襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的保鲜作用研究

探讨将襄荷黄酮纯化物作为保鲜剂对冷藏羊肉的保鲜效果。以蒸馏水处理为对照,考察3种质量浓度（0.3、0.6、0.9 mg/mL）襄荷黄酮对冷藏羊肉的汁液损失率、pH、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值、高铁肌红蛋白含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）值及感官评分的影响。结果表明：在冷藏5~9 d时,与对照相比,高质量浓度的襄荷黄酮（0.6、0.9 mg/mL）处理可明显减少冷藏羊肉的汁液损失和pH升高幅度（P＜0.05）,显著降低TVB-N、TBARS和高铁肌红蛋白含量（P＜0.05）,有助于改善冷藏羊肉的感官品质,而对照组羊肉冷藏7 d后已腐败变质。因此,襄荷黄酮能有效延长新鲜羊肉的冷藏保存期。     

冰温对热缩真空包装牛肉保鲜性质的影响

对热缩包装牛肉冰温条件下保质期内新鲜度进行了试验研究。结果表明,2种包材BB4和NT1热缩真空包装后在-2℃条件下贮藏,在贮藏时间相同的条件下,NT1比BB4包材包装牛肉的p H值、出汁率、TVB-N值和细菌总数稍高;贮藏80d时,牛肉pH值分别为5.85和5.83,出汁率分别为3.28%和2.91%,TVB-N值分别为9.20 mg/100g和9.04 mg/100g,细菌总数分别为9.70×10~3CFU/g和9.20×10~3CFU/g。2种包装均适合冰鲜牛肉贮藏,指标符合一级鲜肉的标准。     

姜黄素微胶囊对冷藏猪肉糜氧化稳定性及品质的影响

为提高冷藏猪肉糜的氧化稳定性和品质,以姜黄素为芯材,大豆分离蛋白和β-环糊精为壁材,利用冷冻干燥法将姜黄素微胶囊化。通过测定不同处理组（0.20 g/kg 姜黄素微胶囊、0.35 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊、0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊、0.1 g/kg 丁基羟基茴香醚（BHA）和对照组）冷藏猪肉糜的硫代巴比妥酸反应物（TBARS）值、总巯基含量、总羰基含量、pH、蒸煮损失率及色差,研究姜黄素微胶囊对猪肉糜脂质和蛋白质的抗氧化效果及其对猪肉糜品质的影响。结果表明,添加0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊的猪肉糜的TBARS值和总羰基含量显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）,总巯基含量显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,与添加0.1 g/kg BHA效果接近,姜黄素微胶囊可以减少猪肉糜冷藏期间pH值和颜色的变化,显著降低猪肉糜冷藏过程中的蒸煮损失率。综上所述,0.50 g/kg姜黄素微胶囊能够显著抑制冷藏猪肉糜的脂肪和蛋白氧化,更好地保持其冷藏品质。     

茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜处理对草鱼储藏品质的影响

对茶多酚-海藻酸钠复合涂膜提升储藏过程中草鱼品质的可行性进行了研究。在1.5%海藻酸钠溶液中分别加入0、1%、2%、3%（m/m）的茶多酚,制成茶多酚与海藻酸钠复合涂膜剂处理草鱼片,并以不作涂膜处理为对照组（CK）,考察草鱼储藏过程中鱼肉的持水性、pH、菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、硫代巴比妥酸值（TBARS）及质构特性的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜组草鱼品质变化程度明显较低,并且涂膜中茶多酚含量越高,鱼肉品质保持越好。由此说明,茶多酚-海藻酸钠涂膜能够有效控制鱼肉品质的劣变,保鲜效果良好,且以3.0%茶多酚+海藻酸钠涂膜组处理保鲜效果最佳,能够有效延长鱼肉的储藏期6 d左右。     

不同壳聚糖抗菌膜对草鱼保鲜效果的比较

本试验比较不同壳聚糖抗菌膜对草鱼鱼片的保鲜效果。试验以壳聚糖作为成膜材料,以葱、姜、蒜乙醇提取液作为抗菌剂,制备了4种涂膜液（壳聚糖、壳聚糖＋葱、壳聚糖＋姜、壳聚糖＋蒜）,以蒸馏水作为对照,对草鱼鱼片浸渍涂膜后进行冷藏保存（8℃）,分别在冷藏0、3、6天时取样,对鱼片进行感官分析,测定鱼片的细菌总数、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）和pH值。试验结果为4 种涂膜液组鱼片的感官评分均显著高于对照组,而细菌总数、TVB-N和pH显著低于对照组;壳聚糖＋葱、壳聚糖＋蒜组的感官评分显著高于壳聚糖组,而细菌总数、TVB-N和pH之显著低于壳聚糖组。试验结果表明,壳聚糖涂膜利于草鱼鱼片的贮藏,添加葱、蒜提取液可提高壳聚糖涂膜的保鲜效果。     

