Spatial distribution of water-active soil layer along the south-north transect in the Loess Plateau of China

Soil water is an important compositionof water recyclein the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. However, intense water exchange between soil-plant and soil-atmosphereinterfacesonly occurs in a certain layer of the soil profile. For deep insight into wateractive layer (WAL, defined as the soil layer with a coefficient of variation in soil water content>10% in a given time domain)inthe Loess Plateau of China,we measuredsoil water content (SWC)in the 0.0-5.0 m soil profile from 86 sampling sites along an approximately 860-kmlong south-north transect during the period 2013-2016. Moreover, a datasetcontainedfourclimatic factors (mean annual precipitation, mean annual evaporation, annual mean temperature and mean annual dryness index) andfivelocalfactors (altitude, slope gradient, land use, clay content and soil organic carbon)ofeachsampling sitewasobtained.Inthisstudy, three WAL indices (WAL-T (the thickness of WAL), WAL-CV (the mean coefficient of variation in SWC within WAL) and WAL-SWC (themean SWC within WAL)) were used to evaluate the characteristics of WAL. The results showed that with increasing latitude, WAL-T and WAL-CV increased firstly and then decreased. WAL-SWC showed an oppositedistribution pattern along the south-north transect compared with WAL-T and WAL-CV. Average WAL-T of the transect was 2.0 m, suggesting intense soil water exchange in the0.0-2.0 m soil layer in the study area. Soil water exchange was deeper and more intense in the middle region than in the southern and northern regions, with the values of WAL-CV and WAL-Tbeing27.3% and 4.3 m in the middle region, respectively. Both climatic (10.1%) and local (4.9%) factors influenced the indices of WAL, with climatic factors having a more dominant effect.Compared with multiple linear regressions, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) from artificial neural network can better estimate theWAL indices. PTFs developed byartificial neural network respectivelyexplained 86%, 81% and 64% of the total variations in WAL-T, WAL-SWC andWAL-CV. Knowledge of WAL iscrucial for understanding the regional water budgetandevaluatingthe stable soil water reserve, regional water characteristics and eco-hydrological processes in the Loess Plateau of China.     

黄土区坡沟系统容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量变化分析

切沟是黄土高原侵蚀沟的重要类型之一,对流域水文、植被、地貌和生态等地表过程具有深刻影响。为明确土壤物理参数对切沟地形、坡位和深度的响应,在陕北黄土高原选择典型切沟,根据其走向设置沟道、沟缘及坡面3条样线,对40个样点按照10 cm深度间隔采集0~30 cm各土层原状土样,利用定水头法和烘干法对土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量进行测定并分析。结果表明:(1)地形对容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量具有显著或极显著影响,3个参数随坡位自下而上均呈波浪式变化趋势;沟缘和坡面位置容重随坡位上升总体呈微弱减小趋势,沟缘表层坡下土壤含水量较其他坡位明显偏低;(2)沟缘和坡面位置不同土层深度饱和导水率及容重的大小变化规律与沟道恰好相反;(3)对于各土层深度而言,沟缘和坡面土壤含水量均与沟道内差异显著,且沟缘土壤含水量总是低于坡面。以上结果表明,切沟分布改变了土壤容重、饱和导水率和土壤含水量在坡面的空间格局,在黄土区坡沟系统内不同地形条件对相关土壤物理参数的影响不应忽视。     

