不同类型薄膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探索不同颜色地膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2014―2015年采用白色地膜、黑色地膜和裸地玉米栽培试验,分析了不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米株高、叶面积指数、生物量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与裸地相比,覆膜处理能显著提高玉米株高(P0.01);覆膜处理的玉米叶面积指数显著大于裸地处理(P0.01),在玉米成熟期黑膜处理的叶面积指数最大;覆膜处理玉米干物质积累量在整个生育期均显著高于裸地(P0.01),玉米灌浆中后期至成熟期,黑膜覆盖的干物质积累量最大;黑膜处理的玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于白膜和裸地处理(P0.01)。在冀东地区,用黑色地膜替代白色地膜,能够促进玉米增产和水分高效利用。     

不同时期水分胁迫对冬小麦产量及形态指标的影响研究

天津市农业水资源严重短缺,为使有限的农业水资源发挥最大的效益,开展非充分灌溉意义重大。作物的水分生产函数是指导非充分灌溉制度制定重要理论依据。Jensen模型对评价作物产量与水分的关系有很好的适用性。为此在试验基地对冬小麦的不同生育期进行单独或连续的水分胁迫,分析得出了各生育期对水的敏感指数:抽穗期灌浆期拔节期返青期成熟期。抽穗期、灌浆期和拔节期为作物的需水关键期,而返青期及成熟期对水分不太敏感,在水分亏缺的前提下,应该首先保证抽穗期、灌浆期和拔节期的供水,返青期和成熟期适当的水分胁迫不会对产量造成很大的影响。     

水分亏缺对玉米生理指标及产量的影响

以辽宁省传统易旱区朝阳市建平县玉米为研究对象,研究了不同生育期内不同程度的水分亏缺对玉米生理指标及产量的影响。结果表明,水分亏缺显著抑制了玉米植株的生长和叶面积的扩展,抑制程度与亏缺程度有关,抽穗期水分胁迫对玉米产量影响最大,其他时期可适当进行水分亏缺处理。     

不同栽培模式下制种玉米的产量及水分生产效应

甘肃河西走廊是中国最大的杂交玉米种子生产基地,干旱、缺水是制约该区玉米制种产业发展的瓶颈因素。对6种不同栽培模式下制种玉米的产量表现和水分利用效果进行对比研究,结果表明：全膜覆盖、垄植和沟播栽培模式均有利于提高制种玉米的产量和水分利用效率。其中,全膜覆盖沟播栽培模式节水增产效果最为显著,比对照半膜平作增产1730．8kg／hm^2,水分利用效率提高0．412kg／m^2。     

膜上调亏灌溉对制种玉米产量的影响

通过大田试验,研究膜上不同水分亏缺灌溉对制种玉米产量的影响。结果表明,制种玉米在抽穗—灌浆期适度水分亏缺灌溉有利于提高籽粒产量,并能满足制种玉米对水分的需求。膜上适度调亏灌溉有利于增产,提高水分生产效率。     

覆膜滴灌玉米生长指标、耗水量及产量的影响

以覆膜滴灌玉米为试验材料,采用田间试验,设置不同土壤水分控制下限,研究不同土壤水分处理对玉米植株生长指标、耗水量、产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明:不同土壤水分处理下,玉米株高和叶面积具有相似的变化规律;玉米全生育期需水规律为苗期小,拔节-灌浆期增大,成熟期减小,灌浆期为需水高峰期;各生育阶段模系数存在差异;玉米日耗水强度在整个生育期呈现出中间大、两头小的规律,灌浆期日均耗水强度达到最高,达4.99mm/d;中水分处理GGDE3 WUE最高,达到2.95kg/m3,其对应的产量也较高。通过对产量和耗水规律的分析,得出适合当地覆膜滴灌玉米适宜土壤水分控制下限为苗期65%FC、拔节期70%FC、抽穗期70%FC、灌浆期70%FC、成熟期65%FC。     

