苜蓿干草捆安全贮藏条件的研究

通过对苜蓿打捆密度(50、100、150、200 kg·m^-3)、打捆含水量(14%~16%、19%~21%、24%~26%、29%~31%)和防霉剂添加量(0%、1%、2%、3%)3个因素开展研究,筛选苜蓿草捆最佳的贮藏方式,为我国优质苜蓿干草生产提供理论基础。对苜蓿打捆的3个因素设计正交试验,不同处理苜蓿草捆在贮藏360 d后,对其营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性3个方面综合研究,确定出苜蓿草捆的最适贮藏条件。试验一:通过不同试验处理对苜蓿干草营养影响试验,从营养成分和饲用价值综合考虑,处理A₁₀(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量3%)、A₁₂(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量24%~26%,CaO添加量1%)、A₁₄(打捆密度100 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量2%)和A₁₅(打捆密度150 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量1%)在贮藏360 d的苜蓿草捆各项营养指标损失相对较少,其饲用价值也相对较高。试验二:通过试验一筛选出的4个较优处理,以A₁(打捆密度50 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量14%~16%,CaO添加量0)和A₁₆(打捆密度200 kg·m^-3,打捆含水量29%~31%,CaO添加量0)为对照。通过不同试验处理苜蓿干草体外消化试验,在体外培养48 h过程中,处理A₁₄的产气量最高为53.13 mL,显著高于对照(P<0.05);A₁₄的体外培养液在各个时间点的pH都低于其他处理,其pH平均值最低为6.64;A₁₄的总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量最高为61.05 mol·L^-1,极显著高于其他各个处理(P<0.01);A₁₄的粗蛋白(CP)和干物质(DM)的降解率最高,分别为81.21%和66.84%,极显著高于其他处理(P<0.01)。从营养物质、饲用价值和体外消化特性综合考虑,苜蓿干草在高水分(29%~31%)、中密度(100 kg·m^-3)打捆,并添加2%的氧化钙防霉剂,在贮藏过程中营养保存最完好,饲用价值最高,体外消化特性最好。     

紫花苜蓿与多花黑麦草不同质量比青贮饲料的品质分析

为探讨紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)单独青贮与不同比例混合青贮品质的差异,将二者按6种不同鲜草质量比10:0 (A₁₀B₀), 8:2 (A₈B₂), 6:4 (A₆B₄), 4:6 (A₄B₆), 2:8 (A₂B₈), 0:10(A₀B₁₀)进行青贮品质比较试验.结果表明:pH和氨态氮(NH₃-N)含量混合青贮相对于紫花苜蓿单独青贮显著降低,A₄B₆, A₂B₈均显著低于其他处理(P <0.05).混合青贮处理A₈B₂, A₆B₄, A₄B₆粗蛋白(CP)及可溶性蛋白(SOLP)含量均显著高于单独青贮处理,各处理的非蛋白氮(NPN)含量处于较高的水平,A₄B₆和A₂B₈能更好地保存中性洗涤不溶蛋白(ADIP).A₂B₈的饲料蛋白质在瘤胃中容易降解部分PA+PB1含量最低,瘤胃中缓慢降解部分PB2+PB3最高,蛋白质组成最优,但A₄B₆粗蛋白总量明显高于A₂B₈(P <0.05).紫花苜蓿和多花黑麦草混合青贮质量比为4:6时效果最佳.     

