低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化影响的研究

研究两种低分子量有机酸（柠檬酸和苹果酸）对土壤磷活化影响,并用修正的Hedley法测定土壤磷活化前后磷组分的变化。结果表明,低分子量有机酸能持续活化土壤磷,活化强度随低分子量有机酸浓度的增大而增强,并且柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力强于苹果酸。低分子量有机酸能促进作物有效态无机磷组分（H2O-P和NaHCO3-Pi）的释放;同时还促进有机磷组分（NaHCO3-Po和NaOH-Po）的矿化。在低分子量有机酸浓度达到0.5 mmol/L以上时,其对土壤磷组分的活化量的顺序为:NaOH-Pi HCl-P NaHCO3-Pi H2O-P,即铁铝结合态磷 钙结合态磷 作物有效态磷。低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的过程中伴有大量铁、铝释放,且铁或铝的释放量与磷活化量之间显著正相关（P0.05）。说明铁、铝结合态磷是低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的主要磷源,并且其活化机制可能与铁、铝结合态磷的螯合溶解有关。     

黄河三角洲盐渍化荒地种植植物对土壤改良、磷形态转化及有效性的影响

为了明确种植不同植物对黄河三角洲盐渍化荒地改良效果、土壤磷形态转化及增效调控机制,研究了在生长芦苇的盐渍化荒地改变种植植物(柽柳、白蜡、苜蓿)的改良措施对土壤磷形态转化及有效含量的影响。结果表明:与荒地芦苇相比,3种植物种植均能显著提高0—20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性,柽柳种植显著降低0—20 cm土壤pH,促进0—20 cm土壤大颗粒团聚体形成,提高0—40 cm土壤有机碳含量,显著增加0—100 cm土壤盐渍化程度,促使土壤速效磷(Ca2—P)和缓效磷(Ca8—P和Al—P)向难溶性磷(Ca10—P)的转化,导致土壤磷有效性降低;白蜡种植显著降低0—100 cm土壤盐渍化程度及60—100 cm土壤pH,0—20 cm土壤小颗粒团聚体比例增加,0—40 cm土壤有机碳含量显著降低,促进土壤难溶性磷(O—P)向缓效磷(Fe—P)转化,有利于土壤磷有效性提高;苜蓿种植显著增加0—20 cm土壤有效磷含量,提高0—20 cm土壤磷酸酶活性,促进难溶性磷(O—P)、缓效磷(Ca8—P和Al—P)向速效磷的转化,0—20 cm土壤大颗粒团聚体比例增加有利于提升土壤磷有效性,其60—100 cm土壤pH增加不利于土壤磷的有效性提高;3种植物种植后土壤微生物量碳和微生物量磷显著降低,微生物量氮显著增加,土壤呼吸强度及脲酶活性均无显著变化。综上所述,白蜡种植最有利于降低土壤盐渍化程度和pH,苜蓿种植最有利于0—20 cm土壤磷有效性的提高,3种植物种植对20—100 cm土壤磷有效性无显著促进作用。由于3种植物对盐渍荒地改良时间较短,土壤微生物种群动态变化及对土壤磷形态转化过程及调控机制尚需深入研究。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤磷组分影响的Meta分析