滴灌下覆盖和追肥措施对夏玉米生长及产量的影响

基于2 a田间试验,研究了滴灌下秸秆覆盖和追肥措施对华北典型区(北京)夏玉米耗水量、生理指标、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖减缓了土壤水分下降速度,一定程度上提高了土壤蓄水能力;秸秆覆盖对叶面积指数的变化存在显著影响,而追肥措施对株高和叶面积指数变化没有显著影响;充分滴灌下,相比不覆盖处理,秸秆覆盖并没有显著减少夏玉米生育期耗水量,但对作物产量和水分利用效率变化存在显著影响,基于100 kg/hm~2追肥量和6 000 kg/hm~2秸秆覆盖措施下,夏玉米产量和水分利用效率分别显著提高了11%和13%(P0.05)。     

阶段性缺水对冬小麦耗水特性和叶面积指数的影响

为了缓解华北平原淡水资源的不足，合理调配水资源，在中国科学院南皮生态农业试验站进行了淡水阶段性缺水灌溉试验研究，结果表明，当某生育阶段灌水被取消时，不但使作物在本生育阶段受水分胁迫，而且在后续生育阶段也受到一定程度的水分胁迫。相比阶段性缺水来说，旱作对叶面积指数和产量的影响程度最大。与充分灌溉的叶面积指数相比，缺水阶段的减小并不是最大的，缺水阶段之后的叶面积指数减少更大，从节水和对作物生长的影响2个方面综合考虑，缺灌浆水对叶面积指数和产量的影响程度最小。在淡水资源缺乏的区域采用阶段性缺水灌溉是节约水资源的重要途径。     

不同生育期水分胁迫对玉米农艺性状的影响

为了研究不同生育期玉米水分胁迫对玉米农艺性状的影响,为干旱、半干旱地区玉米抗旱提供理论依据。以玉米在苗期、拔节期、抽雄-吐丝、灌浆-成熟期进行水分胁迫,测量玉米株高、穗位高、叶面积、穗部性状,对比充分灌水与非充分灌溉下玉米农艺性状差异。利用Jensen模型求解出玉米各生育期水分敏感系数,验证水分胁迫对玉米产量的影响。结果表明在拔节期进行干旱处理的株高、穗位高、叶面积受影响较大,有明显的抑制作用。抽雄—吐丝期干旱胁迫对穗部性状的形成较为明显,并且对产量影响较大。     

覆膜和种植密度对旱作春玉米产量和蒸散量的影响

为探究黄土高原旱作玉米的适宜种植密度,开展了玉米露地与覆膜6个种植密度的大田试验。结果表明:覆膜加速了玉米的生长和发育,表现在株高和叶面积指数的增加,生育期的提前,如抽穗期(即最大高度出现时)比露地种植提前了11 d。在玉米生长的中后期,露地玉米株高具有随密度增加而降低的趋势,而覆膜玉米则无显著差异。无论是覆膜还是露地种植,玉米叶面积指数都是随种植密度的增加而提高。玉米的蒸散量随种植密度的增加而增加,但覆膜种植降低了玉米对水分的消耗,在不同程度上缓解了因种植密度增加而导致的蒸散量增加与降水不足之间的矛盾。覆膜显著提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,平均产量和水分利用效率较露地种植分别提高52.79%和60.55%。露地与覆膜种植产量和水分利用效率随种植密度的增加都呈现先增加后减小的趋势,但获得最高产量与水分利用效率对应的种植密度不同:露地种植在密度为52 500株/hm~2(D2)时获得最高产量和水分利用效率,而覆膜种植增大了单位面积土地可支撑的群体,最高产量和水分利用效率分别在密度为82 500株/hm~2(D4)和67 500株/hm~2(D3)时获得,但D3与D4下水分利用效率无显著差异,所以在试验气候年型下,黄土高原东部露地和覆膜种植的春玉米适宜密度分别为52 500株/hm~2和82 500株/hm~2。     

干旱-复水对不同玉米品种冠层结构与水分利用效率的影响

以抗旱性不同的二个玉米品种('郑单958'和'户单四号')为材料,采用防雨池栽的方式控制土壤水分,研究扬花期干旱-复水对玉米冠层结构、产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,扬花期干旱-复水后二个玉米品种的叶面积指数和株高均出现补偿效应,'郑单958'补偿效应优于'户单四号';'郑单958,的群体透光系数在干旱-复...     

