B超检查奶牛同期发情和超数排卵期卵巢发育研究

选取AMI-900型兽用B超,对20头成年奶牛的同期发情与超数排卵期时卵巢的发育情况进行观察。在同期发情期开始的第2d,卵巢直径增大到最大值,第3d恢复常态后缓慢增长,之后在第6d再一次达到最大。超数排卵期内,卵巢的增长速度快,并在第3d达到最大值。其形态也由开始的多形态达到最后呈长圆形或是类圆形。在同期发情期内卵泡的增长速度平稳,并在第5d达到最大。在超数排卵期内卵泡的增长速度增快,且卵泡壁也在此时逐渐变薄,从4mm减小到2mm。冲胚时卵巢纵横径分别在63±3.3mm,52±2.4mm范围内时胚胎的可用率最高,达到76.3%,但卵巢纵横径分别在72±3.5mm,58±4.2mm范围内时,黄体数与冲胚数均为最大值,分别为14.6±3.3个及10.5±2.6个。所以通过B超检测奶牛的卵巢发育是有效可行的。     

牦牛发情后生殖器官变化及卵巢动态发育过程

[目的]探明牦牛发情症状的主要表现形式及其发生几率。[方法]采用跟踪观察、生殖器官的临床检查和B超探查技术,对147头出现静立反射成年母牦牛的主要发情症状和卵巢发育状况进行了监测统计。[结果]发情季节初次发情的牦牛,出现外阴肿胀、潮红,阴门有粘液流出,子宫颈外口肿胀的个体比例均略低于再次发情牦牛;优势卵巢体积在发情开始时(0 d)平均为(2.41±0.31) cm,最大卵泡直径在发情第1天可达到(0.91±0.22) cm,排卵发生在优势卵巢上。发情季节再次发情的牦牛,发情第0天两侧卵巢的体积都明显大于初次发情牦牛(P0.01),最大卵泡直径在发情第1天略小于初次发情牦牛(0.88±0.21) cm,但差异不显著(P0.05),排卵多发生在小卵巢上;发情期(1.4±0.5) d略短于初次发情牦牛(1.8±0.6) d,但差异不显著(P0.05)。[结论]牦牛发情期主要发情症状并不完全出现,发情季节初次发情个体的发情表现更不充分。发情鉴定时,应根据外部症状、粘液分泌情况、卵巢发育状况来综合判断,在卵巢体积达到2.4 cm左右,卵泡直径在0.8 cm左右时就有发情的可能。     

B超监测产后奶牛子宫恢复和卵巢变化情况的研究

作者旨在通过B超技术探讨产后奶牛子宫的恢复情况和卵巢的变化情况,研究奶牛繁殖性能的变化规律,为更好地指导奶牛产后配种、繁育等工作提供试验依据。根据试验方案选择8头中国荷斯坦产后奶牛（其中4头初产、4头经产）,从产后第1天开始到下次发情配种,持续利用B超观察其子宫的恢复情况和卵巢的变化情况。结果表明,子宫颈和子宫壁恢复正常的平均时间初产奶牛分别大约为25和32 d,经产奶牛均为27 d;经产和初产奶牛卵泡的发育都经历了6个卵泡波,前3个卵泡波为1个发情周期,后3个卵泡波为1个发情周期。因子宫未恢复完全,故要到第2个发情周期末（即要到第6个卵泡波）配种;初产和经产奶牛产后发情配种的平均时间分别大约为90和53 d。由此可看出初产奶牛的子宫颈恢复正常的平均时间要比经产奶牛早2 d,而子宫壁恢复正常的平均时间要比经产奶牛晚5 d;初产奶牛发情配种的平均时间要比经产奶牛晚37 d。     

山羊超排过程中主要生殖激素变化规律的研究

将试验羊按年龄和体重配对分成2组(试验组和对照组)。试验组羊超排后在发情配种时注射促黄体素(LH)80U,发情配种后3d,开始以3d6次法注射孕酮(P4)6mL。对照组不注射LH和P4。在同期发情、超数排卵和配种后的不同生理阶段分别进行颈静脉采血,分离血清,然后用放射免疫法(RIA)测定血清中促黄体素、促卵泡素(FSH)、雌二醇(E2)、孕酮的含量。在发情配种后6d,采用手术法冲胚。采胚结果表明试验组获胚数、可用胚数、卵泡数、黄体数等各项指标和对照组相比均有明显升高的趋势,但统计学上差异不显著。对激素分析结果表明注射外源LH和P后相应的血液中激素水平升高,说明超排过程中注射LH和P对提高超排效果有一定作用。     

