不同栽培方式对甜菜产质量的影响

2006～2007年进行了2年4个点的甜菜覆膜直播栽培(CK)、甜菜纸筒育苗平地移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗覆膜移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗起高垄移栽4种种植方式试验.结果表明,后3种种植方式,根产量、含糖率和产糖量,除了纸筒育苗覆膜移栽的含糖率低于覆膜直播外,均比对照增产增糖.农户种植纯收入比覆膜直播增加1095～3315元/hm2,企业效益除纸筒育苗覆膜移栽低于覆膜直播,其它高于对照.     

纸筒甜菜多杈根高青顶的形成原因及解决办法

黑龙江省九三垦区纸筒育苗移栽甜菜比直播甜菜单产提高26%左右,增糖0.4度,纸筒育苗移栽甜菜面积逐年增加。仅2001年全垦区种植甜菜面积8667hm2,其中纸筒育苗移栽面积5227hm2,占总播种面积60.31%。总收购量达21.56万t,其中多杈根甜菜4.1万t,高青顶甜菜2.8万t,分别占总收购量的19     

杂交玉米地膜方块育苗移栽示范效果与技术

几年来,在湖南农学院的指导下,江永县大力推广了玉米避旱高产栽培技术,开展了杂交玉米地膜方块育苗移栽示范。1992年全县育苗移栽种植580ha杂交玉米,取得了显著的增产增收效果。 据测产验收,全县杂交玉米地膜方块育苗每ha产量4657.5kg,总产270.14万kg,比露地直播每ha增产1170kg,共增产67.86万kg,增加产值54.29万元。其中173 ha示范田,平均产量达到6075kg/ha。经济效益计算结果,地膜育苗移栽比直播玉米每ha净产值增加801元,纯收入增加351元(表1)。     

喀斯特山区玉米高产栽培技术研究

运用4因素5水平二次回归通用旋转组合设计方法,以玉米子粒产量为目标,种植密度及氮、磷、钾肥施用量为试验因子,研究了杂交玉米毕单9号子粒产量、主要经济性状与种植密度及氮、磷、钾肥施用量之间的关系。建立了相应的数学模型,模拟得出在黔西北喀斯特山区4月初播种育苗,采用单株定向移栽。玉米子粒产量≥8250kg/hm2的栽培技术方案为:种植密度57204～63708株/hm2,施N量291.92～357.71kg/hm2,施P2O5量187.35～232.65kg/hm2,施K2O量165.56～224.45kg/hm2。分析玉米子粒产量与主要经济性状间的关系表明,在保证单位面积有足够穗数的基础上,主攻穗长和粒重,增加穗粗和穗粒数,减小秃尖长,提高单穗粒重,对玉米实现高产具有积极地促进作用。     

赣北棉区棉花无土与营养钵育苗移栽比较试验

通过无土育苗和营养钵育苗移栽试验比较,可以看出,同期同密度移栽的营养钵育苗明显强于无土育苗,同密度无土育苗第1批移栽明显强于第2批移栽,而同期移栽的不同密度无土育苗之间,在适当密度范围内,随着密度的增加,产量和效益有递增的趋势.建议江西省无土育苗移栽期应在5月10日前,移栽密度以2.7万株/hm2～3.0万株/hm2为宜.     

极早熟玉米杂交种呼单4号选育和应用

呼单4号由内蒙呼盟农科所育成，组合为：383×原黄22－3．经1986～1992年各级试验，表现为抗大斑病（0．5级），产量高，在适宜密度：45万～4．8万株／hm2，产量可达6006.9kg／hm2，比对照克单4号增产12．9％，该品种为极早熟玉米品种，从出苗到成熟98d，需≥10℃活动积温1908℃，适宜北方高寒地区中上等肥力地块种植，也可作为辽宁地区麦茬复种品种或积温较高地区的救灾品种。制种父母本同期播种，父母本行比1：4，母本每公顷保苗7.5万株，父母每公顷保苗4．5万～6．0万株。     

密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响

选用登海661和超试11为试验材料,研究种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,随密度的增加产量先增加后降低,登海661在密度为12万株/hm2时产量最高,为11 292 kg/hm2;氮肥偏生产力随密度的增加先升高后降低,在密度为12万株/hm2时达最大,为37.64 kg/kg;总氮素积累量在3.0万～10.5万株/hm2范围内先增加后降低,进一步增加种植密度后总氮素积累量增加;低密度条件下氮素利用率较高,随密度升高呈降低趋势;氮素收获指数随密度增加先增加后降低,在12万株/hm2时达最大值。本试验条件下,获得较高产量和氮素利用效率的适宜种植密度为7.5万～10.5万株/hm2。     

特用玉米模式化栽培试验研究

以影响黑糯玉米产量的氮肥、磷肥、密度等限制因子为自变量,进行通用回归旋转设计,以籽粒产量建立数学模型并分析,提出了黄土高原生产特种玉米的高产、高效栽培模式.分析得出黄土高原特种玉米产量和毛收益最佳组合为:施氮466.5 kg/hm2、施磷426.0 kg/hm2,密度为10.95万株/hm2时,最高单产可以达到11.175 t/hm2;施N 424.5 kg/hm2,P2O5 211.5 kg/hm2,保苗7.05株/hm2时,最高毛收益可达到1.236万元/hm2,经济效益显著.     

甜菜种植密度试验

通过试验和调查研究，明确了内蒙古达拉特旗原料区甜菜纸筒育苗移栽的适宜种植密度为64442-67340株／hm^2，产量达到67t／hm^2以上，产糖量达10．876-12．51t／hm^2；比密植和稀植分别提高含糖率0．5度和1．04度；产糖量分别提高13．5％和8．4％。     

玉米密植和营养改良之研究Ⅰ.密度对玉米产量和营养的效应

4个直立叶型杂交种、3个种植行距穴67cm等行条播、50cm等行条播、六角形穴播雪、3个密度穴6.0万株/hm2、7.5万株/hm2、9.0万株/hm2雪的田间试验结果表明:影响玉米产量潜力提高的主要因素是密度,其次为行距,再次为品种;在试验实施的密度、行距、品种各因素处理中,玉米杂交种产量均随密度的增大而增加,玉米营养面积随密度的增大而变小。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。