不同粘粒含量土壤水分入渗能力模拟试验研究

为研究土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力的影响,通过向自然土壤中添加沙粒、人工粘土的方法配制不同粘粒含量土壤,用土柱积水入渗模拟了人工配制土壤中粘粒含量对其入渗能力的影响.结果表明:(1) 土壤粘粒含量对土壤入渗能力有较大影响,随粘粒含量增多,入渗能力递减:＜0.001 mm粘粒含量从6%增加至40.4%时,稳定入渗速率从0.0169 cm/min降低至0.0068 cm/min,90 min累积入渗量则从3.66 cm降低至2.02 cm;(2) 稳定入渗速率、90 min累积入渗量与粘粒及物理性粘粒含量分别呈幂函数负相关、指数负相关关系,但与粘粒含量相关性更为显著;(3) 通过对Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型及Kostiakov模型的参数拟合及累积入渗量计算,发现在本试验中Kostiakov模型拟合精度最高,Philip模型次之,Green-Ampt模型较差,说明Kostiakov模型对于均质土体是个比较实用的入渗模型.     

西北农林科技大学资源环境学院，陕西 杨凌 712100

在宁夏固原上黄试验区，对灌木林地、农地、天然草地、果园和人工草地5种利用方式土壤的化学性质、颗粒组成与其分形特征之间的关系进行了分析和研究。结果表明：①土壤砂粒含量与土壤分形维数存在一定的相关性；粘粒含量与土壤分形维数表现出极显著正相关，即粘粒含量越高其分形维数越大；②灌木林地随着种植年限的增长，粘粒含量增多，分形维数也增加；而果园随种植年限的增长，粘粒含量减少，分形维数降低；不同利用方式土壤颗粒分形维数变化趋势为天然草地〉农地〉灌木林地〉果园〉人工草地；③影响土壤颗粒分形维数的因素主要有砂粒含量、粘粒含量以及阳离子交换量等，土壤粘粒含量、颗粒分形维数及阳离子交换量三者存在极显著相关，土壤颗粒组成的分形维数可以作为表明土壤发育状况的一个重要指标。     

黄土高原退耕还林措施对深层土壤含水率的影响

深层土壤水分分布状况对于黄土高原植被恢复和农业可持续发展意义重大。对陕北黄土区不同退耕还林措施(1979年种植的侧柏林、油松林和苹果林)及农地(对照)20 m深土壤剖面的土壤水分、根系分布状况及土壤粘粒含量进行了取样分析。结果表明:退耕还林措施显著降低了土壤含水率,总体表现为农地(11.30%)苹果林(6.66%)≈油松林(6.48%)≈侧柏林(5.92%)。深层土壤含水率同时受植物根系和土壤质地的影响,植物根系是影响4~10 m土壤含水率的主要因素,根系通过吸水作用降低了土壤含水率,但随着深度的增加,根系对土壤含水率的影响逐渐减弱,土壤质地对土壤含水率的影响逐渐增强,土壤含水率与土壤粘粒含量之间呈正相关关系。侧柏人工林根系影响土壤水分深度可达18 m,油松林的影响深度为16 m,35 a树龄的苹果林耗水深度为19 m左右。     

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成及肥力比较

研究了青藏高原高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤机械组成和土壤养分变化特征,并用相关分析探讨了土壤理化特征、土壤机械组成对不同草地类型群落物种组成、生物量变化的响应。结果表明:不同草地类型土壤机械组成分布大致是矮嵩草草甸:粉粒>细砂粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;高山嵩草草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;藏嵩草沼泽化草甸:细砂粒>粉粒>粘粒>粗砂粒;金露梅灌丛:粉粒>粘粒≥细砂粒>粗砂粒。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸为粉砂质粘壤土,藏嵩草沼泽化草甸为壤土,金露梅灌丛为壤质粘土。矮嵩草草甸、高山嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛土壤颗粒分布相对比较均匀(除藏嵩草沼泽化草甸外),主要集中在<0.5mm的范围内,土壤粘粒含量普遍大于20%。土壤全量养分和速效养分以及土壤物理特征均影响着高寒草甸不同草地类型土壤质量和土壤结构。土壤结构和养分状况是判断高寒草甸生态系统生态功能维持的关键指标之一。     