添加剂对黑麦草青贮品质及微生物数量的影响

为探究不同添加剂对北方地区黑麦草(Loliumspp.)青贮品质及微生物数量的影响,本试验以黑麦草为原料,设无添加剂为对照组(CK),添加植物乳杆菌(A₁)、复合菌剂(乳酸菌+纤维素酶,A₂)、商业菌剂(和美科盛乳酸菌标准品+糖蜜,A₃)进行真空袋青贮,60 d后开袋进行感官评价、发酵品质、化学成分及微生物数量分析。结果表明：所有处理组青贮饲料茎叶结构完整,与对照相比,添加剂的加入均显著降低了青贮料的pH值(P<0.05);A₂组的乳酸含量显著高于CK,A₁和A₃组(P<0.05);A₂组的丁酸含量显著低于CK,A₁和A₃组(P<0.05),V-Score评分等级为良好。综合感官评价、营养品质、发酵品质及微生物数量分析,添加乳酸菌+纤维素酶对黑麦草的青贮效果最好。     

不同苜蓿草粉水平对母猪繁殖性能和血清生化指标的影响

选择配种后25 d的4～6胎的杜洛克母猪32头,按胎次基本相近的原则分成4个组,每组8头,研究含0%、20%、40%和60%的苜蓿草粉饲粮对母猪繁殖性能、血清生化指标的影响。结果表明:20%、40%苜蓿草粉组与对照组相比,产仔数和产活仔数均显著提高(P<0.05);初生个体重随苜蓿草粉添加水平的提高而降低,40%、60%苜蓿草粉组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。但初生窝重以20%的苜蓿草粉组最高(P>0.05);断奶仔猪的成活率和断奶窝重以20%苜蓿草粉最高;20%和40%的苜蓿草粉并未降低母猪在妊娠期的增重,但60%的苜蓿草粉使妊娠期增重降低(P<0.05);随苜蓿草粉水平的提高,妊娠期背膘的增厚减少;20%和40%的苜蓿草粉显著提高了血清中T3和IGF-I量(P<0.05)。     

妊娠后期日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对母猪繁殖性能及血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

[目的] 探讨妊娠后期日粮中添加不同比例苜蓿草粉对母猪繁殖性能及血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标的影响。[方法] 采用单因子完全随机试验设计,将胎次、体况、预产期相近的40头妊娠后期大长母猪随机分为4组,每组10头。试验母猪日粮中分别添加0（对照组）、5%（5%苜蓿草粉组）,10%（10%苜蓿草粉组）和15%（15%苜蓿草粉组）的苜蓿草粉。母猪确定妊娠85 d进入试验期,分娩后试验结束。妊娠第111天时,采集母猪血样,测定血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标;母猪分娩12 h内,记录产仔数、产活仔数,测定仔猪初生窝重、初生个体重。[结果] 10%苜蓿草粉组的仔猪初生窝重显著（P<0.05）高于其他处理组。10%苜蓿草粉组的血清白蛋白含量和白/球比显著（P<0.05）低于对照组;5%和10%苜蓿草粉组的血清葡萄糖含量显著（P<0.05）高于对照组。5%和10%苜蓿草粉组的血清总抗氧化能力显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;10%苜蓿草粉组的血清丙二醛含量显著（P<0.05）低于其他处理组;10%苜蓿草粉组的血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力显著（P<0.05）高于对照组;10%苜蓿草粉组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于（P<0.05）其他处理组,5%和15%苜蓿草粉组的血清超氧化物歧化酶活力显著高于（P<0.05）对照组。10%苜蓿草粉组的血清IgM含量显著（P<0.05）高于5%苜蓿草粉组。[结论] 妊娠后期日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对母猪的繁殖性能及血清生化、抗氧化和免疫指标有一定的改善作用,添加量以10%为宜。     

