铜陵市老洲乡蔬菜基地重金属污染现状评价

以安徽省自然土壤背景值为参数,以国家土壤环境质量二级评价标准为依据,结合单污染指数和综合污染指数的计算,对铜陵市老洲乡蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染现状进行了评价。结果表明,土壤中5种重金属的平均含量均低于国家土壤重金属污染物二级标准,Hg、As和Cu的平均含量超过安徽省自然土壤背景值;但单项污染指标均未超过1．0,综合污染指数均在0．7以下,属于安全范围。     

三明市郊区农产品产地土壤环境质量评价

以三明市郊区茶园、耕地、果园及菜地4种不同农产品土壤为调查对象,通过分析土壤中重金属含量,采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法评价了不同土地利用下的土壤环境质量状况。结果表明,三明市郊区农产品基地土壤重金属的平均含量均低于"HJ332-2006"(食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准)规定的限值,单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于0.7,综合评价均为1级,土壤环境质量属于清洁,适宜发展无公害农产品。同时发现,部分基地的土壤中重金属含量有超标现象,4种农产品产地均出现部分取样品Cd含量超标情况;茶园、水稻田、蔬菜地均出现部分样品Pb含量超标;水稻田、果园、蔬菜3种基地部分取样品Hg含量超标;茶叶产地、水果产地出现部分样品Cu含量超标。大部分取样点土壤重金属均高于福建省土壤重金属背景值,表明在监测点土壤中存地重金属污染风险。     

广州某农场土壤和植物重金属含量及健康风险评估

以广州某农场中的植物和土壤为研究对象,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对植物和土壤中的6种重金属(Pb、Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr、Cd)含量进行分析,对蔬菜中重金属的人体健康风险进行了评估。结果表明:与国家土壤质量II级标准GB15618-1995(6.5p H7.5)相比,所有土壤样品都超过土壤环境质量一级标准。用单因子指数法、内梅罗污染指数法评价了广州某农场中植物、土壤重金属污染程度,单因子评价结果表明,香蕉土中的Cd和Zn为轻微污染;从内梅罗指数评价中可看出芋头土和豆角土为清洁,小白菜土、毛豆土、番薯土为尚清洁,而香蕉土轻度污染。土壤中Zn元素含量最高,Cd元素含量最低,且土壤重金属含量基本上都高于植物。运用THQ(Target Hazard Quotients)靶标危害系数方法进行健康风险评估,结果表明Cr元素对人体健康造成的影响不明显,Pb、Cu对几类人群健康都存在最大的风险。     

青岛市花生产地土壤环境质量的现状分析

对青岛市花生产地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量进行了调查分析,并采用单项质量指数与综合质量指数相结合的方法对环境质量状况进行了评价。结果表明各重金属的平均含量均低于“食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准”（HJ 332-2006）规定的限值,土壤环境质量定为1级,属于清洁水平,适宜发展无公害花生。但莱西一个监测点的土壤样品重金属Cu、Ni含量超标。若以国家土壤自然背景值为标准,Cu的超标率增加了将近3倍,表明Cu在土壤中已经产生了一定的积累。Hg与As的含量呈显著负相关（P ＜0.05）,Hg和Ni、Cr与Cu之间呈显著正相关（P ＜ 0.05）,其它元素之间的相关性未达到显著水平。推测个别元素超标的情况仅属于点源污染,不会引起复合污染。青岛市3个花生优势产区莱西、平度、即墨土壤重金属的环境质量均属于1级,适宜作为无公害花生的生产基地。     

广藿香重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

采用国标法测定10个产区广藿香Pogostemon cablin(Blanco)Benth.药材及其生境土壤中Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的含量,以非参数检验分析6种重金属元素在广藿香药材、生境土壤中的分布规律,并结合富集系数确定广藿香对重金属的富集情况。以单因子污染指数(P_i)、Nemerow污染指数(P_综合)和潜在生态风险指数(RI)对土壤样品进行污染等级评价。结果表明,生境土壤全部达标;广藿香药材中重金属含量总体合格,4个产区药材中Hg有不同程度的超标。重金属Pb、Cu、Cd在不同生境土壤中的分布、土壤Pb、Cr、As与药材中的含量、不同产地广藿香对Pb的富集均有显著性差异。P_综合和P_i分别显示四会广藿香种植区域土壤、长丰土样Cd、莲塘Pb以及四会Pb、Cd均达警戒限,其他生境土壤都属清洁级别;RI值方面,各产区均属于轻微污染级别。不同产地的广藿香植株都会富集土壤的Cd、Hg。因此,从药材安全性考虑,在种植广藿香时,应该选择重金属含量较低的土壤进行种植,确保药材安全性。     

