生物炭对不同水氮条件下小麦产量的影响

研究生物炭与氮肥互作在不同水分条件下对小麦关键生育期旗叶光合参数、产量与主要农艺性状的影响,探讨生物炭改良不同水肥条件土壤并提高其作物产量的效果与内在机理,可为农田有机物资源合理利用提供理论支撑。本研究采用盆栽试验,生物炭用量设置五个水平(0,1%,2%,4%和6%),氮肥设置N0,N1和N2(0,0.2 g·kg~(-1)和0.4 g·kg~(-1))三个水平,小麦拔节期控制土壤田间持水量的80%和50%模拟正常水分和干旱胁迫两种水分环境。于小麦拔节期和抽穗期测定旗叶光合参数和SPAD值,成熟后对小麦籽粒产量及主要农艺性状进行统计。结果显示:(1)与不施生物炭处理相比,1%和2%生物炭用量平均增产6.62%和11.01%,4%和6%生物炭用量平均减产6.88%和10.1%,同时会导致千粒重、穗粒数和株高的降低;(2)正常水分条件下,1%和2%生物炭用量与N1和N2之间存在协同增产作用,而4%和6%生物炭用量表现出负面效应;(3)干旱胁迫条件下,仅1%和2%生物炭用量与N1存在协同增产作用,生物炭处理削弱N2增产潜力;(4)N0水平下,生物炭处理均表现出促进小麦旗叶光合速率,增加产量的作用;(5)N1条件下,生物炭促进小麦旗叶光合速率且在干旱胁迫条件下效果更明显。总体上生物炭对小麦旗叶光合参数和产量的影响受生物炭用量、氮素水平和水分条件共同制约且存在复杂的交互作用,干旱会限制生物炭与氮肥的协同增产作用;在低肥力土壤上应用生物炭的增产效果较好,而在质地较细且肥力中等的土壤应用时推荐48 t·hm~(-2)(2%)生物炭用量。     

生物炭施用对冬麦田土壤水热环境及土壤呼吸的影响

探究施用生物炭对冬麦田土壤水热因子及土壤呼吸的影响,对生物炭在麦田应用及农田固碳减排有重要的实践意义。2018年10月至2021年6月在关中灌区连续3 a进行了麦田生物炭施用试验,试验设置生物炭施用量水平分别为：0 t·hm^-2·a^-1（C0）、10 t·hm^-2·a^-1（C10）、20 t·hm^-2·a^-1（C20）,通过测定小麦生长季的土壤温度、土壤水分、土壤呼吸速率及产量,明确不同施炭量对冬小麦田土壤水热因子及土壤呼吸的影响。各处理生育期内土壤呼吸速率及全生育期CO₂排放量存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,均表现为C0>C20>C10。生物炭施入增加了生育期内的平均土壤温度,同时显著提高了0～20 cm土壤含水量（P<0.05）,并减弱了土壤水分在生育期内的变化幅度。C10、C20处理3 a平均土壤含水量较C0分别增加了17.0%、29.0%。5 cm及10 cm土壤温度能分别解释土壤呼吸变化的54.7%～...     

氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦产量及氮素利用的影响

于2019—2021年采用再裂区设计,设置氮肥、生物炭和脲酶抑制剂3个因素,主处理设5个氮水平：0、75、150、225 kg·hm^-2和300 kg·hm^-2,副处理设2个生物炭水平：0 t·hm^-2和7.5 t·hm^-2,副副处理设2个脲酶抑制剂水平：0%和2%,共20个处理,研究氮肥配施生物炭和脲酶抑制剂对夏玉米-冬小麦轮作体系作物产量和氮肥吸收利用的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量、氮肥表观利用率、氮素收获指数以及夏玉米地上部生物量,较不施生物炭处理分别增加4.4%和2.9%、2.3%和3.0%、25.8%和13.5%、4.9%和6.1%、4.5%;氮肥单独配施生物炭可显著提高夏玉米和冬小麦产量、植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,且氮肥和生物炭具有显著的交互效应。施用脲酶抑制剂显著增加夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,较不施脲酶抑制剂处理分别提高1.5%和3.0%;氮肥单独配施脲酶抑制剂可提高夏玉米植株氮素吸收量和氮肥表观利用率,但氮肥与脲酶抑制剂无显著...     