施肥与混播比例对豆禾混播牧草产量及氮磷钾利用效率的影响

氮磷钾施量、豆禾混播比例是影响混播草地产量和肥料利用效率的关键因素,分析不同氮磷钾组合与混播比例下牧草产量和氮磷钾利用效率,为豆禾混播草地高产栽培管理提供科学依据。以紫花苜蓿+无芒雀麦混播草地为对象,采用2个间行混播比例(豆禾比2:2和1:2)和7个氮磷钾组合[N₂₈₀P₁₅₀K₀(A₁),N₃₅₀P₁₀₀K₃₆₀(A₂),N₁₄₀P₃₀₀K₃₀₀(A₃),N₄₂₀P₂₅₀K₁₂₀(A₄),N₇₀P₅₀K₆₀(A₅),N₂₁₀P₀K₂₄₀(A₆)和N₀P₂₀₀K₁₈₀(A₇)]进行田间试验。结果表明,全年豆禾总产量以A₂处理最高(11.68 t·hm^-2),极显著(P<0.01)高于其他处理;A₁处理禾草产量(3.80 t·hm^-2)极显著(P<0.01)高于其他处理;A₂处理苜蓿产量(8.60 t·hm^-2)极显著(P<0.01)高于A₁,A₅,A₆,A₇处理;缺氮(A₇)处理全年禾草及豆禾总产量最低。氮肥及氮钾互作与豆禾产量、氮钾互作与苜蓿产量显著相关(P<0.05)。禾草、苜蓿及豆禾NPK偏生产力和吸收率随着NPK施量增加而逐渐下降,A₅处理极显著(P<0.01)高于其他处理。缺钾(A₁)和低钾(A₅)处理苜蓿N利用率明显降低,缺磷(A₆)和高磷(A₃)处理禾草、苜蓿及豆禾K利用率明显下降。豆禾2:2混播全年苜蓿产量及豆禾总产量极显著(P<0.01)高于1:2混播。豆禾2:2混播苜蓿NPK偏生产力、吸收量和吸收率、豆禾NPK偏生产力、N吸收量和吸收率极显著高于1:2混播,禾草NPK偏生产力、吸收量和吸收率极显著(P<0.01)低于1:2混播。综合考虑牧草产量及养分利用效率,豆禾2:2间行混播,氮磷钾施量以N 140 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 100 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 120 kg·hm^-2较适宜。     

苜蓿草粉对育肥猪肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、肉品质、肌肉氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的影响。选择平均体重(60.28±0.73)kg的健康"长×大"或"大×长"二元育肥猪130头,随机分为5组,每组26个重复,每个重复1头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加5%、10%、20%和30%的苜蓿草粉。预试期7 d,正试期72 d。结果表明:1)5%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的平均日增重(ADG)最高,增重成本最低。2)饲粮添加苜蓿草粉对育肥猪的肌肉p H45 m in、熟肉率、大理石纹和肉色无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,各苜蓿草粉组的肌肉p H24 h极显著降低(P<0.01);30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉滴水损失显著低于对照组和5%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,20%苜蓿草粉组育肥猪的肌肉鲜味氨基酸(DAA)(天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸)、必需氨基酸(EAA)(蛋氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸)、组氨酸、精氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸及总氨基酸(TAA)含量显著提高(P<0.05)。4)随饲粮苜蓿草粉添加水平的增加,育肥猪的肌肉饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)含量逐渐减少,肌肉不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、n-6 PUFA和n-3PUFA含量逐渐增加。与对照组相比,20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉M UFA、油酸含量显著降低(P<0.05),肌肉UFA含量显著提高(P<0.05);20%和30%苜蓿草粉组的肌肉PUFA、亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、n-6 PUFA和n-3 PUFA含量均显著高于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.05);肌肉n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA含量极显著低于对照组、5%和10%苜蓿草粉组(P<0.01)。综上,饲粮添加20%苜蓿草粉可使育肥猪的肌肉DAA、EAA含量以及PUFA中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸含量提高,n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA降低,有利于n-3 PUFA在肌肉中的富集,可以提高猪肉品质和营养价值。     