不同草地类型土壤有效态微量元素含量特征

以贺兰山西坡不同草地类型土壤为对象,研究了土壤中微量元素Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu有效态含量特征及土壤有机碳、pH值、黏粉粒含量与气候因素之间的相互关系。结果表明:土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量随着海拔的降低而逐渐降低,有效态Cu含量的积累顺序为:山地草原>荒漠化草原>高山草甸>草原化荒漠。4种元素在各种草地类型的积累量变化为:高山草甸Fe>Mn>Zn和Cu;山地草原和荒漠化草原Fe>Mn>Cu>Zn,草原化荒漠土壤中Fe和Mn含量差异不大,并大于Zn和Cu。土壤有效态Fe,Mn,Zn的含量与年均降水量、土壤有机碳、<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量都呈显著正相关,而与年均温度和土壤pH值呈显著负相关。土壤有效态Cu含量与年降水量、年均温度、土壤有机碳含量和<0.05 mm黏粉粒含量基本呈二次多项式,而与土壤pH相关性不显著。影响土壤有效态Fe和Mn含量的关键因素,0~20 cm土层为有机碳、年降水量和年均温,而20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳是其最重要的影响因素。0~20 cm土层土壤有效态Zn主要受土壤pH、黏粉粒含量和年降水量的影响。     

近51年河西走廊西部极端强降水事件变化研究

利用河西走廊西部8个气象站1960～2010年的逐日有效降水(日降水量≥0.1mm)资料,研究了河西走廊西部近51a极端降水事件变化的时空分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明:在河西走廊西部只要出现中～大雨或以上降水就算极端强降水;在空间分布上,河西走廊西部极端强降水阈值自西南向东北逐渐减小,极端降水总量分布与该区域年降水量的空间分布相似,极端降水指数倾向率空间分布很不均匀;在时间分布上近51年来河西走廊西部年极端降水总量和年极端降水强度均呈显著增加的趋势,极端降水频数增加趋势不明显,极端降水指数在3～5a和10～13a周期上反映明显,在60年代极端降水指数均发生了突变。     

河西走廊中部近53年降水变化及未来趋势预测

利用位于河西走廊中部的6个气象站1957-2009年的降水资料,分析近53年降水量年际年代际变化、季节变化、空间变化、各月变化.在分析降水量历史演变的基础上,利用均生函数方法建立了河西走廊中部降水量的预测模型.结果表明:近53年该地区降水量以4.75 mm/10 a的速度在递增,20世纪80-90年代前期降水量出现下降...     

荒漠-绿洲过渡带土壤温度变化分析

根据中国科学院临泽内陆河流域站2004—2014年的土壤温度与气象要素数据，分析了河西走廊中部荒漠-绿洲过渡带土壤温度年内和年际变化规律及主要影响因素。结果表明：土壤温度日变化与月变化大致呈正弦曲线，各层土壤最高、最低温度出现的时间随着土壤深度的增加逐渐推迟；年均土壤温度总体上随着土壤深度的加深先减小后增加；气温是与土壤温度变化相关性最强的气象要素；同时，明确了该区3个特征差异明显的土壤温度层次：0~20 cm土壤温度活跃层，40 cm土壤温度过渡层和60~100 cm土壤温度稳定层，与其他地区结果有所差异。最后，利用相关性分析、多元逐步线性回归方法建立了气象指标与各层土壤温度之间经验预报方程。     

Factors determining soil water heterogeneity on the Chinese Loess Plateau as based on an empirical mode decomposition method

Soil water is a critical resource, and as such is the focus of considerable physical research. Characterization of the distribution and spatial variability of soil water content(SWC) offers important agronomic and environmental information. Estimation of non-stationary and non-linear SWC distribution at different scales is a research challenge. Based on this context, we performed a case study on the Chinese Loess Plateau, with objectives of investigating spatial variability of SWC and soil properties(i.e., soil particle composition, organic matter and bulk density), and determining multi-scale correlations between SWC and soil properties. A total of 86 in situ sampling sites were selected and 516 soil samples(0–60 cm depth with an interval of 10 cm) were collected in May and June of 2019 along the Yangling-Wugong-Qianxian transect, with a length of 25.5 km, in a typical wheat-corn rotation region of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Classical statistics and empirical mode decomposition(EMD) method were applied to evaluate characteristics of the overall and scale-specific spatial variation of SWC, and to explore scale-specific correlations between SWC and soil properties. Results showed that the spatial variability of SWC along the Yangling-Wugong-Qianxian transect was medium to weak, with a variability coefficient range of 0.06–0.18, and it was gradually decreased as scale increased. We categorized the overall SWC for each soil layer under an intrinsic mode function(IMF) number based on the scale of occurrence, and found that the component IMF1 exhibited the largest contribution rates of 36.45%–56.70%. Additionally, by using EMD method, we categorized the general variation of SWC under different numbers of IMFs according to occurrence scale, and the results showed that the calculated scales among SWC for each soil layer increased in correspondence with higher IMF numbers. Approximately 78.00% of the total variance of SWC was extracted in IMF1 and IMF2. Generally, soil texture was the dominant control on SWC, and the influence of the three types of soil properties(soil particle composition, organic matter and bulk density) was more prominent at larger scales along the sampling transect. The influential factors of soil water spatial distribution can be identified and ranked on the basis of the decomposed signal from the current approach, thereby providing critical information for other researchers and natural resource managers.     