不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为探明不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响,2014年在定西市安定区李家堡镇布设的不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加定位试验(共9个处理),利用Bremner分级法,对该试验2018年收获后的土壤有机氮组分进行测定与分析。结果表明:在0～30 cm土层(0～5、5～10、10～30 cm土层),各处理酸解总有机氮、酸解氨态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮含量均随土层的加深而降低,酸解氨基糖态氮含量随土层的加深而增加;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),生物质炭添加(BN0、BN50、BN100处理的均值)处理可提升酸解总有机氮含量10.12%、9.14%、7.61%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨态氮含量15.02%、16.25%、17.19%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨基酸态氮含量13.31%、11.84%、8.74%(土层由上至下),其中BN100处理下对其提升效应最显著;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),秸秆添加处理(SN0、SN50、SN100处理的均值)可提升酸解氨基糖态氮含量26.46%、26.51%、25.78%(土层由上至下),其中SN100处理下对其提升效应最显著;不同处理下,有机氮各形态的分布趋势为酸解氨基酸态氮酸解氨态氮酸解未知态氮酸解氨基糖态氮。总之,BN100处理对酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解氨态氮提升效应最显著,进而增加土壤供氮潜力,可筛选为该区春小麦栽培的合理施肥方式。     

玉米秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和不同生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响

以田间试验方法研究了玉米秸秆还田配施氮肥对后茬冬小麦产量和小麦生育期土壤硝态氮累积量的影响。试验采用裂区设计,主处理包括玉米秸秆还田(S1)和不还田(S0)2个处理,副处理为5个不同施氮水平,分别为0、84、168、252 kg·hm~(-2)和336 kg·hm~(-2)。结果表明,施氮量较低时(分别低于99 kg·hm~(-2)和79 kg·hm~(-2)时),秸秆还田处理小麦产量低于秸秆不还田处理,施氮量较高时则相反;两条氮肥肥效曲线呈相交规律。施氮252 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产9.5%和2.1%,施氮336 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理分别增产7.0%和5.6%。冬小麦冬前分蘖期土壤硝态氮主要累积在0~40 cm土层;施氮量高于84 kg·hm~(-2)时,秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量有高于相同施氮量下不还田处理的趋势,其中0~20 cm土层N336+秸秆还田处理硝态氮累积量比不还田处理提高25%(武功试验地)。冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮较冬前分蘖期大幅降低,此期秸秆还田处理0~20 cm土层硝态氮累积量有低于秸秆不还田处理的趋势。周至县连续三年田间试验结果表明,秸秆还田处理冬小麦收获期土壤硝态氮累积量有高于秸秆不还田处理的趋势,不施氮肥处理0~1 m土层秸秆还田比不还田处理累积量显著提高43.4%。秸秆还田对冬小麦产量和土壤硝态氮累积量的影响与施氮量有关,施氮量较低时秸秆还田条件下冬小麦返青期土壤硝态氮含量较低,引起作物速效氮供应的短期(返青期追施氮肥前)缺乏,影响小麦生长,进而导致小麦减产。连续秸秆还田处理有利于小麦收获期2 m土壤硝态氮累积,减少向下淋溶。     

麦玉两熟秸秆还田对作物产量和农田氮素平衡的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对作物产量和农田氮素平衡的影响,于2006~2007生长季在河南省滑县进行了田间小区定位试验。研究结果表明,与单施纯氮90、1802、70和360 kg/hm2相比,秸秆还田配施同量氮肥能够增加作物产量,冬小麦分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%,夏玉米籽粒产量分别增产5.8%、9.5%、10.1%和9.0%,其中,秸秆还田配施N 270 kg/hm2的冬小麦-夏玉米产量最高。为保持周年农田氮素平衡,冬小麦-夏玉米秸秆还田配施纯N不要超过360 kg/hm2。麦玉两熟秸秆还田配施纯N以360~540 kg/hm2为宜。     

长期施氮磷化肥对不同种植体系土壤交换性钙分布与累积的影响

以22年定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用氮磷化肥(NP)下不同种植体系土壤交换性钙在剖面上分布与累积状况。结果表明:研究区为石灰性土壤,交换性钙含量较高;不同种植体系交换性钙在土壤剖面上发生淋溶累积现象,在140~180 cm土层产生累积峰,累积峰值:玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作为13 180mg/kg、豌豆-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作为12597mg/kg、红豆草-小麦(2a)轮作为11 960mg/kg、豌豆-小麦(2a)+玉米轮为11 778mg/kg、小麦连作为11 590mg/kg、小麦(2a)+糜子-玉米轮作为11 290mg/kg;不同种植体系0~200cm土壤交换性钙的总累积量以玉米-小麦(2a)+糜子轮作最高,为269.67 t/hm2,小麦连作最低,为218.78 t/hm2。不同种植体系交换性钙在土壤剖面上分布不同主要是由作物和种植方式不同引起,不同种植体系0~200 cm土壤交换性钙的总累积量差异不显著。     