草原退化对土壤有机矿质复合体中结合态腐殖质影响

草原退化引起的土壤性质的变化会影响腐殖质与矿质颗粒的结合状态 ,本文对采自草原退化前后的土壤样品分级提取不同粒径的土壤有机矿质复合体 ,然后用不同的浸提剂提取复合体中结合状态不同的腐殖质 ,对其含量、分布和组成在草原退化前后的变化进行了分析 ,得出了土壤各粒级复合体中腐殖质主要以松、紧结合态形式存在 ,并且主要集中在粘粒和粉粒级复合体中 ;草原退化时土壤腐殖质的减少主要是粘粒细粉粒级复合体 ,其次是粗粉粒级复合体中松态腐殖质减少的贡献 ;而松态腐殖质的减少又主要是 HA的减少等结论     

草原开垦对草原土壤及植被的扰动生态学作用

研究草原开垦对草原土壤及植被的扰动作用，选择不同开垦年限的农田，测其土壤理化性质，调查农田杂草种类状况，结果发现随开垦年限的增加，草原发生了一系列演变,＜0.001mm的土壤粘粒含量逐渐降低，1－0.25mm之间的粗砂粒含量逐渐升高。土壤有机质含量逐渐减少，pH值、电导率及含盐量均比工昌原对照地土壤低。农田杂草由开垦初期以多年生草本植物占优势到开垦多年以后以一年生草本植物占优势，开垦草原对草原土壤及植被均有不同程度的扰动作用，因此，开垦草原应以生态系统学观点作为指导思想，在不具备建立农田生态系统条件的草原区，应弃耕还牧，否则，将引起草原的退化。     

草原恢复时土壤有机矿质复合体中结合态腐殖质变化

从退化草原恢复前后的土壤样品中,提取各粒级土壤有机矿质复合体,用不同浸提剂提取表征不同结合状态的腐殖质,对其含量,分布和组成在草原恢复过程中的变经进行了分析,得出了土壤各粒级复合体中腐殖主要以松、紧结合形式存在;它大部分分 粘粒和组、细粉粒级复合体中;     

阜康地区土壤粘粒矿物组成特性的研究

在干旱地区土壤听粘粒矿物组成是影响土壤物理和化学特性的重要因素之一。本文应用Ｘ－射线分析和差热分析等测试手段对阜康的几种主要土壤类型的土壤类型的土壤粘矿物组成进行了鉴定，同时对影响粘粒矿物形成和转化的土壤环境条件进行了分析和研究。研究结果表明：康地区三种土壤粘粒的矿物成份主要由２：１型的层状硅酸盐矿物如伊利石、蒙皂石、绿泥石、蛭石以及石－绿泥石过渡性矿物和１：１型层状硅酸盐矿物如高岭石等矿物组成。     

基于多重分形的半干旱区弃耕农田土壤粒径分布特征北大核心CSCD

为阐明农田弃耕后土壤质量演变特征,在阴山北麓中段农牧交错区内选择当年耕地、弃耕1 a、2 a、3 a、4 a5种类型土地进行研究,测定弃耕农田0-80 cm层土壤颗粒特征和有机质含量,基于多重分形理论分析的基础上,探究土壤粒径分布与有机质含量的关系。结果表明：砂粒含量与多重分形参数（D0、D1、α0）之间存在正相关关系,与有机质成极显著负相关;研究区内土壤随着砂粒含量的增加,土壤粒径分布范围逐步变宽,分布越离散,土壤向粗粒化方向演替。随着弃耕年限的延长,表层（0-10 cm）土壤表现出黏粒、有机质含量呈一致减少趋势,黏粒含量与土壤有机质呈极显著正相关。因此,可以考虑用黏粒含量反应土壤有机质变化趋势。     