【目的】过量施用磷肥导致土壤磷素累积,全磷含量升高,但是有效磷含量往往较低。低分子量有机酸能活化土壤难溶性磷、提高土壤磷素有效性,已成为研究热点之一。为探索提高土壤磷素有效性的途径,本文综合分析了低分子量有机酸对不同类型土壤磷组分的影响,为低分子量有机酸的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供理论依据。【方法】通过收集近30年 (1990—2018年) 来国内外发表的低分子量有机酸活化土壤磷的文章,建立了831组包含“有效磷 (available-P)”相关内容的数据库。基于Meta分析 (Meta-analysis),定量研究了不同土壤pH、全磷、有效磷含量、不同培养方式和培养时间及不同酸种类 (苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸等) 和浓度等条件下,低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷含量的影响。【结果】检索论文中的低分子量有机酸添加浓度在0～1 mol/L范围内。与不施低分子量有机酸的对照相比,低分子量有机酸可使土壤中钙磷、铝磷、铁磷、闭蓄态磷和有机磷含量分别降低27.1%、21.3%、15.5%、8.22%、5.42%,有效磷含量增加213%。石灰性土壤中,低分子量有机酸可将难溶性八钙磷 (Ca₈-P)、十钙磷 (Ca₁₀-P) 转化为可吸收态的二钙磷 (Ca₂-P),Ca₈-P、Ca₁₀-P含量分别降低8.36%、11.8%,而Ca₂-P含量增加7.90%。在全磷含量 < 1 g/kg和有效磷含量 < 20 mg/kg的低磷土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能使有效磷含量增加331%和343%,增磷效果分别比对应的全磷含量 ≥ 1 g/kg、有效磷 ≥ 20 mg/kg的高磷土壤高107%和189%。在酸性 (pH < 6) 和中性 (pH 6～8) 土壤中,低分子量有机酸分别能提高土壤有效磷含量329%和320%,在碱性 (pH > 8) 土壤中其增磷效果仅为56.9%。低分子量有机酸活化难溶性磷具有速效性和时效性,培养第1天土壤有效磷含量可增加257%,之后持续增加,在第10～20天达到最高值372%,20天后增磷效果持续减弱。振荡培养试验条件下,低分子量有机酸能使土壤有效磷含量增加334%,高于常规培养试验294%。当低分子量有机酸的添加浓度低于90 mmol/L时,酸浓度越高,其提升土壤磷有效性的效果越好。在所用的低分子有机酸中,草酸和柠檬酸提升磷有效性的效果较好,分别能增加有效磷含量288%和185%。【结论】低分子量有机酸活化土壤难溶性磷的效果受到土壤pH、全磷和有效磷含量的影响,也与添加的有机酸类型和浓度及添加的时间有关。低分子量有机酸提升土壤磷有效性的效果,在酸性和中性且全磷含量较低的土壤中较好。在低分子量有机酸添加量 < 90 mmol/L范围内,提升效果随添加量的增加而增加。作用的最佳效果出现在添加后的10～20天。添加草酸和柠檬酸对土壤有效磷的提升效果较好。     

几种典型酸性旱地土壤磷吸附的关键影响因素

以几种典型的酸性旱地土壤为研究对象,测定了土壤磷的等温吸附曲线,描述土壤磷的吸附特征,分析土壤最大吸磷量与土壤理化性质之间的关系,通过通径分析等方法明确了影响磷吸附的关键土壤因素。结果表明:土壤粘粒、游离态氧化铝(Al_d)、非晶质氧化铝(Al_o)及有机络合态铝(Al_p)的含量均与最大吸磷量(X_m)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),土壤pH值与X_m呈极显著负相关(P0.01);非晶质铁铝氧化物含量(Feo+Al_o)与X_m有显著的正相关关系(r=0.62,P=0.01);而土壤有机质、游离态氧化铁(Fe_d)、非晶质氧化铁(Fe_o)及有机络合态铁(Fe_p)的含量对X_m均无显著影响(P0.05)。即在本研究区域内,pH值越低,粘粒含量越高的土壤,其铝氧化物、非晶质铁铝氧化物(Fe_o+Al_o)含量越高,土壤的固磷能力越强。粘粒含量可能是影响土壤吸磷能力的一个最关键因素,其次为游离态氧化铝Al_d、非晶质氧化铝Al_o、有机络合态铝Al_p及土壤pH值等,其中各形态氧化铝对X_m的影响效应主要是通过与粘粒的间接作用来实现。     

土壤生物在土壤磷有效化中的作用

本文概述了磷被土壤组分固定的机制,详述了土壤微生物,根,菌根和蚯蚓在提高土壤磷植物有效性中起的作用。土壤生物对磷的活化作用主要机制为;通过产生质子和有机酸溶解不溶态无机磷,通过分泌磷酸酶水解有机磷,这种作用受土壤供磷与植物对磷需求间平衡的调控。     