Gross nitrogen transformations and N_2O emission sources in sandy loam and silt loam soils

The soil type is a key factor influencing N(nitrogen) cycling in soil; however, gross N transformations and N_2O emission sources are still poorly understood. In this study, a laboratory ~(15)N tracing experiment was carried out at 60% WHC(water holding capacity) and 25℃ to evaluate the gross N transformation rates and N_2O emission pathways in sandy loam and silt loam soils in a semi-arid region of Heilongjiang Province, China. The results showed that the gross rates of N mineralization, immobilization, and nitrification were 3.60, 1.90, and 5.63 mg N/(kg·d) in silt loam soil, respectively, which were 3.62, 4.26, and 3.13 times those in sandy loam soil, respectively. The ratios of the gross nitrification rate to the ammonium immobilization rate(n/ia) in sandy loam soil and silt loam soil were all higher than 1.00, whereas the n/ia in sandy loam soil(4.36) was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(3.08). This result indicated that the ability of sandy loam soil to release and conserve the available N was relatively poor in comparison with silt loam soil, and the relatively strong nitrification rate compared to the immobilization rate may lead to N loss through NO_3~– leaching. Under aerobic conditions, both nitrification and denitrification made contributions to N_2O emissions. Nitrification was the dominant pathway leading to N_2O production in soils and was responsible for 82.0% of the total emitted N_2O in sandy loam soil, which was significantly higher than that in silt loam soil(71.7%). However, the average contribution of denitrification to total N_2O production in sandy loam soil was 17.9%, which was significantly lower than that in silt loam soil(28.3%). These results are valuable for developing reasonable fertilization management and proposing effective greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in different soil types in semiarid regions.     

Atmospheric deposition of inorganic nitrogen in a semi-arid grassland of Inner Mongolia,China

Due to increasing global demand for crop production and energy use, more and more reactive nitrogen(Nr) has been generated and emitted to the environment. As a result, global atmospheric nitrogen(N) deposition has tripled since the industrial revolution and the ecological environment and human health have been harmed. In this study, we measured dry and wet/bulk N deposition from July 2013 to December 2015 in a semi-arid grassland of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, China. The samples of dry and wet/bulk N deposition were collected monthly with a DELTA(DEnuder for Long Term Atmospheric sampling) system and with Gradko passive samplers and a precipitation gauge. The measured results show that the annual mean concentrations of NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, particulate NH_4~+(pNH_4~+) and particulate NO_3~-(pNO_3~-) in atmosphere were 2.33, 1.90, 0.18, 1.42 and 0.42 μg N/m3, respectively, and that the annual mean volume-weighted concentrations of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N in precipitation were 2.71 and 1.99 mg N/L, respectively. The concentrations of Nr components(including NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) exhibited different seasonal variations. Specifically, NO_2 and HNO_3 exhibited higher concentrations in autumn than in summer, while the other Nr components(NH_3, pNH_4~+, pNO_3~-, NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N) showed the highest values in summer. Based on measured concentrations of Nr components and their deposition velocities estimated using the GEOS-Chem global atmospheric chemical transport model, the calculated annual mean dry deposition fluxes were 3.17, 1.13, 0.63, 0.91 and 0.36 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_3, NO_2, HNO_3, p NH_4~+ and pNO_3~-, respectively, and the calculated annual mean wet/bulk deposition fluxes were 5.37 and 3.15 kg N/(hm~2·a) for NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N, respectively. The estimated annual N deposition(including dry N deposition and wet/bulk N deposition) reached 14.7 kg N/(hm~2·a) in grassland of Duolun County, approaching to the upper limit of the N critical load(10–15 kg N/(hm~2·a)). Dry and wet/bulk deposition fluxes of all Nr components(with an exception of HNO_3) showed similar seasonal variations with the maximum deposition flux in summer and the minimum in winter. Reduced Nr components(e.g., gaseous NH_3 and p NH_4~+ in atmosphere and NH_4~+-N in precipitation) dominated the total N deposition at the sampling site(accounted for 64% of the total N deposition), suggesting that the deposited atmospheric Nr mainly originated from agricultural activities. Considering the projected future increases in crop and livestock production in Inner Mongolia, the ecological and human risks to the negative effects of increased N deposition could be increased if no mitigation measures are taken.     