黄栀子提取液对大黄鱼体色、生长和肌肉营养的影响

试验旨在探究饲料中添加不同浓度黄栀子提取液对大黄鱼体色、生长和肌肉营养的影响。选取6 000尾大黄鱼,分为4组,每组3重复,每个重复500鱼。C₁₀₀组、C₂₀₀组、C₃₀₀组分别在基础饲料中添加0.03 g/L的黄栀子提取液100、200、300 mL/kg,对照组C₀不添加黄栀子提取液。试验期30 d,分析测量各组大黄鱼体色、生长性能和肌肉营养指标。结果显示,各组大黄鱼的绝对增长率、绝对增重率随着黄栀子提取液添加量的增加而升高。C₃₀₀组大黄鱼绝对增长率显著高于其他组(P<0.05),绝对增重率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组大黄鱼背部、腹部和尾部L值均显著降低(P<0.05)。C₃₀₀组大黄鱼背部、腹部和尾部a值最高,b值最低。3个试验组大黄鱼肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。C₃₀₀组大黄鱼肌肉饱和脂肪酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。C     

添加麦麸和乳酸菌对川西北高寒地区燕麦裹包青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响

川西北高寒地区燕麦收获时含水量较高，环境温度较低，燕麦青贮品质不佳。本文为提高燕麦青贮品质，研究了自选乳酸菌发酵生物学特性，评价了麦麸和自选乳酸菌菌株对燕麦裹包青贮品质和有氧稳定性的影响，采用双因素试验设计：因素A,A₀:0%麦麸；A₁:30%麦麸；因素B,B₀:对照；B₁:Lactobacillus plantarum 160 (LP160);B₂:Lactobacillus brevis 248 (LB248);B₃:商业菌。每个裹包50 kg,每个处理3个重复。结果表明，自选菌株LP160和LB248在模拟冻融(20℃/-5℃)条件下生长迅速、产酸快。燕麦裹包青贮60 d后，添加麦麸后青贮干物质、粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物、乳酸显著增加(P<0.01),添加乳酸菌后青贮pH和氨态氮显著降低(P<0.01),其中A₀B₁组发酵品质最优，A₁B₁组营养品质最...     

饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅生长性能、血清抗氧化酶及消化酶活性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅生长性能、血清抗氧化酶及消化酶活性的影响。选用162只狮头鹅,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每重复6只鹅。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂分别添加5%、10%、15%和20%的苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉的试验饲粮。试验期35 d。结果表明:1)饲粮添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对鹅的平均日增重产生显著二次和交互影响(P0.05),对平均日采食量的线性和交互无显著影响(P0.05),对料重比无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮添加10%发酵苜蓿草粉组,鹅的平均日增重最高,较对照组提高了19.48%(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对鹅血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量有显著交互影响(P0.05),5%、10%苜蓿草粉组及5%发酵苜蓿草粉组血清GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性与对照组差异不显著(P0.05),其他各组与对照组差异显著(P0.05)。3)饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉对胃蛋白酶、胰脂肪酶、十二指肠蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮中添加苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉对胰蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶活性产生显著二次和交互影响(P0.05)。10%苜蓿草粉组胃蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、十二指肠淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),但与5%苜蓿草粉组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,在鹅饲粮中添加一定量的苜蓿草粉或发酵苜蓿草粉可以促进其生长,提高血清抗氧化酶和消化酶活性,添加发酵苜蓿草粉效果更好。     

饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽对海鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标及肝脏与血清免疫指标的影响。以初始均重为(9.05±0.05)g的海鲈幼鱼为试验动物,暂养1周后,挑选规格一致的健康试验鱼480尾,随机分为4组,每组4个重复(水族箱),每个重复放养30尾鱼。4组试验鱼分别投喂肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽添加水平为0(对照)、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%的试验饲料135 d。结果显示:1)0.50%组的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和成活率(SR)均显著高于对照组(P0.05),各添加组的饲料系数(FCR)均显著低于对照组(P0.05),且以0.50%组的FCR最低;2)各添加组的背肌粗脂肪含量均显著低于对照组(P0.05),0.50%组的背肌粗蛋白质含量显著高于对照组(P0.05),全鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分和背肌的水分、粗灰分含量在各组之间没有显著差异(P0.05);3)0.25%组的血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和总胆固醇(TC)含量显著低于其他各组(P0.05),血清甘油三酯(TG)含量各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05);4)0.50%和0.75%组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),0.25%和0.50%组的肝脏溶菌酶(LZM)活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),肝脏与血清的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性各组间不存在显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,在饲料中添加肌肉生长抑制素抑制肽能够促进海鲈的生长并提高免疫能力,本试验条件下最适添加水平为0.50%。     