有机酸对铝氧化物吸附磷的影响

以存在不同配位阴离子 (硫酸根、磷酸根、草酸根、柠檬酸根 )时合成的铝氧化物为对象 ,用平衡吸附法研究了草酸、柠檬酸等的浓度和 pH对铝氧化物吸附磷的影响 ,并讨论有机酸影响磷吸附的机制。结果表明 :六种合成铝氧化物的最大吸磷量 (Xm)介于 0.189～ 0.838mmol/g ,以Al(OH)x的吸磷量最高 ,铝 柠檬酸复合物 (Al-CA)的吸磷量最低 ;有机酸浓度升高时 ,铝氧化物的吸磷量降低 ,且柠檬酸的影响程度高于草酸 ;先加 pH为 2的草酸或酒石酸 ,Al(OH)x对磷的次级吸附量最低 ,而有机酸pH为 3时 ,Al(OH)x对磷的次级吸附量达最高 ,有机酸溶液 pH由 4增至 9,铝氧化物吸磷量变化不大或逐渐降低。有机酸与磷混合加入同单加磷相比 ,pH 3时差异较小 ,pH 4～ 6时差异最显著 ,pH 7～ 8时又减小 ;有机酸降低铝氧化物吸磷量的机理包括酸性溶解和络合竞争两方面 ,在 pH 2时以前者为主 ,pH 3～ 9时以后者为主 ,且铝氧化物表面的吸附点位对供试配位阴离子都是亲合的     

长期施肥与土壤性质对水稻土磷吸附的影响

基于长期定位试验(始于1981年),采用磷等温吸附试验方法,研究了不同施肥措施(包括无肥、单施化肥、稻草还田、沼肥)及相关土壤性质对耕层水稻土(0~15 cm)磷吸附特性的影响。结果表明,等温吸附试验中,不同施肥处理的水稻土,随着磷浓度的增加,磷的吸附量逐渐增大。对磷等温吸附曲线,用Langmuir方程拟合效果比Freundlich和Temkin方程好,各处理拟合优势度均在0.99以上。基于Langmuir方程计算,土壤磷最大吸附量(X_m)大小顺序为沼肥稻草单施化肥无肥,且沼肥处理显著高于其余3个处理(P0.05);同时,沼肥处理的磷吸附饱和度亦显著高于其它处理,但处理间土壤磷吸附常数与磷最大缓冲容量无显著差异。X_m值与土壤草酸浸提态磷(P-ox)、无定型铁(Fe-ox)、无定型铝、交换态钙、镁的含量有较高的相关性,其中与P-ox、Fe-ox的相关性最显著,相关系数分别为0.95(P0.01)、0.64(P0.05);主成分分析表明,无定型铁、铝与交换态钙、镁是引起不同施肥处理磷吸附差异的主要因素。与无肥及单施化肥相比,长期施用沼肥显著提高了土壤无定型铁、铝的含量(P0.05),从而增强了土壤磷吸附能力。     

三峡库区消落带沉积物与土壤磷形态及分配特征研究

应用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT)对三峡库区典型消落带表层新生沉积物及土壤中形态磷进行分级测定,并探讨形态磷之间及其与有效磷和样品理化性质(有机质和铁)之间的相关性。结果表明:消落带沉积物及土壤中总磷(TP)含量分别在435.1~970.0,152.8~1 022.7mg/kg之间,均值分别为(713.6±124.3),(547.5±169.7)mg/kg,沉积物中TP含量远高于土壤,显示了新生沉积物吸附磷的能力高于土壤。无机磷(IP)是沉积物及土壤中磷的主要形态,分别占TP的78.2%,74.2%;有机磷(OP)只占较小的比例。沉积物及土壤中钙磷(Ca—P)是IP的主要赋存形态,Ca—P/IP均值为73.6%,74.1%,而铁/铝磷(Fe/Al—P)占IP比重仅为26.4%,25.9%。沉积物及土壤中有效磷(Olsen—P)含量分别在4.43~45.50,2.88~41.84mg/kg之间,其中分别有29.6%,11.1%的样品超过土壤磷素淋失的Olsen—P临界突变点(25mg/kg)。回归分析表明,沉积物中Fe/Al—P和OP是Olsen—P的主要贡献者,而Ca—P对Olsen—P的贡献很小;土壤中仅Fe/Al—P对Olsen—P有较大贡献。相关分析表明,有机质与OP呈极显著正相关,说明有机质的输入可促进OP的累积;TP、Fe/Al—P、Ca—P与无定形态铁(Fe_o—Fe_p)、有机络合态铁(Fe_p)呈显著正相关,表明Fe_o—Fe_p和Fe_p可促进沉积物及土壤的固磷作用。     