施用生物炭后土壤生物活性与土壤肥力的关系

分析了生物炭不同用量条件下土生物活性与土壤主要肥力指标之间的关系。相关分析表明,除蔗糖酶活性和微生物量碳外,土壤其它生物活性指标与土壤容重间呈显著负相关。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性、微生物量氮和三大类微生物与土壤主要肥力指标间呈显著或极显著正相关。除蔗糖酶外,酶活性与三类微生物数量间显著相关,但蔗糖酶、土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性间并不完全显著相关。通径分析表明,脲酶和微生物量氮对土壤肥力影响以直接作用为主,而过氧化氢酶则以间接作用为主。主成分分析结果表明,可以用微生物因子、酶活性因子和速效磷因子进行综合描述土壤肥力特征。其中,各处理综合得分在玉米季大于小麦季,且随生物炭用量的增加而增加,表明高用量生物炭对土壤肥力的提高作用明显。     

鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土小白菜抗性及氮素吸收的影响

为探究鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土的改良效果,通过小白菜盆栽试验,以盐渍土壤为材料,按照占土壤质量1%和2%比例各添加4种浓度的鼠李糖脂改性生物炭（浓度为250 mg·L^-1的鼠李糖脂体积(V)占生物炭质量(m)比分别为15%、10%、5%、0%）,研究了鼠李糖脂改性生物炭对盐渍土性质、氮素养分吸收以及小白菜生长和酶活性的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,鼠李糖脂改性生物炭提高了土壤有机碳含量和土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量,但对土壤pH值无显著影响,其中,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭的处理与对照相比有机碳含量显著增加了55.05%~142.67%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比铵态氮含量显著提高了156.69%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为15%、10%的处理与对照相比硝态氮含量平均分别显著增加了37.94%、41.46%。施用鼠李糖脂改性生物炭显著增加了小白菜生物量和吸氮量,其中,改性比例为10%的处理平均分别比单施生物炭的处理增加了47.13%和43.64%。施用鼠李糖脂改性生物炭提高了叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和过氧化物酶的活性,提高了可溶性蛋白含量,降低了丙二醛含量,其中,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比叶片谷氨酰胺酶活性显著提高了113.64%、过氧化物酶活性显著提高了30.87%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%和5%的处理平均分别与对照相比可溶性蛋白含量提高了7.59%和37.60%,施加鼠李糖脂改性生物炭比例为10%的处理平均与对照相比丙二醛含量显著降低了80.60%。总体看来,采用鼠李糖脂改性的生物炭可以提高盐渍土小白菜的抗性,促进其对氮素的吸收,且以改性比例为10%效果最佳。     

Increasing Farm Productivity and Soil Fertility on Sustainable Basis Through “Summer Gap” Utilization with Biochar and Legumes

To reduce reliance on scientific fertilizer due to rapid increase of fertilizer prices and environmental constraint, it necessary to improve crop productivity and soil fertility on sustainable basses. Utilization of “summer gap” through biochar and legumes have pleasant effects on improving crop productivity and soil fertility on long term basses. Two years’ field experiments were conducted on wheat and maize crops with “summer gap” utilization with legumes and biochar at research farm of agronomy, the University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2011–2013. Wheat-maize-wheat cropping system was followed with the adjustment of legumes in “summer gap” (land available after wheat harvest till maize sowing). Legumes i.?e. mung bean, cowpea and Sesbania with a fallow were adjusted in the “summer gap” with and without biochar application. Biochar was included at the rate of 0 and 50?t?ha^-1 with four N levels of 0, 90, 120, 150 and 0, 60, 90, 120?kg?ha^-1 to subsequent maize and wheat crops, respectively. In legumes’ experiment, biochar increased fresh and dry fodder yield in cowpea and Sesbania, grain and biological yields in mung bean. In maize experiments, biochar improved grain yield. Nitrogen application increased grain and biological yields. In wheat experiments with increasing nitrogen level enhanced biological and grain yields. It is concluded that use of biochar and legumes in “summer gap” improve overall farm productivity and soil fertility on sustainable basses.     

