成体干细胞研究进展

成体干细胞可塑性的发现更新了人们对成体干细胞的认识，使成体干细胞研究成为干细胞研究的热点，为临床应用奠定了基础。本文对成体干细胞的生物学特性、分化潜能及临床应用作一概括介绍。     

成体干细胞研究进展

成体干细胞可塑性的发现更新了人们对成体干细胞的认识,使成体干细胞研究成为干细胞研究的热点,为临床应用奠定了基础.本文对成体干细胞的生物学特性、分化潜能及临床应用作一概括介绍.     

哺乳动物成体干细胞的研究进展

干细胞具有自我更新能力,能够产生高度分化的功能细胞。干细胞按照发育阶段分为胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞。根据干细胞的发育潜能分为三类：全能干细胞、多能干细胞和单能干细胞。胚胎干细胞的发育等级较高,是全能干细胞,而成体干细胞的发育等级较低,是多能或单能干细胞。一般认为成年组织或器官内的干细胞具有组织特异性,只能分化成特定的细胞或组织,然而,研究结果表明,组织特异性干细胞同样具有分化成其他细胞或组织的潜能,这为干细胞的应用开创了更广泛的空间。作者主要综述了干细胞的研究进展及几种成体干细胞的诱导分化。     

干细胞可塑性的研究现状

近年来随着研究的深入,人们发现干细胞的分化潜能比先前的认识更加广泛,即干细胞具有可塑性.但目前关于干细胞可塑性的机理还存在争议,文章对目前干细胞可塑性机理的几种假说及存在的问题进行了概述.     

肌源干细胞研究进展

近年研究发现,成体骨骼肌中不但存在单能的成肌干细胞卫星细胞,而且还含有多能的肌源干细胞。肌源干细胞起源于胚胎血管祖细胞,在适当的微环境中,可分化为血细胞、成骨细胞、神经细胞等不同胚层的组织细胞。肌源干细胞的表面标志已被初步认识,对其分化的研究,及其分离纯化的技术研究正在进一步深入。文章对肌源干细胞的起源、分离纯化、表面标志、分化潜能及存在问题与展望做一综述。     

干细胞的研究进展

干细胞是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞群体,它能长期地自我更新,在特定的条件下具有分化形成多种终末细胞的能力。近年来对干细胞的研究与应用几乎涉及到所有生命科学和生物医学领域。作者概述了干细胞的生物学特性和可塑性,并综述了干细胞可塑性及应用方面的最新研究进展。     

浅谈糖尿病足的现代治疗

干细胞移植技术近年已应用到医学领域,所用干细胞有胚胎干细胞和成体干细胞两类。成体干细胞是指存在于体内多种分化成熟组织内,具有一定自我更新及分化潜能的幼稚细胞。造血干细胞,神经干细胞,肝脏肝细胞等,已应用于我国临床领域,对于糖尿病足的治疗,成体干细胞主要起血管再生作用,即在缺血肢体局部参与代偿性血管重建。对改善糖尿病足的预后具有重要意义。     

肺干细胞的研究进展

干细胞是一类具有分化潜能的细胞,具有自我更新和高度增殖能力。肺干细胞是一类重要的成体干细胞,对维持肺脏稳态、损伤后的修复发挥着关键作用。近年来,肺干细胞的研究发展迅速,现对肺干细胞的分类来源、分化增殖、分离策略、表面标记、分化信号通路及病理学机理综述如下,并对其存在的问题作出了分析与展望。     

哺乳动物精原干细胞研究进展

雄性生殖干细胞,即精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)可以自我更新产生大量可发育为精子的已经分化了的生殖细胞,并将遗传信息传递到下一代。SSCs是成体中唯一的生殖干细胞,因为所有雌性生殖干细胞在出生前已经停止分化。本文首先总结了SSCs的起源、标志物和分离纯化方法,然后重点概述啮齿类动物、灵长类以及人类SSCs的移植以及诱导分化方法,最后论述了人类SSCs体外培养和移植技术的现状以及在人类医学上的应用前景。     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)的分离纯化及其定向诱导分化为神经元样细胞