三种铁氧化物的磷吸附解吸特性以及与磷吸附饱和度的关系

采用三种人工合成铁氧化物(针铁矿、赤铁矿和水铁矿)比较了结晶态和无定形铁氧化物对磷的吸附—解吸特性以及与磷吸附饱和度的关系。结果表明,三种铁氧化物的磷吸附特性均可用Langumir方程来描述,相关系数均大于0.9,达到极显著水平。从磷最大吸附量(Qm)、吸附反应常数(K)和最大缓冲容量(MBC)三项吸附参数综合考虑,水铁矿(无定形)对磷的吸附无论在容量还是强度方面均比结晶态铁氧化物针铁矿和赤铁矿大得多。水铁矿吸附的磷比针铁矿和赤铁矿所吸附的磷更难解吸;水铁矿的大量活性表面并没有表现出增加磷释放的作用。磷吸附饱和度有望作为评价土壤或铁氧化物磷吸附—解吸的强度和容量因子的一个综合指标。     

铁铝柱撑膨润土组成特征及其磷吸附性能研究

利用天然膨润土合成了铁柱撑膨润土（Fe1-Mt、Fe10-M）t、羟基铁膨润土（FeOx-M）t、羟基铝膨润土（AlOx-M）t和羟基铝铁膨润土复合体（AlFe-M）t,对其化学组成和矿物组成等特征进行分析,比较了5种不同铁铝柱撑膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化性能,并通过等温吸附试验探讨了柱撑膨润土对磷的吸附机制。结果发现,不同铁铝柱撑均可以增加天然膨润土的层间距,其中以羟基铝铁膨润土复合体的层间距增加最明显,与原土相比增加约为2倍。5种不同铁铝柱撑均能显著增强膨润土对磷污染水体的吸附净化能力,其中以FeOx-Mt的理论磷吸附容量最大,为12.03mg.g-1,其次为Fe10-Mt、AlFe-Mt和AlOx-Mt,吸附等温曲线同时符合Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程,均达显著水平。结果表明,除膨润土层间距外,不同铁铝柱撑膨润土的磷吸附能力主要与铁铝氧化物的含量及铁的存在形态相关。     

Effect of supplied phytosiderophore on 59Fe absorption and translocation in Fe-deficient barley grown hydroponically in low phosphorus media

Hydroponically grown barley plants ( Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi) under iron-deficient (–Fe) and high phosphorus (P) conditions (500 µmol L⁻¹) showed Fe chlorosis and lower growth compared with plants grown in –Fe and low P conditions (50, 5 and 0.5 µmol L⁻¹). To understand the physiological role of P in regulating the growth of plants in –Fe medium, we carried out an Fe feeding experiment using four P levels (500, 50, 5 and 0.5 µmol L⁻¹) and phytosiderophores (PS), mugineic acid. Our results suggest that plants grown in a high P medium had higher absorption activity of ⁵⁹Fe compared with plants grown in low P media, irrespective of the presence or absence of added PS. Translocation of ⁵⁹Fe from roots to shoots was not affected by the P level. The relative translocation rate of ⁵⁹Fe increased with decreasing levels of P in the medium. In general, the addition of PS enhanced the absorption of ⁵⁹Fe and its translocation. Taken together these results suggest that the lower relative translocation rate of Fe in high P plants may be induced by the physiological inactivation of Fe in the roots, and the higher absorption activity of Fe in high P conditions possibly results from the response of barley plants to Fe deficiency.     

Effect of supplied phytosiderophore on 59Fe absorption and translocation in Fe-deficient barley grown hydroponically in low phosphorus media

Abstract

Hydroponically grown barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi) under iron-deficient (–Fe) and high phosphorus (P) conditions (500 µmol L^?1) showed Fe chlorosis and lower growth compared with plants grown in –Fe and low P conditions (50, 5 and 0.5 µmol L^?1). To understand the physiological role of P in regulating the growth of plants in –Fe medium, we carried out an Fe feeding experiment using four P levels (500, 50, 5 and 0.5 µmol L^?1) and phytosiderophores (PS), mugineic acid. Our results suggest that plants grown in a high P medium had higher absorption activity of ⁵⁹Fe compared with plants grown in low P media, irrespective of the presence or absence of added PS. Translocation of ⁵⁹Fe from roots to shoots was not affected by the P level. The relative translocation rate of ⁵⁹Fe increased with decreasing levels of P in the medium. In general, the addition of PS enhanced the absorption of ⁵⁹Fe and its translocation. Taken together these results suggest that the lower relative translocation rate of Fe in high P plants may be induced by the physiological inactivation of Fe in the roots, and the higher absorption activity of Fe in high P conditions possibly results from the response of barley plants to Fe deficiency.     