灌溉量和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米产量及水肥利用的影响

为探究水分和氮肥增效剂对夏玉米生长及水肥利用的综合影响，通过设置40 mm（W1）和60 mm（W2）两个灌水水平下不施氮肥（N0）、施用氮肥（U）、氮肥+硝化抑制剂（U+DCD）、氮肥+脲酶抑制剂（U+NBPT）、氮肥+双效抑制剂（U+N+D）5种氮肥施用措施，开展夏玉米田间试验。结果表明：相较于施用氮肥处理，氮肥配施增效剂可以显著提高夏玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力，增幅分别为5.92%~13.82%、5.85%~18.07%、11.12%~24.30%、12.35%~41.83%和5.93%~13.80%，其中氮肥配施双效抑制剂效果较优；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂和双效抑制剂可以降低夏玉米农田土壤氨挥发累积量和成熟期土壤硝态氮残留量，前者效果最优。相比于W1，W2水平下氮肥配施双效抑制剂处理玉米产量、成熟期地上生物量、净收益、水分利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高10.54%、15.51%、19.40%、20.31%和27.36%；氮肥配施脲酶抑制剂处理农田土壤氨挥发累积量和硝态氮残留量分别降低11.33%和48.46%。综合考虑夏玉米施肥灌水方案的经济效益、环境效益、水肥利用效率和玉米植株生长，构建模糊综合评价体系，得到最优处理为灌水量60 mm下氮肥配施双效抑制剂。     

Effects of water and nitrogen on growth and relative competitive ability of introduced versus native C4 grass species in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China

Switchgrass is an introduced C₄ grass in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of China, but there is a lack of information to assess its ecological invasive risk. In this study, Old World bluestems (native C₄ grass) and switchgrass were sowed at five mixture ratios (8:0, 6:2, 4:4, 2:6 and 0:8) under two soil water levels (80% field capacity (FC) and 40% FC) and two nitrogen (N) treatments (0 and 100 mg N/kg dry soil, termed N₀-unfertilized and N₁-fertilized treatments, respectively) in a pot experiment in 2012. Biomass, root morphological traits and relative competitive abilities of these two species were analyzed. Results showed that biomass of both species was significantly greater under 80% FC or N fertilization, and switchgrass had a relatively larger root:shoot ratio (RSR). Total root length (TRL) and root surface area (RSA) of switchgrass were significantly higher under 80% FC irrespective of N treatment, while those of Old World bluestems were only significantly higher under N fertilization. N had no significant effect on TRL and RSA of switchgrass, while RSA of Old World bluestems significantly increased under 80% FC and N fertilization. Under 40% FC and N₀-unfertilized treatment, the aggressivity of Old World bluestems was larger than zero at 2:6 and 4:4 mixture ratios of two species, whereas it was close to zero at 6:2 mixture ratio. Root competitive ability of switchgrass significantly increased under 80% FC or N fertilization. The aggressivity of Old World bluestems was negative at 6:2 mixture ratio under 80% FC and N fertilization, while it was positive at 2:6 mixture ratio. Switchgrass may become more aggressive when N deposition or rainfall increases, while a proper mixture ratio with appropriate water and N management could help with grassland management in the semi-arid Loess Plateau.     

Effects of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation in aeolian sand soil