比较了全骨髓法和密度梯度离心法分离、纯化小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞，并研究了不同培养基和血清对干细胞生长的影响以及小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的神经分化潜能。结果表明，密度梯度离心法和贴壁法结合使用可以分离纯化小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞；所获得的小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞具有诱导分化为神经元样细胞和脂肪样细胞的潜能，为小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化的研究提供了技术支撑。     

干细胞的研究和利用

干细胞是指分化程度低、多潜能的细胞 ,主要指胚胎细胞和幼稚细胞。人们对干细胞的研究和利用是基于细胞发育的全能性以及干细胞分化多潜能的特性。目前 ,对干细胞的研究引起各方面的强烈关注。有关胚胎干细胞及干细胞疗法得到了普遍重视 ,其中 ,造血干细胞被成功应用于临床疾病治疗。在对干细胞的研究和利用中取得了实质性突破的同时 ,也暴露出一些有关道德和伦理方面的社会问题。但是 ,随着对干细胞研究的深入 ,对干细胞的利用已展现出广阔的前景和产业化的可能。     

Adult stem cells: perspectives for therapeutic applications

The use of adult stem cells in tissue regeneration appears to be a powerful research tool, due to the intrinsic characteristics of these cells, i.e., self-renewal and unlimited capacity for proliferation. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from bone marrow or peripheral blood can be easily isolated, cultivated, propagated and can be differentiated into several specialized cell types thanks to their plasticity. Among these cells, MSCs can evolve into cardiac cell lineages. Since heart damage leads to the irreversible loss of cardiac function, cell transplantation could be a potential therapy for heart injury. Our laboratory has focused on the purification and expansion of rat and sheep MSCs, their differentiation into cardiomyocytes and their characterisation. Numerous results indicate that MSCs could be promising for therapy, however we need to better understand the biology of stem cells to improve methods for delivery and/or pharmacological activation. These techniques can indeed track engrafted cells and systems to guarantee their safe use.     

Equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells: isolation, identification, trilineage differentiation and effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment

Reasons for performing study: Two studies report variability in proliferation and limited adipocyte differentiation of equine peripheral blood‐derived adult mesenchymal stem cells, thus casting doubt on their adipogenic potential. Peripheral blood can be a valuable source of adult mesenchymal stem cells if cell culture conditions permissive for their adherence, proliferation and differentiation are defined. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment has been reported to mobilise haematopoietic progenitor stem cells into the peripheral blood in humans and mice, but similar experiments have not been done in horses. Objectives: To optimise cell culture conditions for isolation, propagation and differentiation of adult stem cells from peripheral blood and to assess the effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on adult stem cell concentrations. Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from the jugular vein of 6 research mares, and mononuclear cells were isolated. They were subjected to cell culture conditions that promote the adherence and proliferation of adult stem cells. The cells were characterised by their adherence, expression of cellular antigen markers, and trans‐differentiation. Each horse was subjected to 3 hyperbaric oxygen treatments, and stem cells were compared before and after treatments. Stem cells derived from adipose tissue were used as controls. Results: One‐third of the horses yielded viable stem cells from peripheral blood, positive for CD51, CD90 and CD105, and demonstrated osteocyte, chondrocyte and adipocyte differentiation. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment resulted in a significant increase in CD90‐positive cells. Horses that did not yield any cells pretreatment did so only after 3 hyperbaric oxygen treatments. Conclusions and potential relevance: Peripheral blood can be a valuable source of adult stem cells, if one can identify reliable equine‐specific markers, provide methods to increase the number of circulating progenitor cells and optimise cell culture conditions for growth and viability. Our findings are important for further studies towards technological advances in basic and clinical equine regenerative medicine.     

昆虫干细胞研究进展

干细胞是一类具有自我更新和分化潜能的细胞,按照其来源可分为胚胎干细胞和成年干细胞。昆虫中也同样存在多种干细胞。开展昆虫干细胞自我更新、发育命运决定、分化潜能等特性以及其与周围微环境相互关系的研究,对农林害虫的生物防治、经济昆虫的遗传育种以及一些生物反应器材料的利用,甚至对于人类疾病的治疗等都具有重要意义。以模式生物果蝇为主,介绍了昆虫干细胞的相关研究进展,重点集中在果蝇各种组织干细胞的鉴定与识别方面,包括研究较成熟的生殖腺内干细胞、中肠干细胞、马氏管干细胞、神经母细胞和造血干细胞。同时介绍了对干细胞维持起重要调控作用的各种信号途径的研究进展。这些昆虫干细胞的研究成果将为开展家蚕等鳞翅目昆虫的干细胞研究提供启示。     