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of charcoal from maize cob or seed of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Canarium schweinfurthii</Emphasis> Engl

Growth performances and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl seed (charcoal A) or maize cob (charcoal B) were studied using a total of 110 3-week-old male chicks. 11 experimental diets including a control and other containing either 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 or 1% charcoal from C. schweinfurthii Engl seed (A_0.2, A_0.4, A_0.6, A_0.8, and A_1%, respectively) or from maize cob (B_0.2, B_0.4, B_0.6, B_0.8, and B_1%, respectively) supplements were used. Each of the diets was fed to ten individually birds caged in a completely randomized design. Results indicated that birds fed 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of either charcoal A or B had significantly (P < 0.05) higher final body weights as compared to control birds, while, above 0.6% slightly depressed average final body weights and weight gain. The best growth performance was achieved with 0.2% inclusion of charcoals. There was no significant (P > 0.05) influence of charcoal B on the overall feed intake. Only the B_0.6 feed significantly (P < 0.05) improved feed conversion ratio as compared with the control. Dressing percentage, liver weight and abdominal fat were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by charcoal. However, there was a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in gizzard weight with charcoal B. Charcoal had no significant (P > 0.05) influence on intestine length and weight. More than 0.6% of charcoal A significantly (P < 0.05) depressed intestine density. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study, charcoal from maize cob or Canarium seeds could be used to improve growth performances and some carcass traits in broiler chickens.     

Effectiveness of maifanite in reducing the detrimental effects of aflatoxin B1 on hematology,aflatoxin B1 residues,and antioxidant enzymes activities of weanling piglets

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of maifanite, which is mainly composed of aluminosilicate, in reducing the adverse effects of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) on hematology, AFB₁ residues, and antioxidant enzymes activities in weaning piglets. A total of 32 (9.28±0.17 kg BW) individually housed crossbred piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Large white) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a 2×2 factorial arrangement with 8 replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments included 2 AFB₁ levels (5.3 and 372.8 μg/kg) and 2 maifanite levels (0% and 1%). No differences in average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio were observed among treatments. Ingestion of the AFB₁-contaminated (AF) diets (372.8 μg/kg of AFB₁) reduced (P<0.05) the numbers of neutrophil, monocyte, and total leukocyte. There were no effects of AFB₁ on gamma glutamyltransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase activities, and total protein, albumin, urea N, total bilirubin, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in serum. Aflatoxin B₁ was found in the liver and kidney of piglets fed the AF diets. Piglets fed the AF diets reduced (P<0.05) the total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities in serum. However, total superoxide dismutase activity in the liver was increased (P<0.05) in piglets fed the AF diets compared with those fed the basal diets (5.3 μg/kg of AFB₁). There was an interaction (P=0.003) in erythrocyte, but piglets fed the diets containing maifanite had greater erythrocyte and lymphocyte (P=0.035) numbers than those fed the diets without maifanite. The AFB₁ levels in the liver and kidney of piglets fed the AF diet containing maifanite were 29.6% and 41.2% lower, respectively, than those of piglets fed the AF diet alone. Although there was an interaction (P=0.011), piglets fed the diets containing AFB₁ and maifanite had greater serum T-SOD activity compared with those fed the diets with no maifanite. In conclusion, the addition of maifanite to the AF diet resulted in partial restoration of hematology and antioxidant enzymes activities and reduced AFB₁ levels in the liver and kidney.     

