人工养成斑鱼祭的繁殖试验

为实现斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭全人工繁育,在室内水泥池采用人工养成的1龄和2龄斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭进行了繁殖试验。试验中观察发现,斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭亲鱼均在傍晚天色刚暗时开始自然产卵,持续约0.5 h后产卵结束；斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭亲鱼有摄食鱼卵的习性,产卵后需立即进行流水集卵。2龄斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭(共147尾,总体质量15.6 kg)自开始产卵至结束共持续40 d,其间仅有2 d未产卵,共产卵3 594 g,分离得到上浮卵1 372 g,上浮卵率为38.2%；产卵开始时水温14.7 ℃,结束时21.3 ℃；产卵后的亲鱼陆续批量死亡。1龄斑[HT5”,7]鱼[KG-*3]祭(共611尾,总质量22.6 kg)自开始产卵至结束共持续20 d,其间有5 d未产卵,共产卵488 g,分离得到上浮卵213 g,平均上浮卵率为43.6%,产卵后的亲鱼未发现有批量死亡现象。     

极危物种巨无齿[HT2,4"XBS]鱼[KG-4]芒繁育研究概况

巨无齿[HT5”,7”]鱼[KG-*3]芒生长快、肉质鲜美、经济价值高,但过度捕捞和自然环境的变化影响了其洄游繁殖,致使该物种的数量在最近几十年中急剧下降,目前已被列为极危物种。文章概述了目前国内外巨无齿[HT5”,7”]鱼[KG-*3]芒繁育技术的研究状况,以期为我国人工繁育巨无齿[HT5”,7”]鱼[KG-*3]芒提供理论依据,同时为我国其它濒危[HT5”,7”]鱼[KG-*3]芒科鱼类的人工繁育提供借鉴。     

北方地区丁鱼岁苗种驯化关键技术研究

北方地区受气候影响,丁[HT5”,7"SS]鱼[KG-*3]岁(Tinca tinca L.)繁殖季节滞后,苗种培育期短,驯化困难,越冬前苗种规格过小,常常造成越冬大量死亡,无法提供大规格苗种和满足规模化养殖的苗种需求。为解决北方地区丁[HT5”,7"SS]鱼[KG-*3]岁苗种的提早驯化问题,设计了苗种放养密度相同、驯化规格不同,驯化规格相同、放养密度不同,驯化规格不同、放养密度不同3种驯化方法,进行了丁[HT5”,7"SS]鱼[KG-*3]岁苗种的驯食试验,比较不同驯化规格、不同放养密度对驯化时间的影响,以及提早驯化摄食对鱼种出池规格和产量的影响。结果表明,在丁[HT5”,7"SS]鱼[KG-*3]岁食性转化期(5~8 cm)及时驯化更容易驯化成功;增加放养密度是缩短驯化时间的有效措施;提早驯化成功是培育大规格鱼种及增加产量的重要基础条件。     

大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体遗传多样性比较

基于线粒体DNA控制区高变区部分序列和4对微卫星标记,对大泷六线鱼放流群体及自然海域群体的遗传多样性与遗传差异进行了比较分析。线粒体DNA控制区序列分析的结果显示,413尾个体共检测到单倍型117种,其中仅Hap_3、Hap_7和Hap_17为共享单倍型,占总单倍型数目的2.5%;放流、野生群体特有单倍型分别为20种和66种,分别占总单倍型数的17.09%和56.41%,放流群体特有单倍型数明显低于野生群体;放流群体和野生群体核苷酸多样性分别为0.005 1~0.006 7和0.005 8~0.007 5,单倍型多样性分别为0.856 7~0.949 9和0.883 1~0.954 9,遗传多样性均较高。微卫星标记分析结果显示,放流、野生群体平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为13~44和13~27,平均多态信息含量为0.885 6和0.874 0,均具较高的遗传多态性;群体遗传结构分析结果表明,放流、野生群体间遗传分化水平较低。研究表明,山东近海大泷六线鱼放流群体与野生群体均具有较丰富的遗传多样性,且遗传结构未存在显著的群体分化。     