Aeolian sandy soil in mining areas exhibits intense evaporation and poor water retention capacity. This study was designed to find a suitable biochar application method to improve soil water infiltration and minimize soil water evaporation for aeolian sand soil. Using the indoor soil column method, we studied the effects of three application patterns (A (0-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil), B (0-10 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil and 10-20 cm was soil), and C (0-10 cm was soil and 10-20 cm was a mixed sample of mixed-based biochar and soil)), four application amounts (0% (control, CK), 1%, 2%, and 4% of mixed-based biochar in dry soil), and two particle sizes (0.05-0.25 mm (S1) and <0.05 mm (S2)) of mixed-based biochar on water infiltration and evaporation of aeolian sandy soil. We separately used five infiltration models (the Philip, Kostiakov, Horton, USDA-NRCS (United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service), and Kostiakov-Lewis models) to fit cumulative infiltration and time. Compared with CK, the application of mixed-based biochar significantly reduced cumulative soil water infiltration. Under application patterns A, B, and C, the higher the application amount and the finer the particle size were, the lower the migration speed of the wetting front. With the same application amount, cumulative soil water infiltration under application pattern A was the lowest. Taking infiltration for 10 min as an example, the reductions of cumulative soil water infiltration under the treatments of A2%_(S2), A4%_(S1), A4%_(S2), A1%_(S1), C2%_(S1), and B1%_(S1) were higher than 30%, which met the requirements of loess soil hydraulic parameters suitable for plant growth. The five infiltration models well fitted the effects of the treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size (R²>0.980), but the R² values of the Horton model exceeded 0.990 for all treatments (except for the treatment B2%_(S2)). Compared with CK, all other treatments reduced cumulative soil water infiltration, except for B4%_(S2). With the same application amount, cumulative soil water evaporation difference between application patterns A and B was small. Treatments of application pattern C and S1 particle size caused a larger reduction in cumulative soil water evaporation. The reductions in cumulative soil water evaporation under the treatments of C4%_(S1), C4%_(S2), C2%_(S1), and C2%_(S2) were over 15.00%. Therefore, applying 2% of mixed-based biochar with S1 particle size to the underlying layer (10-20 cm) could improve soil water infiltration while minimizing soil water evaporation. Moreover, application pattern was the main factor affecting soil water infiltration and evaporation. Further, there were interactions among the three influencing factors in the infiltration process (application amount×particle size with the most important interaction), while there were no interactions among them in the evaporation process. The results of this study could contribute to the rational application of mixed-based biochar in aeolian sandy soil and the resource utilization of urban and agricultural wastes in mining areas.     

不同施氮水平下小麦/玉米套作群体产量和水氮利用

通过2018—2020年连续两年田间试验,以小麦/玉米套作群体为试验对象,研究N0、N1和N2 3个水平下（施N量分别为小麦0、120 kg·hm^-2和240 kg·hm^-2,玉米0、180 kg·hm^-2和360 kg·hm^-2）小麦/玉米套作群体产量、土地当量比与土壤水分利用的差异。结果表明：小麦/玉米套作具有明显的产量与水分利用优势,与单作相比,套作小麦产量提高21.34%~27.80%（P＜0.05）,产量优势主要来源于边1行与边2行的增产,而套作玉米表现受氮肥供应的调控,在N0与N1水平下套作产量减少3.02%~11.43%,仅在N2水平下高于单作玉米;小麦/玉米套作群体的土地当量比（LER）在1.04~1.16,具有土地利用优势;在相同产量下小麦/玉米套作群体比单作群体的耗水量更少,水分利用效率更高,其中在N1水平下耗水量减少最为明显,两年内平均减少消耗47.30 mm的水分,而水分利用效率比单作系统提高2.77%~6.46%,小麦/玉米套作群体在3个施氮水平下均表现出节水与水分利用优势;套作种植还可以提高小麦和玉米的氮肥农学利用率及小麦的氮肥偏生产力,两年内套作小麦的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学利用率最高可达64.17 kg·kg^-1和11.17 kg·kg^-1。因此在半湿润区雨养条件下具有发展小麦/玉米套作种植模式的可行性。     

秸秆还田下减量施氮对作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

秸秆还田条件下,采用多年田间定位试验研究了N肥减量施用对作物产量、养分吸收利用以及土壤表观N平衡的影响,旨在为关中小麦／玉米一年二熟轮作区合理施用N肥提供依据。结果表明：与常规施N处理（玉米季施氮187．5 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮150 kg·hm－2）相比,2008—2011年三年中,15％减N、30％减N两个处理均未显著降低作物籽粒与秸秆产量;2010—2011年生长季中,15％减N处理降低了作物秸秆N、P、K周年总吸收量,增加了籽粒N、P、K周年总吸收量,其中籽粒P周年总吸收量增加达显著性水平;30％减N处理显著降低了籽粒N和秸秆N、K周年总吸收量,降幅分别为12．9％、41．9％、18．5％,在小麦收获后,30％减N处理的N素盈余量只有11．3 kg·hm－2,有潜在缺N危险。综合考虑产量、养分吸收利用及土壤表观N平衡,在秸秆还田条件下,15％减N处理的施N量（即玉米季施氮159 kg·hm－2,小麦季施氮127．5 kg·hm－2）为本地区最佳N肥用量。     