运用B超技术观测超排期间荷斯坦牛卵巢动态变化的研究

本研究以重复超排3～10次不等的荷斯坦牛为研究对象,借助B超技术对超排前后卵巢形态及卵泡发育过程进行了系统研究,结果显示,重复超排间隔60d以上,对最大排卵直径及可用胚数无显著影响（P〉0．05）。超排期间,最大排卵直径为1．45±0．35cm（n=17）,仅有1个卵泡发育波,小卵泡与大卵泡存在负相关;且超排程序对超排后卵巢功能恢复存在较大影响。     

超声波预测超排牛的卵泡发育和胚胎产量

寻找预测超排牛个体反应的参数对解决个体间超排反应的差异相当重要。超排4天内发育至排卵前并在发情时排卵的卵泡,在处理开始时直径大于2毫米。应用超声波检查卵巢可以计数这些卵泡,以预测超排反应。采用耳背皮下埋植孕激素法使54头泌乳奶牛(荷斯坦、娟姗及其杂种)同期发情,12天后取出埋植物,同时用PMSG超排,2天后再注射PG。发情期间授精2次,并注射单克隆抗     

奶牛超排前卵巢状态对超排效果的影响

本试验初步研究了超排前卵巢状态对超排效果的影响。据直肠检查结果将供体奶牛分为两组 :1组供体卵巢上只有黄体存在 ;2组供体卵巢上不仅有黄体存在还有卵泡存在。经超排处理后 ,1组中 2头供体无发情表现 ;2组中 6头供体无发情表现。 2组供体的不发情率 2 7 3 %显著高于 1组的 6 3 %(P <0 0 5)。两组供体在平均获胚数和平均获可用胚数无显著差异 (P >0 0 5)。     

口服促孕散治疗前后持久黄体奶牛B超影像学的研究

为探讨促孕散治疗持久黄体的作用机理,本研究通过直肠检查结合B超直肠检查对持久黄体奶牛做出诊断后口服促孕散,应用B超每3 d对黄体直径、卵泡数量、卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、子宫角纵径和子宫颈纵径进行测量,并统计1次,与用药前进行对比。30头持久黄体奶牛口服促孕散后,治疗有效头数25头,有效率为83.3%。停药后第1天卵巢出现小卵泡和中等卵泡,停药后分别在第10和19天大卵泡数量最多,部分奶牛出现发情并排卵,与用药前卵巢相比,结果发现左、右侧卵巢长在停药后均降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);左、右卵巢宽在停药后均降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);子宫颈纵径和子宫角纵径均在停药后升高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,B超是诊断奶牛持久黄体的有效手段,中药促孕散对持久黄体奶牛卵巢和子宫形态等指标具有一定的影响,可以促进黄体的溶解。     

奶牛超排处理开始时卵巢上卵泡的存在对超排效果影响的研究

本试验初步研究了超排处理开始时卵巢上卵泡的存在对超排效果的影响。据直肠检查结果将超排供体奶牛分为两组：Ａ组卵巢上只有黄体存在，Ｂ组卵巢上不仅有黄体存在而且有卵泡存在。经超排处理后，Ａ组供体中２头无发情表现；Ｂ组有６头无发情表现；Ｂ组供体的不发情率２７．３％（６／２２）显著高于Ａ组６．３％（２／３２）（Ｐ〈０．０５）。两组供体在平均获卵数和平均获得用胚数二指标上差异不显著（Ｐ〉０．０５）。     

口服促孕散治疗奶牛卵巢静止的B超影像学研究

为探讨促孕散治疗卵巢静止的作用机理,本研究主要通过直肠检查结合B超对卵巢静止奶牛做出诊断后,对其口服促孕散进行治疗,应用B超对卵巢卵泡直径、卵巢长度、卵巢宽度、子宫角纵径和子宫颈纵径进行测量,并与用药前进行对比。Ⅻ头卵巢静止奶牛口服促孕散后,治疗有效率达86．7％。停药后第1天卵巢出现中等卵泡和大卵泡,停药后第16天大卵泡数量最多,部分奶牛出现发情并排卵,与用药前卵巢比较发现,左右两侧卵巢长度在停药后第1、4、10、19天显著增大（P〈0．05）;左卵巢宽度在停药后第19天显著增大（P〈0．05）;右卵巢宽度在停药后第1、10、19天显著增大（P〈0．（15）7．子宫颈纵径在停药后第13、16天极显著增大（P〈o．01）,第19天显著增大（P〈0．05）,子宫角纵径与用药前比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果表明,B超是诊断奶牛卵巢静止的有效手段,中药促孕散对卵巢静止奶牛卵巢和子宫形态学变化具有一定的作用,对治疗奶牛卵巢静止有明显的效果。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.