贵州某茶叶种植区土壤重金属含量及环境质量评价

以贵州某茶叶基地为研究对象,对土壤中重金属Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量进行测定,并采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果表明:Pb、As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量均值均低于无公害茶园土壤环境质量限量标准,除Pb元素外,As、Cd、Cr、Cu的含量均值均低于贵州省土壤背景值;Pb的平均污染程度为轻污染,As、Cd、Cr、Cu的平均污染均为无污染水平;土壤重金属的综合污染指数Pn均值为0.94,整体处于清洁无污染程度,其整体环境质量通过适当调控适宜建立无公害绿色茶园。     

湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况及评价

通过对湖北省61个典型茶园的土壤重金属Cu、Ph、As、Hg、Cd和Cr的含量测定,明确了湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况.结合土壤环境质量评价国家标准,采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对湖北省典型茶园土壤重金属污染状况进行了分析评价.结果表明,湖北省茶园土壤环境质量状况良好,符合国家土壤环境质量标准(二级),处于清洁和尚清洁级标准的茶园比例分别为85.25%和13.11%,仅有1个茶园出现中度污染.茶园土壤重金属Pb、As和Hg的含量均未超标,个别茶园土壤重金属Cu、Cd和Cr出现超标现象.     

不同氮肥对污染土壤玉米生长和重金属Cu、Cd吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验研究污染红壤不同氮肥处理对玉米生长和吸收重金属Cu和Cd的影响。结果表明,尿素和硝酸钙处理玉米生物量高于低硫酸铵用量处理和对照处理。在污染土壤中施入高氮量的尿素较其他处理有利于玉米生长和降低玉米植株体内重金属含量。与对照相比,尿素和硫酸铵的施用降低土壤pH值,从而增加红壤水溶态以及盐提取态Cu、Cd含量;硝酸钙处理升高土壤的pH值,降低盐提取态Cu含量。用1.0 mol/L NH₄NO₃盐提取态或水溶态根区土壤重金属含量能够很好地预测玉米对Cu和Cd的吸收。在Cu和Cd污染的酸性土壤上种植玉米,施加高用量尿素或者低用量硝酸钙来促进玉米生长和降低重金属含量,避免硫酸铵氮肥的施用。     

玉米植株对重金属的富集与分布

从湛江市赤坎区文章村的玉米园中采集玉米植株及其生长的土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)5种重金属元素的含量,对玉米不同器官积累重金属的特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,①玉米园土壤受重金属Cr的中度污染;②玉米对土壤中5种重金属的平均富集系数大小顺序为Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cu,其中,Ni、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别为2.411、1.892和1.139;③玉米地上部重金属含量大于根部该种重金属含量。各种重金属在器官中的分布规律不一致,玉米茎中的重金属含量偏高,玉米根中的含量较低;④玉米对土壤Cr元素有较强的避性。     

海口市城郊蔬菜基地重金属含量分布与评价

采集了海口市城郊3大蔬菜基地8种叶菜类蔬菜共153个代表样及其相应的根系土样品,以土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)和食品安全标准(GB2762-2012)为土壤和蔬菜中重金属限量标准,用 Nemerow综合污染指数和Hakanson潜在生态指数2种评价方法对其进行了评价。结果表明,基地土壤的重金属有效性不大,属于安全、轻微生态危害水平,但Cd的生物潜在有效性较高,对农作物污染风险大。蔬菜对土壤中重金属的富集能力大小为Zn＞Cd＞Cu＞Hg＞As＞Pb＞Cr。所有蔬菜样品中的重金属含量除了Cd外均无超标,其中旱菜Cd超标最严重,超标率达70%,超标倍数最高为0.21。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.