Effects of dietary 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in calcium and phosphorous-deficient diets on growth performance,tibia related indices and immune responses in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OH-D₃) in calcium (Ca)- and phosphorous (P)-deficient diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, tibia related parameters, and immune responses of broiler chickens. A total of 280 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to 20 floor pens and 4 dietary treatments with 5 replicates. Dietary treatments consisted of starter diets (starter diet of treatment A: 1% Ca, 0.73% total phosphorus [tP]; starter diet of treatment B: 0.85% Ca, 0.64% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; starter diet of treatment C: 0.85% Ca, 0.59% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; starter diet of treatment D: 0.85% Ca, 0.54% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃), grower diets (grower diet of treatment A: 0.86% Ca, 0.68% tP; grower diet of treatment B: 0.73% Ca, 0.59% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; grower diet of treatment C: 0.73% Ca, 0.55% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; grower diet of treatment D: 0.73% Ca, 0.50% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃) and finisher diets (finisher diet of treatment A: 0.81% Ca, 0.64% tP; finisher diet of treatment B: 0.68% Ca, 0.56% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; finisher diet of treatment C: 0.68% Ca, 0.52% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃; finisher diet of treatment D: 0.68% Ca, 0.48% tP + 5 μg/kg of 1α-OH-D₃). Results showed that body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) of broilers in treatment B were similar to those of broilers in treatment A at the end of the trial (P < 0.05). Broilers in treatments C and D had lower BWG and FI than those in treatment A during the whole trial (P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio, carcass traits and relative weight of lymphoid organs were not affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Dietary treatments had no significant effect on antibody titers against Newcastle and Influenza disease viruses as well as sheep red blood cells. Dietary treatments had no significant effects on tibia ash and tibial dyschondroplasia score. Broilers fed Ca-P deficient diets had lower tibia Ca and P than those in treatment A (P < 0.05). In conclusion, results indicated that broilers fed Ca-P deficient diets supplemented with 5 μg/kg 1α-OH-D₃ failed to achieve the same tibia Ca and P values as broilers fed nonphytate phosphorus adequate diets.     

Response of broiler finishers to diets containing graded levels of processed castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal

A 4‐week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effects of graded levels of dehulled and cooked castor oil bean (Ricinus communis L) meal on the performance of broiler finishers. Castor oil bean seeds were dehulled and detoxified by cooking in two stages at 100 °C for 50 min per cooking. Sixty 6‐week‐old broiler birds (Anak strain) were randomly divided into four groups of 15 birds each. The groups were fed four isocaloric (2.90 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg) and isonitrogenous (21% crude protein) diets containing 0%, 10%, 15% and 20% dehulled and cooked castor oil bean meal (CBM) for 4 weeks. Results showed that there were significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in average daily feed intake, final body weight, average daily weight gain (ADWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Birds fed diets containing 0% and 10% CBM had significantly (p < 0.05) higher feed intake than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest feed intake was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The highest ADWG was observed in birds fed 0% CBM diet, but this was not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the ADWG of birds on 10% CBM diet. Birds fed diets containing10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and non‐significant (p > 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had the least (p < 0.05) ADWG. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar FCR and this was significantly (p < 0.05) lower and better than that of birds on 20% CBM diet. The least (p < 0.05) PER was observed in birds fed 20% CBM diet. Birds fed 20% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher packed cell volume (PCV) than birds on 10% and 15% CBM diets. Birds fed 0%, 10% and 15% CBM diets had similar (p > 0.05) PCV values. Birds fed diets containing 0%, 10% and 15% levels of CBM had similar and significantly (p < 0.05) lower heamoglobin than birds fed 20% CBM diets. There were also significant (p < 0.05) differences among treatments in dry matter (DM), nitrogen, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) retention. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE than birds on 10%, 15% and 20% CBM diets. Birds fed 10% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher DM, nitrogen and NFE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest retention of DM, nitrogen and NFE was recorded at the 20% CBM inclusion level. Birds fed 0% CBM diet had significantly (p < 0.05) higher EE retention than birds on 15% and 20% CBM diets. The lowest EE retention was observed at the 20% CBM inclusion level. The results of the study indicate that up to 10% dehulled and cooked CBM can be included in broiler finisher rations for optimum performance.     