Acidulated activation of phosphate rock enhances release,lateral transport and uptake of phosphorus and trace metals upon direct-soil application

Phosphate rock (PR) was activated via acidulation with HCl, EDTA, and oxalic acid to enhance its reactivity. The release, lateral transport, and uptake of phosphorus (P) along with trace metals from pristine and activated PRs were investigated in a soil micro-block system over a period of 27 days, using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of available soil P, Fe, Mn, and Zn were released from all the PRs after application to soil within first 9 days of seedling transplantation, while the release of other trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) was minimal (<1.2 mg kg^?1). On cumulative basis, APR-O (oxalic acid activated PR) was the most efficient amendment releasing 164% more available P, followed by APR-E (EDTA activated PR) releasing 130% more available P, compared to the pristine PR. Similar results were also observed in the release of available Fe, Mn, Zn, and other trace metals. The highest diffusive mass fluxes for available P, Mn, Fe, and Zn in soil were observed after 3 days of seedling transplantation, which reduced subsequently. The uptake of P, Fe, Mn, and Zn by wheat plants was increased by 394%, 715%, 92%, and 91%, respectively, in APR-O application compared to the pristine PR, while it was increased by 280%, 188%, 16%, and 27%, respectively, in APR-E application compared to the pristine PR. Subsequently, APR-O and APR-E amendments resulted in enhanced shoot lengths, root lengths, shoot dry matter, and root dry matter contents of wheat plants. Hence, it was concluded that activation of PR with oxalic acid and EDTA prior to direct soil application may enhance the reactivity of PR and could serve as a cost-effect fertilization strategy for higher wheat crop production.     

Influence of Plant Phosphorus and Iron Concentrations on Growth of Soybean

Growth responses to phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) are commonly assessed based on element concentrations to which plants are exposed. Such data offer little insight about responses to the concentration of P and Fe actually accumulated in plants. In this study, soybean (Glycine max Merr., cv. ‘Biloxi’) was grown on nutrient solutions to induce varying P and Fe concentrations in plant tissues. Leaf P and Fe concentrations were correlated at lower concentrations. However, under high P treatments there was an apparent excess of accumulated P based on plant response. These results were interpreted to indicate that these plants could accumulate P in excess of the amount required for normal physiological activity. There appeared to be no excess accumulation of Fe so that correlations between leaf Fe concentration and leaf area and plant mass were significant for all data. Root mass did not correlate significantly with either leaf P or Fe concentration.     

Effect of iron plaque on roots of rice on growth of plants in excess zinc and accumulation of phosphorus in plants in excess copper or nickel

Iron (Fe) plaque on roots of rice was found to lessen the toxic effects of zinc (Zn). With excess Zn, plants with Fe plaque had significantly greater dry mass of roots and foliage than plants without plaque. In the excess of Zn, plants with Fe plaque had higher concentrations of Fe but lower Zn than plants without plaque, although the differences were not significant. In the excess of copper (Cu) or nickel (Ni), plants with Fe plaque had significantly lower concentration of phosphorus (P) in leaves than plants without plaque. It is suggested that the low concentration of P in leaves of plants with plaque will increase the concentration of “active iron”; inside leaves, and therefore, increase their tolerance against heavy metal toxicity.     

Photocatalytic Decolorization of Commercial Acid Dyes using Solar Irradiation

Four wetland plants were selected to study the effect of Fe plaque formation on phosphorus (P) accumulation in the rhizosphere and P uptake. There were significant positive correlations between the sorbed Fe content in the rhizosphere and the Fe plaque concentration (r ²?=?0.8454, p?<?0.01) and between P accumulation and the amount of the sorbed Fe in the rhizosphere (r ²?=?0.8460, p?<?0.01). The concentration of the Fe plaque on the root surface of four wetland plants species tested followed the order of Zizania cedu Ciflora Turez > Scirpus tabernaemontani Gmel > Iris pseudacorus Linn > Canna indica Linn. The Fe plaque formation increased P uptake, apparently through enhancing the diffusion of P into the roots of the wetland plants; this resulted in increased P concentration in shoots. However, this effect decreased in the higher Fe plaque concentration status, apparently due to physical blocking and immobilization of P by Fe plaque. Therefore, adequate surface coverage of roots of wetland plant by the Fe plaque would increase the uptake of P by wetland plants, which depend on the optimum amendment of Fe. These effects also varied with wetland plant species.     