华北冬小麦拔节期水分胁迫-复水补偿效应研究

以华北地区抗旱性不同的二冬麦品种石家庄8号(抗旱品种)与偃麦20(非抗旱品种)为材料,研究拔节期水分胁迫-复水补偿效应的品种差异及补偿效应对产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,在拔节期不同胁迫程度和不同胁迫历时下.石家庄8号水分胁迫一复水之后,各项生理指标均快速补偿,轻度水分胁迫-复水后出现超补偿效应,且出现...     

水分亏缺对覆膜玉米生长发育及产量的影响

通过系统的覆膜玉米亏水灌溉试验 ,研究了不同生育期内不同程度的水分亏缺对覆膜玉米生长发育、光合作用、产量及水分利用效率等的影响。结果表明 ,拔节期受旱对玉米株高及叶面积指数影响最大 ,抽雄后的水分亏缺对玉米生长发育影响不明显。各处理产量资料表明 ,覆膜春玉米的需水临界期为抽雄开花期 ,此期轻度的水分亏缺可造成产量大幅度下降 :灌浆期较抽雄开花期玉米产量对水分亏缺敏感程度低 ,但在这个阶段的水分亏缺也可使玉米减产 ;拔节期玉米产量对水分胁迫敏感程度较差 ,该阶段为对玉米进行水分亏缺处理的适宜时期     

不同生育期干旱胁迫对温室葡萄WUE、产量及品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育期干旱胁迫对设施栽培葡萄水分利用效率、产量和品质的影响。【方法】在甘肃省永登县设施葡萄试验基地开展了葡萄滴灌不同生育期水分调控田间灌溉试验,在葡萄新梢生长、开花、果实膨大、着色成熟期分别以55%田间持水率(θ_f)为灌水下限的干旱胁迫处理,依次为新梢生长期干旱胁迫(PS)、开花期干旱胁迫(FS)、果实膨大期干旱胁迫(ES)、着色成熟期干旱胁迫(CS),其他生育期灌水下限均为75%θ_f;全生育期以75%θ_f为灌水下限的处理为(CK)充分供水,研究了不同处理对葡萄粒径膨大速率、产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)以及品质的影响。【结果】新梢生长期干旱胁迫处理能抑制葡萄粒径膨大,但不会影响其生长的"双S"变化规律,且复水后粒径恢复生长并出现复水补偿效应;横、纵径在膨大期后14 d左右和52 d左右时达到膨大高峰,且第1次膨大高峰时的膨大速率远大于第2次的;新梢期和着色成熟期干旱胁迫较对照依次增产44.6%、42.5%,WUE依次提高71%、57%,果实膨大期干旱胁迫较CK可减产9.7%,WUE降低1.2%;新梢生长期、开花期和果实膨大期干旱胁迫单穂质量、单粒质量均显著(P<0.05)高于CK,开花期干旱胁迫花青素量显著(P<0.05)高于CK,着色成熟期干旱胁迫果糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、可溶性固形物量显著(P<0.05)高于CK,并可抑制葡萄果实可滴定酸的积累;隶属函数综合分析表明,着色成熟期干旱胁迫葡萄产量和品质最优。【结论】着色成熟期干旱胁迫为当地设施栽培葡萄最佳的水分调控处理,可达到节水和提高葡萄果实产量和品质的生产效果,其水分调控模式为:土壤含水率为田间持水率的55%～80%,灌水定额为270 m~3/hm~2。     