拉氏鱼岁的养殖现状及发展前景

综述了我国拉氏[HT5”,7"]鱼[KG-*5]岁的养殖现状,分析了目前开展拉氏[HT5”,7"]鱼[KG-*5]岁养殖尚需解决的问题,同时展望了拉氏[HT5”,7"]鱼[KG-*5]岁的养殖开发前景。     

翘嘴鲌主养池塘混养似刺鳊鱼句试验

为探索翘嘴鲌新型养殖模式,于2019年1月—12月在上海市青浦区某合作社开展了翘嘴鲌主养池塘混养似刺鳊[HT5",7"]鱼[KG-*3]句试验,并与传统翘嘴鲌池塘养殖进行对比。试验结果显示:混养池塘翘嘴鲌平均亩(15亩=1 hm²,下同)产838.8 kg,平均规格560.7 g/尾,成活率93.5%；似刺鳊[HT5",7"]鱼[KG-*3]句平均亩产78.01 kg,平均规格286.5 g/尾,成活率77.8%；鲢平均亩产49.5 kg,平均规格1 650 g/尾,成活率85.7%；鳙平均亩产20.4 kg,平均规格2 270 g/尾,成活率90.0%；与传统翘嘴鲌池塘养殖模式相比,翘嘴鲌主养池塘混养似刺鳊[HT5",7"]鱼[KG-*3]句后利润增加3 036元/亩,获得了较好的经济效益,可以作为1种翘嘴鲌新型池塘养殖模式进行适度推广。     

长牡蛎17个fosmid-SSR标记的开发与分析

研究所用序列由长牡蛎fosmid文库末端测序获得。首先用TRF程序扫描序列获得一批重复单元为2碱基的候选SSR位点,然后在部分SSR序列两侧的保守区设计50对引物,对取自山东青岛的一个长牡蛎野生群体进行基因型分析。结果显示,共有17个SSR位点显示多态性,等位基因数(N_a)平均为4,有效等位基因数(N_e)平均为2.82,平均杂合度观测值(H_o)和期望值(H_e)分别为0.395 9 和0.628 8。其中,11个位点的多态信息含量(PIC)值均大于0.5,共有49个等位基因,适合对长牡蛎群体遗传结构的分析;6个位点 0.25<PIC<0.5,为中度多态位点。χ₂检验估计Hardy-Weinberg平衡,经Sequential Bonferroni校正后,除DEC_1以外,其他位点仍偏离平衡。将SSR附近10 000 bp内基因组预测的编码蛋白通过与NCBI的nr库blastp分析,共有13条微卫星序列获得连锁的相关基因功能注释。     

武陵山西部及邻近地区宽鳍鱲群体遗传多样性和遗传结构

为评估武陵山西部和神农架林区宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)群体的种质遗传多样性, 采用线粒体Cyt b 序列和微卫星DNA (SSR)标记对7 个宽鳍鱲群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果显示, 7 个群体185 个Cyt b 序列中共检测出144 个变异位点和33 个单倍型, 群体间的单倍型多样性(H_d)为0.000~0.887, 核苷酸多样性(π)为0.000~0.275。Cyt b 单倍型的NJ 系统树和中介网络图显示, 7 个群体聚为3 个分支(江口1/江口2, 神农架, 习水/赤水/务川/南川)。分子方差分析(AMOVA)显示7 个群体之间、3 个支系之间存在显著的遗传分化。基于11 个微卫星DNA 位点的分析表明, 宽鳍鱲7 个群体的平均等位基因数(N_A)为3.66, 平均Shannon’s 信息指数(I)为0.689, 平均观测杂合度(H_O)为0.315, 平均期望杂合度(H_E)为0.354, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.409。群体之间的遗传分化指数(F_ST)变化范围为0.060~0.547, 各群体之间存在显著遗传分化(P＜0.05)。UPGMA 系统树和PCoA 分析显示, 7个宽鳍鱲群体聚为4 支, STRUCTURE 聚类分析显示宽鳍鱲7 个群体可划分为4 个最佳遗传组群。AMOVA 分析表明, 宽鳍鱲7 个群体之间、4 个遗传组群之间存在显著的遗传分化。结论认为, 武陵山西部及神农架林区的野生宽鳍鱲群体整体上具有较低的遗传多样性, 且存在显著的遗传分化, 应加强对河流生态和环境的保护, 确保宽鳍鱲野生种质资源的可持续利用。     