臭柏群落演替过程中土壤环境的变化

在臭柏群落演替过程中土壤含水量总的趋势为先上升后下降。在进展演替阶段呈上升趋势,逆行演替阶段逐渐下降。0~5 cm表层土壤的含水量变化不明显,上层5~30 cm的土壤含水量有明显的先上升后下降的趋势,而深层的土壤含水量变化不大。从土壤剖面来讲,随着土层的加深土壤含水量在逐渐的下降。随着进展演替土壤颗粒组成发生变化,砂粒含量趋于减少、粉粒和粘粒增多、有机质含量逐渐增加、C/N下降,逆行演替阶段与其相反;臭柏群落的演替对有机质积累的影响主要集中在土壤表层0~50cm土层内;物种丰富度、盖度与土壤粘粒、C、N、K、P呈正相关。由此可见,臭柏群落进展演替的系统内容与基质的改造和土壤发育密切联系,它们之间彼此影响,相互配合。     

天山北坡融雪期季节性冻土融化过程分析

利用军塘湖河流域典型试验场2013年11月至2014年3月整个冻结融化期野外观测的季节性冻土温度和水分数据,对融雪期该地区季节性冻土的融化过程和特点进行了分析,研究了融雪期土壤在融化过程中各土壤层的时间与垂直温度和水分的变化,并探讨了融雪期季节性冻土的水文效应。结果表明:1季节性冻土的融化过程可以分为融雪前期、融雪中期和融雪后期3个阶段;2融雪期季节性冻土的温度呈阶段性变化,随着土壤深度的增加,大气温度对土壤温度的影响越小,且存在明显的滞后性;3土壤的水分含量在融雪中期才有所提升,季节性冻土从上下2个方向融解;4融雪中后期的积雪液态含水率对土壤水热状况的影响显著,整个融雪期积雪密度对土壤水热状况影响较小;5季节性冻土的冻融过程对春季融雪径流有着十分重要的影响。     

科尔沁沙地不同植物群落土壤呼吸及环境因素分析

对科尔沁沙地固定、半固定和流动沙丘土壤呼吸的日进程、季节变化及其环境因素进行了测定分析.结果表明:1)土壤呼吸速率与植物群落生物量、土壤有机碳、全氮及粘粉粒含量之间存在显著的正相关关系;固定沙丘日平均土壤呼吸速率分别是半固定和流动沙丘的1.18和2.02倍.2)从固定、半固定到流动沙丘,土壤温度及近地表空气温度呈现增加...     

不同草地类型土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

以贺兰山西坡不同草地类型土壤为对象,研究了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效态含量特征及土壤有机碳、pH值、黏粉粒含量与气候因素之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量随着海拔的降低而逐渐降低,有效态Cu含量的积累顺序为:山地草原>荒漠化草原>高山草甸>草原化荒漠。4种元素在各种草地类型的积累量变化为:高山草甸Fe>Mn>Zn和Cu;山地草原和荒漠化草原Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn,草原化荒漠土壤中Fe和Mn含量差异不大,并大于Zn和Cu。土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量与年均降水量、土壤有机碳、<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量都呈显著正相关,而与年均温度和土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤有效态Cu含量与年降水量、年均温度、土壤有机碳含量和<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量基本呈二次多项式,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。影响土壤有效态Fe和Mn含量的关键因素,0~20 cm土层为有机碳、年降水量和年均温,而20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳是其最重要的影响因素。0~20 cm土层土壤有效态Zn主要受土壤pH、黏粉粒含量和年降水量的影响。     

沙漠化逆转过程中土壤颗粒分形维数的变化特征——以宁夏盐池县为例

通过野外采样和实验室分析,利用空间变化代替时间变化的手段,研究了宁夏盐池县多年围封区沙漠化逆转过程中土壤颗粒分形维数的变化特征。结果表明:沙漠化逆转的过程是土壤颗粒向细粒化方向演变及养分富集的过程。分形维数与土壤养分和黏粉粒等细颗粒的变化趋势相同,随着沙漠化程度的减小,分形维数呈逐渐增大的趋势。它与土壤粒径分布、有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾之间存在着高度的线性相关,对黏粒含量的变化最为敏感。因此,可用土壤颗粒分形维数的变化来反映该区土壤理化性状的变化特征,并将其作为衡量沙漠化逆转过程中土壤结构、肥力状况及土壤退化恢复程度的一个综合性定量指标。     