A preliminary study of dietary protein requirement of juvenile marbled flounder (Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein level for juvenile marbled flounder. Five semi-purified test diets were formulated to contain different protein levels (CP) including 42.7%, 47.4%, 53.3%, 58.8%, and 64.5% (dry matter), named as CP42.7, CP47.4, CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5, respectively. Five hundred and twenty-five juveniles (6.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (300 L tanks), resulting in 35 fish per tank (n = 3 tanks). Fish were fed the test diets 5 times per day until satiation. The CP58.8 resulted in the highest gain in weight and the best efficiency in feed utilization among the tested protein levels (P < 0.05). Fish fed the CP58.8 diet showed significantly higher whole-body protein and lipid contents than the fish that were fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed the CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5 diets showed a significantly higher dorsal-muscle lipid content than the fish that were fed the CP42.7 and CP47.4 diets (P < 0.05). The one-slope straight broken-line regression analysis on the results of the thermal growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio indicated that the estimated optimum dietary protein level was 58.8%. Taken together, it is suggested that the dietary protein level of 58.8% is optimal for better growth and high efficiency in feed utilization for the juvenile marbled flounder.     

外源脂肪酶对花鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、消化酶活性及营养物质表观消化率的影响

本试验旨在研究低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加外源脂肪酶对花鲈生长性能、体组成、血清生化指标、消化酶活性及营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验选取初始体重为(6.26±0.02)g的花鲈600尾,随机分成6组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾。正对照组(G+组)饲喂高蛋白质低脂肪(41.76%粗蛋白质和8.34%粗脂肪)的正常饲料,对照组(G0组)饲喂低蛋白质高脂肪(37.64%粗蛋白质和11.15%粗脂肪)饲料,试验组(G100、G200、G400和G800组)分别饲喂在低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加100、200、400和800 mg/kg脂肪酶的试验饲料。试验期为8周。结果表明:1)与G+组相比,G0组花鲈的终末体重、增重率、摄食量和肝体比均升高(P0.05),脏体比和脂体比显著升高(P0.05),血清总抗氧化能力显著下降(P0.05),干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和总能的表观消化率下降(P0.05),脂肪酸C16∶1-n9和C18∶3-n3的表观消化率显著升高(P0.05)。2)与G0组相比,试验组的终末体重和增重率降低;其中G800组终末体重、增重率显著降低(P0.05),饲料系数显著增加(P0.05),存活率显著下降(P0.05),脏体比和脂体比降低(P0.05),中肠脂肪酶和肝脏蛋白酶活性降低(P0.05),血清胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯含量下降(P0.05);G200组血清谷丙转氨酶活性和丙二醛含量显著下降(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料脂肪可以节约部分蛋白质,低蛋白质高脂肪饲料对花鲈生长性能、体组成和消化酶活性等没有显著影响,但显著提高脏体比和脂体比。在低蛋白质高脂肪饲料中添加脂肪酶,花鲈生长性能有所降低,对消化酶活性及血清生化指标无显著影响,粗脂肪和部分脂肪酸表观消化率下降,但脏体比和脂体比一定程度上降低,机体抗氧化能力增强。     