Recent advances in stem and germ cell research: implications for the derivation of pig pluripotent cells

Pluripotent stem cells have the unique capacity to contribute to all the tissues of an adult animal after transfer into a host embryo. How pluripotency is acquired during early development and how it is maintained in stem cells have attracted the interest of many scientists for over three decades. Much progress in our understanding of how stem cells arise in culture and the signals required for homoeostasis has enabled the derivation of pluripotent cells in multiple species. Here, we discuss recent developments in stem cell biology that will impact the generation of pluripotent cells from different embryonic origins and will contribute to increase our capacity for generating transgenic animals.     

Comparison of equine bone marrow-, umbilical cord matrix and amniotic fluid-derived progenitor cells

The aim of the study was to compare in vitro the stemness features of horse progenitor cells derived from bone marrow (BM-MSCs), amniotic fluid (AF-MSCs) and umbilical cord matrix (EUC-MSCs). It has been suggested that there may be a stem cell population within both umbilical cord matrix and amniotic fluid. However, little knowledge exists about the characteristics of these progenitor cells within these sources in the equine species. This study wanted to investigate an alternative and non-invasive stem cell source for the equine tissue engineering and to learn more about the properties of these cells for future cell banking. Bone marrow, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid samples were harvested from different horses. Cells were analyzed for proliferation, immunocytochemical, stem cell gene expression and multilineage plasticity. BM- and AF-MSCs took similar time to reach confluence and showed comparable plating efficiency. All cell lines expressed identical stem cell markers and capability to differentiate towards osteogenic lineage. Almost all cell lines differentiated into the adipogenic lineage as demonstrated by cytochemical staining, even if no adipose gene expression was detectable for AF-MSCs. AF- and EUC-MSCs showed a limited chondrogenic differentiation compared with BM-MSCs as demonstrated by histological and biochemical analyses. These findings suggest that AF-MSCs appeared to be a readily obtainable and highly proliferative cell line from an uninvasive source that may represent a good model system for stem cell biology. More studies are needed to investigate their multilineage potential. EUC-MSCs need to be further investigated regarding their particular behavior in vitro represented by spheroid formation.     

The Amniotic Membrane: Development and Potential Applications – A Review

Foetal membranes are essential tissues for embryonic development, playing important roles related to protection, breathing, nutrition and excretion. The amnion is the innermost extraembryonic membrane, which surrounds the foetus, forming an amniotic sac that contains the amniotic fluid (AF). In recent years, the amniotic membrane has emerged as a potential tool for clinical applications and has been primarily used in medicine in order to stimulate the healing of skin and corneal diseases. It has also been used in vaginal reconstructive surgery, repair of abdominal hernia, prevention of surgical adhesions and pericardium closure. More recently, it has been used in regenerative medicine because the amniotic‐derived stem cells as well as AF‐derived cells exhibit cellular plasticity, angiogenic, cytoprotective, immunosuppressive properties, antitumoural potential and the ability to generate induced pluripotent stem cells. These features make them a promising source of stem cells for cell therapy and tissue engineering. In this review, we discussed the development of the amnion, AF and amniotic cavity in different species, as well as the applicability of stem cells from the amnion and AF in cellular therapy.     

Further insights into the characterization of equine adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) represent a promising subpopulation of adult stem cells for tissue engineering applications in veterinary medicine. In this study we focused on the morphological and molecular biological properties of the ADSCs. The expression of stem cell markers Oct4, Nanog and the surface markers CD90 and CD105 were detected using RT-PCR. ADSCs showed a proliferative potential and were capable of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. Expression of Alkaline phosphatase (AP), phosphoprotein (SPP1), Runx2 and osteocalcin (OC) mRNA were positive in osteogenic lineages and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (Pparγ2) mRNA was positive in adipogenic lineages. ADSCs show stem cell and surface marker profiles and differentiation characteristics that are similar to but distinct from other adult stem cells, such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). The availability of an easily accessible and reproducible cell source may greatly facilitate the development of stem cell based tissue engineering and therapies for regenerative equine medicine.