分根区交替灌溉下水分亏缺对夏玉米生长和水分利用效率的影响

为探讨玉米节水灌溉方式的理论依据,通过桶栽试验研究了分根区交替灌溉(APRI)方式下,不同生育期水分亏缺对夏玉米生长、干物质累积质量、籽粒产量、总耗水量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:常规灌溉(CI)方式下,苗期和全生育期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积和总耗水量均显著低于充分灌溉,但苗期水分亏缺可以提高WUE.相同的灌水方式和亏缺时期,中度亏缺的根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及籽粒产量均显著高于重度亏缺;相同的灌水方式和灌水水平,苗期水分亏缺的株高、叶面积、根干物质质量、地上和总干物质质量以及总耗水量均显著的低于灌浆期,但籽粒产量和WUE均显著高于灌浆期;相同的灌水水平和亏缺时期,APRI的根干物质质量和总耗水量均显著低于CI的,但APRI的籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于CI的.本研究结果表明,APRI在苗期进行中度亏缺有利于营养生长的调控,并达到节水高产,提高WUE的目的.     

间作模式下玉米干旱胁迫响应研究

【目的】为了在干旱地区建立玉米大豆间作模式的节水灌溉制度,在大型防雨棚中针对玉米大豆间作模式下的玉米生长情况进行干旱胁迫研究。【方法】设置3个土壤相对含水率,进行玉米和大豆间作种植试验,通过分析玉米叶片叶绿素量、生长特性、产量等因素,研究了不同生育时期干旱胁迫对玉米生长的主要影响以及玉米和大豆之间的水分竞争情况。【结果】前期适当的干旱使玉米的株高和茎粗分别增加了6.24%、7.83%,对玉米叶绿素量积累也是有利的;在玉米生长旺盛时期,干旱导致玉米产量下降,适当干旱区域水分利用效率最大为1.39%。【结论】玉米在拔节—灌浆期对水分最敏感,在此阶段玉米和大豆对水分的竞争模式也最为复杂,在出苗中后期,适当干旱有利于玉米后期发育。     

Yield performance of spring wheat improved by regulated deficit irrigation in an arid area

A field experiment was conducted in 2003 and 2004 growing seasons to evaluate the effects of regulated deficit irrigation on yield performance in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) in an arid area. Three regulated deficit irrigation treatments designed to subject the crops to various degrees of soil water deficit at different stages of crop development and a no-soil-water-deficit control was established. Soil moisture was measured gravimetrically in the increment of 0–20 cm every five to seven days in the given growth periods, while that in 20 increments to 40, 40–60, 60–80, and 80–100 cm depth measured by neutron probe. Compared to the no-soil-water-deficit treatment, grain yield, biomass, harvest index, water use efficiency (WUE), and water supply use efficiency (WsUE) in spring wheat were all greatly improved by 16.6–25.0, 12.4–19.2, 23.5–27.3, 32.7–39.9, and 44.6–58.8% under regulated deficit irrigation, and better yield components such as thousand-grain weight, grain weight per spike, number of grain, length of spike, and fertile spikelet number were also obtained, but irrigation water was substantially decreased by 14.0–22.9%. The patterns of soil moisture were similar in the regulated deficit treatments, and the soil moisture contents were greatly decreased by regulated deficit irrigation during wheat growing seasons. Significant differences were found between the no-soil-water-deficit treatment and the regulated soil water deficit treatments in grain yield, yield components, biomass, harvest index, WUE, and WsUE, but no significant differences occurred within the regulated soil water deficit treatments. Yield performance proved that regulated deficit irrigation treatment subjected to medium soil water deficit both during the middle vegetative stage (jointing) and the late reproductive stages (filling and maturity or filling) while subjected to no-soil-water-deficit both during the late vegetative stage (booting) and the early reproductive stage (heading) (MNNM) had the highest yield increase of 25.0 and 14.0% of significant water-saving, therefore, the optimum controlled soil water deficit levels in this study should range 50–60% of field water capacity (FWC) at the middle vegetative growth period (jointing), and 65–70% of FWC at both of the late vegetative period (booting) and early reproductive period (heading) followed by 50–60% of FWC at the late reproductive periods (the end of filling or filling and maturity) in treatment MNNM, with the corresponding optimum total irrigation water of 338 mm. In addition, the relationships among grain yield, biomass, and harvest index, the relationship between grain yield and WUE, WsUE, and the relationship between harvest index and WUE, WsUE under regulated deficit irrigation were also estimated through linear or non-linear regression models, which indicate that the highest grain yield was associated with the maximum biomass, harvest index, and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency, which was reached by appropriate controlling soil moisture content and water consumption. The relations also indicate that the harvest index was associated with the maximum biomass and water supply use efficiency, but not with the highest water use efficiency.     