青苔和大叶藻对刺参生长性能及免疫指标的影响

本试验旨在研究青苔和大叶藻对刺参生长性能及免疫指标的影响。试验选取720头平均质量为0.35 g的刺参,随机分为3个组,每个组3个重复,每个重复80头刺参。以青苔、大叶藻和海带为主要藻类蛋白质源,分别制成3种不同配合饲料饲喂刺参,海带组为对照组,青苔组及大叶藻组为试验组。试验期8周。通过评估刺参的生长性能、体壁营养成分、消化酶活性及非特异性免疫指标评价青苔和大叶藻对刺参健康生长的影响。结果表明:青苔组和大叶藻组增重率较对照组分别增加了29.15%和24.13%,饲料系数较对照组降低了10.39%和15.58%,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05);青苔组和大叶藻组刺参脏壁比、肠重比显著低于对照组(P0.05),体壁水分含量显著高与对照组(P0.05);大叶藻组体壁粗灰分含量显著高于青苔组和对照组(P0.05);青苔组和大叶藻组刺参肠道淀粉酶活性显著低于对照组(P0.05);青苔组体腔液谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性显著高于对照组和大叶藻组(P0.05),过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性均高于对照组和大叶藻组,但各组间无显著差异(P0.05);大叶藻组体腔液碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著低于对照组(P0.05),与青苔组无显著差异(P0.05)。由此可见,在本试验条件下,青苔和大叶藻作为饲料原料应用于刺参饲料中是可行的;以生长性能指标为基础,结合抗氧化及非特异性免疫指标,刺参生长效果为青苔组大叶藻组海带组。     

Gut ecology, feed digestion and performance in weaned piglets fed liquid diets

Gut environment and microflora, digestibility, and performance were studied in weaned piglets in Central Vietnam fed a dry control diet (CO), a naturally fermented liquid diet (FE), and a liquid diet with inclusion of rice distiller's residue (RDR). Digesta samples were collected at the start (day 0) and at the end of experiment (day 42). Diet FE had a lower pH than diet RDR, contained more organic acids, had the lowest counts of E. coli and total coliforms (P < 0.05), and the highest counts of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.05). Piglets fed diets FE and RDR had lower pH (P < 0.05), and higher concentrations of organic acids in the stomach, ileum and mid-colon (P < 0.05) than piglets fed diet CO. Counts of LAB in stomach and ileum were higher in animals fed diets FE and RDR than CO (P < 0.05), while the number of E. coli and total coliforms along the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The ileal digestibility of crude protein and organic matter was improved in piglets fed diet RDR (P < 0.05) compared with piglets fed diet CO. Piglets fed diet RDR had a higher weight gain (P < 0.05) and a better feed utilization (P < 0.05) than piglets fed the other diets. The present findings support the contention that fermented diets and/or fermented feedstuffs can be used for dietary manipulation to improve gut health and animal performance.     

中性植酸酶在豆粕型饲料中替代磷酸二氢钙对花鲈生长及磷代谢的影响

本文旨在研究豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代不同水平的磷酸二氢钙,对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长和磷代谢及利用的影响。以(2.52±0.01)g的花鲈为试验对象,用中性植酸酶分别替代试验用的豆粕型饲料中60%(PE6)、80%(PE8)和100%(PET)的磷酸二氢钙,每个替代水平饲料中分别设置1000FTU/kg(PE610,PE810,PET10)和1500FTU/kg(PE615,PE815,PET15)2个梯度。8周的养殖试验结果显示,在豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙后,对各试验组花鲈的生长、鱼体成分和蛋白质消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05);但PE615和PE815组的干物质消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),PE815组的脂肪消化率显著高于PE610、PET10和PET15组(P<0.05),而PE615和PE815的总磷消化率显著高于对照组、PE610组和PET15组的(P<0.05)。各试验组的总磷摄入量、表观磷的摄入量、粪磷和非粪磷的排出量均随试验料中磷酸二氢钙添加量的减少而显著降低(P<0.05),而除PE610和PE815以外的各试验组的总磷储积率却显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。根据本试验的结果,在含有30.5%豆粕的花鲈饲料中添加一定量的中性植酸酶同时减少磷酸二氢钙的添加量后,仍能显著提高饲料中磷的消化和利用(P<0.05)。中性植酸酶的添加量以1000FTU/kg饲料为宜,其作用相当于12g/kg的磷酸二氢钙。