抗大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种育种骨干亲本抗性差异分析

研究对抗大豆孢囊线虫病育种中常用的40份骨干亲本进行4号生理小种抗性鉴定，其中感病品种30份，黄粒抗病品系2份，黑粒抗病品系2份，黑粒抗源6份。结果表明：品种间的抗性有极显著差异；抗性的主要差异首先出现在抗性和非抗性品种之间，其次出现在非抗性品种内；抗源材料的抗性非常稳定；亲本对大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性呈连续性变化，符合正态分布规律。抗性愈强的品种抗性愈稳定，抗性愈弱的品种抗性愈易受环境的影响。大豆抗大豆孢囊线虫的广义遗传力约为53．9％。     

利用RAPD技术寻找大豆抗孢囊线虫4号小种标记初报

以高抗大豆孢囊线虫４号生理小种的２个大豆品系１２５９系（黄色）和１２５９系（双色）及其抗感亲本灰皮支黑豆和晋遗９号，以及另外两个高抗品种ＰＩ４３７６５４和元钵黑豆，两个高感品种鲁豆１号和鲁豆７号为试验材料，进行大豆抗孢囊线虫的ＰＡＰＤ分析。     

大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫5号生理小种的抗性鉴定

1986～1990年,在本所病圃中对黄淮地区907份大豆种质资源进行了抗大豆孢囊线虫5号生理小种鉴定,筛选出9个抗病材料,其中7个黑种皮、2个黄种皮。“灰皮支黑豆”是一个抗1、3、4、5号多小种的抗源,“蒙8118”为黄种皮综合农艺性状好,是较理想的抗源。     

高抗大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种的新品种跃进8号

高抗大豆孢囊线虫４号生理小种的新品种跃进８号山东省菏泽地区农科所苗保河跃进８号（菏８８—２３）是菏择地区农科所１９８３年以菏７５１３（科系５号×索尔夫）作母本，跃进２号作父本有性杂交育成的黄种皮，高抗孢囊线虫４号生理小种的新品种，其选育特点是经连续选...     

抗病基因对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的选择作用

为了解育成抗病品种抗性稳定性及胞囊线虫生理小种侵染力的变异,于2005～2008年,应用黑龙江省发生的大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种及已经通过鉴定的抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的品种,哈尔滨小黑豆、灰皮支等8个品种和感病对照品种Lee68为材料,进行抗病基凶对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种选择作用研究.在盆栽条件下,强迫大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的群体在抗病品种上繁殖10代,选用5个标准鉴定大豆胞囊线虫生理小种的鉴别品种,重新鉴定经抗病基因选择后的大豆胞囊线虫的生理小种类型.结果表明:原来为3号生理小种的线虫群体,经在抗病品种抗线虫1号、抗线虫2号、抗线虫3号、抗线虫4号、抗线虫5号上连续选择10代之后,变为6号小种;经在厌皮支黑豆上选择之后变为10号小种;经在Peking上选择之后变为14号小种,经在哈尔滨小黑豆上选择之后变为15号小种.上述鉴定结果说明,原大豆胞囊线虫生理种群体,经过在抗病品种上连续强迫繁殖后,形成新的生理小种,并使原扰病品种变为感染品种,认为在生产上采用轮作方式是保持抗线品种抗性稳定性的有效途径.     

吉林大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫4号小种田间抗性鉴定初报

对吉林省大豆种质资源进行大豆孢囊线虫4号生理小种抗病性鉴定，从中选出15份中抗种质，4份耐病种质。这些抗病耐病种质均是优良的品系或品种，是较好的抗性亲本。     

大豆抗胞囊线虫4号生理小种的种质创新

大豆胞囊线虫(SCN)是生产上毁灭性病害,培育抗病品种是最经济有效的控制措施,目前黄淮地区尚缺乏高抗SCN4号生理小种的品种或综合性状优良的种质.采用杂交选育的方法,以引自美国的Hartwig为母本,以黄色种皮的抗性材料晋1261等为父本配制杂交组合,高代品系经产量和抗性鉴定,共筛选出7个综合农艺性状优良、产量高、对SCN1号和SCN4号小种免疫或高抗的材料,可为黄淮地区抗SCN育种提供优异亲本来源.     

大豆孢囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)生理小种研究初报

以美国目前应用的一套鉴别品种为基础,对采自我国5省9个地点的大豆孢囊线虫进行了生理小种鉴定,结果鉴定出三个小种,其中4号小种采自安徽省砀山县、山西省太谷县和山东省肯利县;1号小种采自辽宁省昌图县;3号小种采自黑龙江省的哈尔滨市、佳木斯市、牡丹江市、肇东县和铁力县。上述小种均分别相当于美国、日本等已鉴定发现的同号小种。 试验认为,今后我们对大豆孢囊线虫生理小种的鉴定,可用黑农26号作为感病对照品种以代替Lee或Essex;并增设龙抗SCN 792作为新的鉴别品种。     

大豆抗胞囊线虫4号生理小种SSR标记筛选及优异种质鉴定

大豆抗胞囊线虫的表型鉴定工作量较大,鉴定结果易受环境影响,是抗源筛选和抗病品种选育的限制因素之一。不受时间、环境限制的分子标记鉴定为抗病鉴定提供了一种高效快捷准确简单的鉴定方法。为筛选可用于抗大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种分子标记引物,本研究采用基因型鉴定和人工接种鉴定相结合的方法鉴定193份大豆资源的大豆胞囊线豆抗性。以部分高抗大豆资源和高感资源为材料,对1 000对SSR引物进行初筛,用初筛获得的引物扩增193份抗、感大豆资源,筛选抗胞囊线虫4号生理小种(SCN 4)SSR标记引物,用于大豆抗胞囊线虫4号生理小种分子标记辅助鉴定。结果表明:筛选出4个与大豆胞囊线虫4号生理小种相关的SSR标记,分别为Satt400、Satt680、Satt533和Satt504。Satt400、Satt680、Satt533和Satt504对感病资源的检出率均为100%,对抗病资源的检出率分别为70.58%、63.15%、92.3%和57.14%。结合人工接种鉴定结果显示,4个标记组合鉴定可提高对胞囊线虫4号生理小种抗性的选择效率,达100%。经人工接种鉴定,从193份资源中筛选出12份抗病资源,其中10份资源为高抗,2份资源为中抗。这12份抗源的4个SSR标记带型均为抗病带型,其余感病和高感资源的4个SSR标记带型则至少有一个为感病带型。因此,利用分子标记评价抗感特性的标准为被1个或1个以上的感病带型检出的资源为感病资源,当4个标记均为抗病带型,该资源为抗病资源。利用该引物组合对山西省种质库提供的100份资源进行鉴定。筛选出4份抗源,人工接种鉴定结果表明,黑豆、小颗黑和晋1265(茶)3份资源抗性级别为高抗,大黑豆抗性级别为中抗。因此,该引物组合可有效辅助鉴定大豆对胞囊线虫4号生理小种的抗性。     

大豆种质资源对大豆孢囊线虫1,3和4号生理小种的抗性鉴定

1986—1990年,对全国10,000余份大豆种质进行了大豆孢囊线虫(SCN)1,3和4号生理小种的抗性鉴定。鉴定结果,抗SCN1号生理小种的品种128份,其中免疫的16份;杭3号小种的品种288份,其中免疫的30份;抗4号小种的11份,无免疫品种。兼抗1、3和4号小种的有4份,免疫和抗病的品种基本是小黑豆类型,多来自山西、河北,其次为陕西和山东。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.