育期累积挥发量为3.773~8.704 kg N·hm~(-2),施氮显著提高了麦田氨挥发累积量(P0.05),土壤与冠层氨挥发累积量分别为3.289~7.773 kg N·hm~(-2)和0.750~1.461 kg N·hm~(-2),对麦田氨挥发的贡献率分别为87.2%~89.3%和15.4%~19.9%。不施氮条件下,冠层无氨气吸收;低施氮(90 kg N·hm~(-2))下,冠层氨气吸收主要发生在苗期;高施氮(180 kg N·hm~(-2))下,苗期、返青期和灌浆前期冠层均有氨气吸收发生。冠层氨挥发主要发生在开花期、灌浆末期至枯死期,分别占冠层氨挥发的4.5%~9.3%和79.1%~99.0%;冠层氨挥发速率与叶片氨气补偿点、质外体NH+4浓度显著正相关(P0.05),与谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、质外体溶液pH相关关系不显著(P0.05)。总之,开花前,不施肥条件下冬小麦冠层向大气中释放氨,施肥后,冠层从大气中吸收氨。冬小麦开花后,不论施肥与否,冠层都向大气层释放氨。