土壤水分状况对温室滴灌番茄水分利用效率及果实品质的影响

在日光温室滴灌条件下,通过小区试验研究了不同生育阶段不同土壤水分状况对番茄产量、水分利用效率(WUE)及果实品质的影响.结果表明,番茄产量对土壤水分具有一阈值反应,只要土壤水分不低于田间持水率的60%,适度控制土壤水分对番茄产量影响较小,并有利于水分利用效率的提高;不同采摘时期的番茄果实可溶性固形物(SSC)和维生素c...     

不同生育期干旱胁迫对玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

为研究不同生育期干旱胁迫对玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响,分别设置正常水分、拔节期干旱、抽雄期干旱和灌浆初期干旱4个处理,研究玉米干物质积累、灌浆特性、淀粉相关酶活性及产量的变化特征。结果表明:干旱显著降低玉米干物质积累量,抽雄期和灌浆初期干旱显著降低花后干物质积累量和贡献率;干旱显著降低籽粒质量和灌浆速率,抽雄期干旱对后期籽粒质量和灌浆速率影响最大;干旱显著降低结合态淀粉合成酶（GBSS）、可溶性淀粉合成酶（SSS）、蔗糖合成酶（SS）和蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性;干旱对产量的影响主要是增加了秃尖长、减少了行粒数,3个时期干旱胁迫产量分别降低15.15%、33.11%和22.00%。因此,拔节期、抽雄期和灌浆初期玉米对水分的需求较为敏感,对产量影响较大,尤其是在玉米抽雄期,要确保水分供应,以保证玉米产量。      

Water use and water use efficiency of sweet corn under different weather conditions and soil moisture regimes

Plant growth and development are influenced by weather conditions that also affect water use (WU) and water use efficiency (WUE) and ultimately, yield. The overall goal of this study was to determine the impact of weather and soil moisture conditions on WU and WUE of sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa). An experiment consisting on three planting dates was conducted in 2006 at The University of Georgia, USA. A sweet corn genotype sh2 was planted on March 27 under irrigated and rainfed conditions and on April 10 and 25 under irrigated conditions only. Soil moisture was monitored using PR2 probes. Rainfall and irrigation were recorded with rain gauges installed in the experimental area while other weather variables were recorded with an automatic weather station located nearby. A water balance was used to obtain the crop's daily evapotranspiration (ETc). WUE was calculated as the ratio of fresh and dry matter ear yield and cumulative ETc. The potential soil moisture deficit (Dp) approach was used to determine the crop's moisture stress. Results were analyzed using a single degree freedom contrast, linear regression, and the least significant difference. WU and WUE of sweet corn were both markedly affected by the intra-seasonal weather variability and Dp. For both variables, significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between planting dates under irrigated conditions and between the irrigated and rainfed treatments. WU was as high as 268 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions and as low as 122 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions. The maximum soil moisture deficit was reached at the milky kernel stage and was as high as 343 mm for the March 27 planting date under rainfed conditions and as low as 260 mm for the April 10 planting date under irrigated conditions. Further work should focus on the impact of the intra-seasonal weather variability and soil moisture conditions during different crop stages to determine critical periods that affect yield.