咸淡混合水喷灌对土壤水盐运移及小麦、玉米产量的影响

探究不同矿化度咸淡水混合喷灌对冬小麦、夏玉米生长及产量的影响,并通过监测土壤水盐分布状况来选择适宜矿化度的咸淡水灌溉方式。在河北低平原地区开展大田灌溉试验,研究了淡水畦灌、淡水喷灌、2 g·L^-1和3 g·L^-1咸水与淡水混合喷灌对小麦、玉米生长及土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明：与淡水喷灌相比,连续两年灌溉后,小麦收获时2 g·L^-1和3 g·L^-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的根层（0~40 cm）土体含盐量平均分别增加了17.8%和42.7%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了32.9%和74.3%,玉米收获时根层土体含盐量平均分别增加了40.3%和86.9%,0~100 cm土体含盐量平均分别增加了39.0%和88.9%,且3 g·L^-1矿化度咸淡混合水喷灌处理的盐分累积已超出小麦和玉米生长的盐分阈值。2 g·L^-1矿化度处理的冬小麦产量较淡水喷灌处理降低了9.8%~11.4%（差异不显著）,但3 g·L^-1矿化度处理比淡水喷灌处理的产量显著降低了25.0%~25.9%（P<0.05）;2 g·L^-1矿化度处理的夏玉米单株穗粒质量和产量较淡水喷灌处理分别降低了5.1%~10.4%和6.6%~10.5%（差异不显著）,3 g·L^-1矿化度比淡水喷灌处理的百粒重、单株穗粒质量和产量分别降低了18.6%~22.4%、18.2%~25.9%和14.7%~15.3%（P<0.05）,3 g·L^-1矿化度对冬小麦和夏玉米的产量构成因素影响显著。因此,咸淡混合水矿化度不大于2 g·L^-1的喷灌模式用于该地区冬小麦-夏玉米田间灌溉是可行的。     

Available alkalinity and N mineralization are key factors regulating soil pH value of an organically amended Iranian agricultural soil

This study was conducted to evaluate short- and long-term effects of poultry and sheep manures, as well as sunflower, canola, and potato residues, which commonly are being used as organic amendments (OAs) in agricultural soils, on the pH value, buffering capacity, and nitrogen (N) turnover of a sub-alkaline agricultural soil using laboratory incubation. The tested OAs had pH values ranging from alkaline (manures) to acidic (plant residues), and their effects of the short- and log-term on soil pH value were assessed by fractionation of the OAs alkalinity and evaluating the contribution of OA-borne N mineralization to soil acidity. On average, 45% of potential alkalinity in tested OAs was available for acid-base reactions, soluble alkalinity accounted for 58, 80, 32, 50, and 50% of the excess cations for poultry manure, sheep manure, sunflower, canola, and potato residues, respectively. Buffering capacity of the tested OAs was higher for sunflower residues, potato residues, and poultry manure and lower for canola residues and sheep manure. The tested OAs showed different N mineralization potential, and during the 100 days of incubation, soils amended with sheep manure, poultry manure, and potato residues released 107, 118, 129, and 240?mg?N?kg^?1 soil, respectively, more than double than that released from unamended soil. Our results demonstrated that long-term impact of OAs on the soil pH value is not related to the initial OAs pH value and soluble alkalinity and that available alkalinity and N mineralization are key factors regulating the soil pH value on the long-term.     

沙地樟子松人工林土壤氮矿化特征

土壤氮(N)的有效性是沙地林生态系统生产力和稳定性的关键限制因子。本研究以科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,分析测定了10~60 a林龄土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量、氨化速率、硝化速率和N矿化速率的变化规律。结果表明：樟子松人工林土壤NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和矿质N含量,随着不同林龄在10~60 a内表现出增加的趋势,其中10~30 a增幅较小,40~60 a显著提高;随着土层深度增加而减小,主要集中在0~20 cm,呈现出表聚性。不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤氨化速率、硝化速率和矿化速率均随林龄增加而增加,随土层深度的增加而降低,其中0~40 cm土层明显大于40~100 cm。通过双因素方差分析,得出林龄与土层对各矿化指标影响显著。土壤矿化指标与人工林地上樟子松株高、胸径、冠幅以及土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮有显著的正相关关系。通过冗余分析(RDA)表明,影响不同林龄土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、全磷、有机碳;影响不同土层土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子为全氮、碱解氮、有机碳。因此,樟子松人工林能够改善沙地土壤N的有效性,幼龄林和中龄林改善效果较小,近成熟林和成熟林改善效果明显;对表层土的改善效果优于深层土;土壤肥力是影响土壤矿化指标的主要环境因子。