牛肉低温储藏过程中水分迁移与蛋白质氧化的相关性研究

蛋白质氧化会影响肉品的加工特性、营养价值及风味滋味,对肉制品品质影响极大.本研究以黄牛外脊为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振技术研究牛肉在4℃冷藏、-2℃冰温储藏期间水分迁移规律及其与蛋白质氧化的相关性.结果表明,随着储藏时间延长,牛肉pH、储藏损失率上升,且随着蛋白质氧化,羰基含量上升而巯基含量下降.两组牛肉结合水T21和不易流动水T22含量下降,自由水T23含量上升,牛肉的保水性降低.相关性分析表明,在4℃冷藏条件下,T2b与巯基含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),T21与羰基含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),T22与羰基含量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),T22与巯基含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),T23与羰基含量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).在-2℃冰温条件下,T22与羰基含量呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01),T22与巯基含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),T23与羰基含量呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),T23与巯基含量呈显著负相关(P＜0.05),即水分迁移与蛋白质氧化有良好的相关性,可以通过低场核磁共振弛豫时间T2表征蛋白质的氧化,且用T22来表征蛋白质氧化效果最好.     

不同包装方式对酸地参储藏品质的影响

为研究不同包装方式对酸地参储藏期间品质的影响,以地参为试验材料,通过乳酸菌发酵,定期测定PE+PA复合真空包装、铝箔复合真空包装和PET塑料瓶包装酸地参的亚硝酸盐、VC、pH、单宁、总酸等成分含量,并进行感官评价。结果表明:4℃条件下储藏15 d时,铝箔复合真空包装的酸地参品质最好,其感官评分、VC含量、pH、单宁含量和总酸含量最高,分别为89分、0.15 mg/100 g、3.21、13.02 mg/kg和2.34 g/kg,同时其亚硝酸盐最低,为0.15 mg/kg;PE+PA复合真空包装的酸地参品质次之,而PET塑料瓶包装效果最差。因此,铝箔复合真空包装比较适合酸地参的储藏。     

涂膜对鸭肉储藏期品质的影响

以壳聚糖、明胶等为主要原辅料制作壳聚糖-明胶涂膜液，对新鲜生、熟鸭肉进行涂膜，考察在（0±1）℃储藏条件下，涂膜后的鸭肉与未处理的鸭肉在储藏期内水分含量、pH、色泽、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量等指标的变化。结果表明：储藏期内，无论生、熟鸭肉，涂膜对其水分含量、a*值、酸价、MDA含量、羰基含量均有较好的改善，而对于鸭肉的pH及L*值影响不明显。涂膜处理能较好地改善鸭肉储藏期间的品质，是一种鸭肉保鲜的有效措施。     

加脂牛肉在冷冻条件下贮藏特性的研究

分别以人造肥牛肉(加脂牛肉)与未加脂牛肉作对照试验,通过测定其冷冻贮藏条件下的TVB-N值、TBARS值、汁液流失率、细菌总数、红度值a的变化,对其冷冻贮藏特性进行研究。结果表明,加脂牛肉在贮藏过程中,TVB-N值、TBARS值、汁液流水率随贮藏时间的延长不断增加,细菌总数基本不发生变化,红度值a稍有下降,与未加脂牛肉相比,各项指标差异不显著。试验表明加脂牛肉的冷冻贮藏品质与未加脂牛肉相比并未下降。     

壳聚糖-nisin复合包装膜在烧鸡保鲜中的应用

研究壳聚糖- nisin复合包装膜处理对烧鸡保鲜的作用。采用3种包装形式（普通包装、1%壳聚糖膜、1%壳聚糖+0.02% nisin复合膜）对烧鸡进行处理,定期测定菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N值）、脂肪氧化（TBARS值）和感官评定。结果表明,在4℃条件下处理组样品货架期为7~14 d,对照组样品货架期约为3 d。低温贮藏过程中,处理样品的pH值、 TVB-N值、 TBARS值、菌落总数均显著低于对照组。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.