沙漠水渠人工固沙区沙篙和沙拐枣灌丛的土壤水分特征对比

在古尔班通古特沙漠引水渠沿线建植5a的人工固沙区内,选择自然生长的沙蒿和沙拐枣灌丛,依据冠幅大小设置5个水平距离梯度和4个土层深度梯度.对比研究了二者的土壤水分特征.结果表明,随土层深度的增加,两种灌丛土壤含水量均呈增加趋.,中下部2层(20～40 cm和40～60 cm)土壤含水量显著(P<0.05)高于上部2层(0...     

30 a耕作对高寒草地土壤碳氮与颗粒组成的影响

根据青海湖流域1987—2010年5期遥感图像解译,在青海湖北部区域存在毗邻的30 a未曾变动草地和耕地。以这两类土壤为研究对象,对其0~60 cm土层的土壤总碳、土壤全氮、土壤粒度组分进行对比研究。结果表明:草地和耕地土壤总碳和全氮含量以30 cm为界,分异明显,界上草地总碳和全氮含量大于耕地,而界下两者之间差异较小。另外,草地总碳和全氮含量最大值出现在0~10 cm,耕地总碳和全氮含量最大值出现在10~20 cm。草地和耕地粒度组成上都属于砂黏壤级,其中草地粉砂和黏粒大于耕地,而砂含量小于耕地。30 cm以上,草地和耕地间土壤粒度组分差异大,30 cm以下差异小。草地土壤黏粒和粉砂组分与总碳(P0.05)、全氮(P0.01)呈显著相关,而土壤砂粒组分与其相关性不显著;耕地总碳和全氮与各土壤粒级组分之间均无显著相关性。     

Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor,China

In recent years, climate change has been aggravated in many regions of the world. The Hexi Corridor is located in the semiarid climate zone of Northwest China, which is particularly affected by climate change. Climate change has led to the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation, which may result in hydrological drought and water shortage. Thus, it is necessary to explore and assess the drought characteristics of river systems in this area. The patterns of hydrological drought in the Hexi Corridor were identified using the streamflow drought index(SDI) and standardized precipitation index at 12-month timescale(SPI12) from 1960 to 2013. The evolution of drought was obtained by the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform method. The results showed that both the mean annual SDI and SPI12 series in the Hexi Corridor exhibited an increasing trend during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis, we divided the study period into two segments, i.e. before and after 1990. Before 1990, the occurrence of droughts showing decreased SDI and SPI12 was concentrated in the northern part of the corridor and shifted to the eastern part of the corridor after 1990. The probability of drought after 1990 in Shule River basin decreased while increased in Shiyang River basin. The wavelet analysis results showed that Shiyang River basin will be the first area to go through the next drought period. Additionally, the relationships between drought pattern and climate indices were analyzed. The enhanced westerly winds and increased precipitation and glacier runoff were the main reasons of wet trend in the Hexi Corridor. However, the uneven spatial variations of precipitation, temperature and glacier runoff led to the difference of hydrological drought variations between the Shule, Heihe and Shiyang River basins.