黄河源玛多县退化草地土壤温湿度变化特征

土壤水热状况变化是退化草地土壤的主要特征,对退化草地生态系统具有重要的影响。研究青藏高原退化草地的土壤温湿度变化规律,可以对高原草地在各季节、各时段的土壤温度和湿度变化进行动态预测,同时,对于退化草地的恢复和改善环境具有指导意义。选择青藏高原玛多地区典型退化草地,利用一年的观测数据,计算土壤温度、土壤湿度及土壤热通量的季节变化和年变化特征,分析土壤温度和湿度及热通量之间的相互关系。结果表明：在季节变化上,土壤温度和湿度在夏季均为最大值,土壤温度在各季节的变化趋势较一致,土壤热通量变化幅度比温度和湿度大,日振幅达到102 W•m^-2;在年变化上,土壤湿度在6月出现最大值,12月出现最小值,极值年较差为12.6％。春季和夏季的土壤热通量均大于0 W•m^-2,冬季均小于0 W•m^-2。青藏高原退化草地土壤温湿度及热通量存在明显的季节变化和年变化特征,就土壤湿度而言,夏季是高原的湿润期,春季和秋季为干旱期。青藏高原地区土壤从11月开始冻结,次年4月开始解冻。土壤热通量在春季和夏季均为正值,说明这一时段热量由大气向土壤传递;冬季则相反,热量由土壤向大气传递。整体而言,土壤温度和湿度及土壤热通量之间的关系呈显著正相关。     

Effect of soil physical and chemical properties on the sorption-desorption hysteresis of the diketonitrile metabolite of isoxaflutole

Isoxaflutole, [4-(2-methanesulfonyl-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-5-cyclopropyl isoxazole] is a relatively new pre-emergence herbicide which undergoes rapid conversion to a diketonitrile metabolite in soil. The half-life of isoxaflutole is very short but the half-life of diketonitrile is much longer and hence, diketonitrile remains for a extended period of time in soil. Sorption-desorption studies were conducted with five soils varying in physical and chemical properties. The batch equilibration technique was used for the sorption experiments, while completely mixed batch reactor systems with the decant and refill method was used for the desorption experiments. Four subsequent desorptions were examined after the sorption process in each soil with an equilibration period of seven days. An apparent sorption-desorption hysteresis was observed in all five soils. Organic matter content and the clay content of the soils were the two determining factors for hysteresis. In soils with high organic matter content, the sorption-desorption hysteresis was mainly governed by organic matter content, but in soils with low organic matter clay content played an important role. With the exception of the Chelsea soil, which had a very high organic matter content (57.4%), all other soils exhibited a high correlation between the clay content and hysteresis index (HI) values calculated at 0.75 ( r ² = 0.960), 25 ( r ² = 0.934) and 150 mg L⁻¹ ( r ² = 0.928). In conclusion, the potential for leaching through soil and crop injury due to isoxaflutole and its metabolite would decrease as soil organic matter and clay content increases.     

Spatial variability of soil water content and related factors across the Hexi Corridor of China

Soil water content(SWC) is a key factor limiting ecosystem sustainability in arid and semi-arid areas of the Hexi Corridor of China, which is characterized by an ecological environment that is vulnerable to climate change. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the large-scale spatial distribution of SWC in this region. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the spatial distribution patterns of SWC across the Hexi Corridor and identify the factors responsible for spatial variation of SWC at a regional scale. This study collected and analyzed SWC in the 0–100 cm soil profile from 109 field sampling sites(farmland, grassland and forestland) across the Hexi Corridor in 2017. We selected 17 factors, including land use, topography(latitude, longitude, elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspect), soil properties(soil clay content, soil silt content, soil bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, field capacity, and soil organic carbon content), climate factors(mean annual precipitation, potential evaporation, and aridity index), plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and planting pattern(irrigation or rain-fed), as possible environmental variables to analyze their effects on SWC. The results showed that SWC was 0.083(±0.067) g/g in the 0–100 cm soil profile and decreased in the order of farmland, grassland and forestland. The SWC in the upper soil layers(0–20, 20–40 and 40–60 cm) had obvious difference when the mean annual precipitation differed by 200 mm. The SWC decreased from southeast to northwest following the same pattern as precipitation, and had a moderate to strong spatial dependence in a large effective range(75–378 km). The SWC showed a similar distribution and had no significant difference between soil layers in the 0–100 cm soil profile. The principal component analysis showed that the mean annual precipitation, geographical position(longitude and latitude) and soil properties(soil bulk density and soil clay content) were the main factors dominating the variance of environmental variables. A stepwise linear regression equation showed that plant characteristic(vegetation coverage) and soil properties(soil organic carbon content, field capacity and soil clay content) were the optimal factors to predict the variation of SWC. Soil clay content could be better to explain the SWC variation in the deeper soil layers compared with the other factors.     