Response of Cucumber Plants to Low Doses of Different Synthetic Iron Chelates in Hydroponics

The factors that control the use of iron (Fe) provided by iron chelates in strategy I plants are not well known. In this paper, the effectiveness of low concentrations of a series of pure Fe chelates to supply Fe to cucumber plants in hydroponics was studied. The Fe Chelate Reductase (FCR) of the roots was measured using Fe- ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) as substrate. Despite the differences found in SPAD and biometric indexes among the treatments, FCR and Fe in xylem sap were only significantly larger for the Fe- Ethylene diamine di-(o-hydroxy-p-methylphenyl) acetic acid (EDDHMA) treatment. The trend in nutritional indexes was the opposite to the trend in the stability of the chelates, except for Fe-EDTA that gave the poorest results. A mechanism describing the uptake process, considering the re-oxidation of the Fe (II) reduced by the FCR and the formation of the Fe (II) complex is proposed.     

Relationships between the Ratio of Plant-Available Phosphorus (P-AL) to Total Phosphorus and Soil Properties

Abstract

The relationships between the ratio of plant-available phosphorus (P-AL) to total P and soil properties were examined in 52 samples of mineral soils collected from different parts of Norway. The ratio P-AL/total P in the soils was used as a measurement of a soil's capacity to bind P in sparsely soluble forms and of the possibility for plants to utilize added P. Simple regression analysis showed that the ratio P-AL/total P was correlated with clay (r= ?0.60???, significant at the 0.1% probability level), Tamm acid oxalate extractable Fe (r= ?0.63???), and Tamm acid oxalate extractable Al (r-= ?0.44???), but not with organic C and pH. Variation of Fe, Al and clay content could explain 50% of the variation of the ratio of P-Al/total P. Partial correlation coefficients showed that Fe was the most important factor explaining the variation of the ratio of P-AL/total P.     

Effects of phosphate carriers,iron, and indoleacetic acid on iron nutrition and productivity of peanut on a calcareous soil

Results of a field experiment designed to assess the effects of phosphate carriers, iron (Fe), and indoleacetic acid (IAA) on the Fe nutrition of peanut grown on a calcareous soil showed that single superphosphate (SSP) was more effective than diammonium phosphate (DAP) in improving Fe nutrition and chlorophyll synthesis. Increased phosphorus (P) and Fe contents of chlorotic leaves showing symptoms of Fe deficiency suggested that Fe, despite absorption and uptake, was subjected to inactivation, and that the Fe content per se was not the cause of the observed chlorosis. Better amelioration of chlorosis with the SSP treatment as compared with DAP indicated a role of sulphur (S) in preventing inactivation of Fe, possibly caused by excessive P accumulation. A foliar spray of Fe‐EDDHA corrected the chlorosis, but a ferric citrate foliar treatment did not. This further suggested that the mobility of Fe was impaired in chlorotic plants. An IAA foliar spray only also tended to improve Fe nutrition. Significant increase in peanut productivity was observed following improvement in Fe nutrition both with soil and foliar treatments.     

Determination of Mugineic Acid, 2′-Deoxymugineic Acid, 3-Hydroxymugineic Acid,and Their Iron Complexes by Ion-Pair HPLC and Colorimetric Procedures

Extract

Under iron (Fe)-deficient conditions like in calcareous and/or high pH soils, mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs: mugineic acid (MA), 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA), 3-hydroxymugineic acid (HMA) etc.) are secreted from graminaceous plants and solubilize the slightly soluble Fe in soil as MAs-Fe complexes (Takagi 1976, 1993). Due to their high availability to higher plants (Roemheld and Marschner 1986), the behavior of MAs and their Fe complexes in the soil environment is of interest in connection with the iron nutrition of these plants.