牙鲆渤海自然群体的遗传多样性分析

为分析牙鲆自然群体的遗传多样性并筛选出能有效鉴定群体遗传特征的特异性微卫星标记,实验收集了渤海流域74尾野生个体组成实验群体。选择牙鲆24个连锁群上不同区域的72个微卫星标记进行遗传分析,其中,近着丝粒区域包含17个标记,连锁群中部包含19个标记,远着丝粒区域包含36个标记。结果显示:在连锁群不同区域上等位基因数(A)介于6.400～7.389,有效等位基因数(N_e)介于4.469～5.129,Shannon多样性指数(I)介于1.565～1.683;观测杂合度(H_o)、无偏倚杂合度期望值(H_e)和多态信息含量(PIC)的范围分别为0.568～0.593、0.738～0.753和0.707～0.746;Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数(d)在-0.200以下;群体内个体之间的遗传距离在0.620以上。各项遗传参数表明该实验群体具有较为丰富的遗传多样性,个体之间具有相对较远的遗传距离,适宜作为基础群体进行选育。位于连锁群不同区域的微卫星标记获得的遗传参数并无明显差异,验证了标记所在位置与标记多样性高低不存在必然联系,但这些多态性标记可以作为分析牙鲆群体遗传结构的候选标记。     

中国沿海拟穴青蟹群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用17对微卫星引物对我国沿海7个拟穴青蟹野生群体(杭州湾、三门湾、闽江口、东山湾、珠江口、北部湾、清澜港)进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明,17个位点在所有青蟹群体中均为高度多态(PIC>0.5),共检测到253个等位基因;7群体的平均等位基因数(A)为9.41～10.94,平均有效等位基因数(N_e)为5.42～6.87,平均杂合度(H)为0.511～0.563,群体遗传多样性水平较高。分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果显示,94.13%的遗传变异存在于群体内,5.87%的遗传变异存在于群体间,两两群体间F_ST值为0.035 5～0.081 7(P<0.01),表明群体间遗传分化水平中等偏低。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检测表明,7群体普遍存在杂合子缺失现象。青蟹群体间遗传距离为0.253 0～0.571 9,UPGMA聚类分析表明,杭州湾与三门湾群体首先聚在一起,再与闽江口群体、东山湾群体聚为一支;珠江口群体与清澜港群体聚为另一支;两分支最后与北部湾群体聚类在一起。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

The optimal dietary protein level of juvenile silver sillago Sillago sihama at three dietary lipid levels

A 5 × 3 factorial growth trial was conducted to evaluate optimal dietary protein and lipid levels (dietary protein level, DP; dietary lipid level, DL) for juvenile Sillago sihama (S. sihama) (2.0 ± 0.02 g, initial weight). Fish were fed 15 diets containing 5 DPs (350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 g/kg) and 3 DLs (60, 90 and 120 g/kg) for 8 weeks. The interaction between proteins and lipids significantly influenced the feed conversion ratio, condition factor, body composition, antioxidant indices and lipase activity (p < .05). DP 450 g/kg showed the highest average final body weight. DPs 500 and 550 g/kg significantly decreased the protein efficiency ratio (p < .05). DL 120 g/kg showed the highest percentage weight gain. The low feed conversion ratio was found in diets P45L12, P55L9 and P55L12. Diet P45L12 showed high superoxide dismutase activities. DP 450 g/kg showed the lowest average malondialdehyde content. Lipase activity was increased by increasing DP (p < .05) with a fall at DP 550 g/kg. Under the present experimental conditions, the optimal DP for S. sihama was 450 g/kg under the DL 120 g/kg.