Adsorption and degradation of four acidic herbicides in soils from southern Spain

BACKGROUND: Pesticide degradation and adsorption in soils are key processes determining whether pesticide use will have any impact on environmental quality. Pesticide degradation in soil generally results in a reduction in toxicity, but some pesticides have breakdown products that are more toxic than the parent compound. Adsorption to soil particles ensures that herbicide is retained in the place where its biological activity is expressed and also determines potential for transportation away from the site of action. Degradation and adsorption are complex processes, and shortcomings in understanding them still restrict the ability to predict the fate and behaviour of ionisable pesticides. This paper reports the sorption and degradation behaviour of four acidic pesticides in five soils from southern Spain. Results are used to investigate the influence of soil and pesticide properties on adsorption and degradation as well as the potential link between the two processes. RESULTS: Adsorption and degradation of four acidic pesticides were measured in four soils from Spain characterised by small organic matter (OM) contents (0.3-1.0%) and varying clay contents (3-66%). In general, sorption increased in the order dicamba < metsulfuron-methyl < 2,4-D < flupyrsulfuron-methyl-sodium. Both OM and clay content were found to be important in determining adsorption, but relative differences in clay content between soils were much larger than those in OM content, and therefore clay content was the main property determining the extent of herbicide adsorption for these soils. pH was negatively correlated with adsorption for all compounds apart from metsulfuron-methyl. A clear positive correlation was observed for degradation rate with clay and OM content (P < 0.01), and a negative correlation was observed with pH (P < 0.01). The exception was metsulfuron-methyl, for which degradation was found to be significantly correlated only with soil bioactivity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both OM and clay content were found to be important in determining adsorption, but relative differences in clay content between soils were much larger than those in OM content, and therefore clay content was the main property determining the extent of herbicide adsorption for soils of this type. pH was negatively correlated with adsorption for all compounds apart from metsulfuron-methyl. The contrasting behaviour shown for these four acidic pesticides indicates that chemical degradation in soil is more difficult to predict than adsorption. Most of the variables measured were interrelated, and different behaviours were observed even for compounds from the same chemical class and with similar structures.     

毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附与迁移

为评估被用作白蚁预防药剂的毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在土壤中的移动性,采用平衡吸附法和薄层层析法分别测定了两种农药在浙江宁波地区的东钱湖土(粉砂质壤土)、青岭土(粉砂质壤土)和象山土(粉砂质黏壤土)3种土壤中的吸附常数(Kd)和迁移率(Rf)。结果表明,两种供试药剂在东钱湖土中的吸附等温线线性化程度均较高,而在青岭土和象山土中的吸附等温线均近似于 "L"型。从Kd和有机质吸附常数Koc的数值看,氰戊菊酯在土壤中的吸附作用主要受土壤有机质因素影响,而毒死蜱的吸附并非只受土壤有机质因素的影响。毒死蜱在3种供试土壤中的Kd和Rf值均高于氰戊菊酯。这表明由Kd值推测不同农药在土壤中的相对移动性可能会存在一定偏差。毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯在3种土壤中的Rf值由大到小的顺序为:东钱湖土>青岭土>象山土;而Kd值由大到小顺序为象山土>青岭土>东钱湖土。对Kd和Rf值与土壤理化性质的多元线性回归分析表明:1)土壤有机质含量和阳离子代换量在决定Kd和Rf值中所起的作用相互重叠;2)土壤有机质含量(或土壤阳离子代换量)和土壤黏粒含量是影响Kd和Rf值的关键因素,而土壤pH值对于Kd和Rf值无决定性影响。