高寒牧区牦牛育肥试验研究

试验结果表明 :天然草地不同牧草利用率下 ,牧草利用率为 3 0 %的绝对增重、相对增重和日增重比 5 0 %和 70 %的分别高 2 2kg和 8 1kg、2 3 4%和 8 5 1%、0 0 2kg和 0 0 7kg ,各处理间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但处理内不同放牧期间差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;天然草地、人工草地上不同年龄组条件下 ,天然草地上绝对增重和日增重分别高于人工草地上的 ,0 5岁犊牛组的相对增重高于对应的 1 5岁犊牛组 ,日增重各处理间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但处理内不同放牧期牦牛日增重差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ;在暖棚舍饲条件下 ,高精料组 (第一组 )的绝对增重、相对增重和平均日增重分别比低精料组 (第二组 )和对照组高 5 9kg、4 94%、0 9kg和 3 1 44kg、2 6 5 9%、0 49kg ,低精料组 (第二组 )比对照组高 2 5 5 4kg、2 1 65 %和 0 4kg ,两处理之间同一放牧期牦牛的日增重差异极显著 (P <0 0 1) ,处理内不同放牧期牦牛的日增重差异显著 (P <0 0 5 )。     

高寒围栏草地短期放牧育肥牦牛增重试验

选择 40头成年阉牦牛 ,( 2 0头为试验组、2 0头为对照组 ) ,进行围栏草地上短期放牧育肥试验。结果 ,在围栏草地上放牧育肥的试验组阉牦牛 ,试验组每头牦牛的总增重比对照组提高 3 .3 1kg ,平均日增重 83g ,提高 44 % ,(P <0 .0 1)。试验组比对照组牦牛每头分别增收 2 6.48元     

冷季补饲精料对牦牛繁殖性能和生长性能的影响

试验旨在探究冷季补饲精料对怀孕牦牛繁殖性能、生长期牦牛生长性能的影响。试验一选用6岁左右、健康无病的经产怀孕麦洼牦牛10头,随机分为2组(5头/组),即对照组(全放牧)和精料组(放牧+精料补饲料400g/d)。试验二选用2岁左右、健康无病的生长期麦洼牦牛21头,随机分为3组(7头/组),即对照组(全放牧)、玉米组(放牧+补饲玉米500 g/d)和玉米菜粕组(放牧+补饲玉米菜粕500 g/d,各50%)。结果表明:试验一,精料组犊牦牛初生重比对照组极显著提高47.48%(P<0.01);试验二,对照组生长牦牛体重下降9.25 kg,补饲玉米组和玉米菜粕组生长期牦牛分别增重12.38 kg和2.33 kg,均极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而且玉米组生长牦牛增重极显著高于玉米菜粕组(P<0.01)。结果提示,冷季给予怀孕牦牛补饲精料可提高犊牦牛初生重;冷季生长牦牛补充精料有助于提高生长性能,同时补饲能量饲料(玉米)的效果高于蛋白饲料(菜粕)。     

硝呋烯腙对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选用 1 80头 2 8日龄三元杂交 (杜×长×大 )断奶仔猪 ,平均体重约为 7.0kg ,小母猪和去势公猪各占一半 ,按性别和体重随机分为 6组 ,每组 3个重复 ,每个重复 1 0头猪。各组基础日粮一致。对照组 (第 1组 )饲喂基础日粮 ;试验组按 2～ 6组分别添加 90mg kg的喹乙醇、2 0mg kg的速大肥、1 0mg kg的硝呋烯腙、2 5mg kg硝呋烯腙和 50mg kg的硝呋烯腙于基础日粮中。试验结果表明 ,试验组第 5组效果最好 ,较对照组日增重提高了 34 .9% (P <0 .0 5) ,饲料转化率提高了 2 0 .9% (P <0 .0 5) ,腹泻率降低了 76 .3 % (P <0 .0 5) ;第 2组、第 3组、第 4组、第 6组与对照组相比差异均不显著(P >0 .0 5) .第 5组与第 2组相比 ,日增重提高了 2 1 .6 % (P <0 .0 5) ,饲料转化率提高了 1 8.9% (P <0 .0 5) ,腹泻率降低了72 .3 % (P <0 .0 5) ;试验组第 2组～第 6组与对照组相比 ,采食量差异均不显著     

利用苜蓿青干草育肥小尾寒羊效果试验

利用苜蓿青干草育肥小尾寒羊增重效果明显。试验期内试验组只均增重 10 78kg ,比对照组高 4 91kg。试验组只均日增重 179 7g ,比对照组高 81 87g ,日增重提高 83 7%,差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。试验组头均盈利 69 38元 ,比对照组高 39 4 9元 ,经济效益提高 132 1 %,差异极显著 (P <0 0 1)。盈利率达 14 1 0 %,比对照组高 5 4 8个百分点。苜蓿青干草加工方法简便 ,容易操作 ,不仅可防止苜蓿鲜草单喂反刍家畜膨胀病的发生 ,还可提高养殖户的经济收入     

补饲蛋白料对早期断奶大通母犊牦牛增重和肉质的影响

本试验旨在探讨补饲蛋白料对3月龄断乳母犊牦牛日增重和肉质的影响。选用24头出生日期和体重相近的3月龄断奶母犊牦牛(59.51±3.49kg),随机分成两组(处理组放牧+补饲蛋白料,对照组采用完全放牧饲养),每组4个重复,每个重复3头牛。试验预饲期7d,正式期30d。试验始末对犊牦牛进行称重,并随机各选取4头牛进行屠宰取样,进行肉质品质分析。结果显示:(1)与对照组相比:处理组全期增重和平均日增重分别提高了3.57kg(P0.05)和118.89g(P0.05);(2)处理组犊牦牛的屠宰率显著提高了11.25%(P0.05),后股肉的剪切力显著降低了13.75N(P0.05);(3)犊牦牛背最长肌中氨基酸组成丰富,处理组与对照组的每种氨基酸含量、氨基酸总量以及鲜味氨基酸的含量差异均不显著(P0.05)。结果表明:补饲蛋白料可以提高断奶母犊牦牛的体重,在一定程度上改善肉质品质。     

山羊补饲育肥效果好

选择 5～ 6月龄本地去势公羊 16只 ,平均体重 2 0kg左右。随机分为对照、试验两个组 ,每组 8只 ,放牧饲养 ,条件相同。试验组每天每只羊补料 2 5 0g ,对照组只放牧不补料。经 75天饲养 ,试验组只平均增重 11 41± 0 6 3kg,日增重平均 15 2 1± 8 3g;对照组只平均增重 6 3 8± 0 .5 7kg ,平均日增重 85± 7.6g ,差异极显著。扣除成本 ,试验组比对照组平均每只羊多增收 3 2 47元。     

补饲复合营养预混剂对灌丛放牧山羊育肥的效果观察研究

选用 6 0只罗甸本地黑山羊 ,随机分成 3组 ,在放牧条件下 ,第 1组补饲复合营养预混剂 ,第 2组补饲精饲料 ,第 3组为对照 ,进行为期 6 0d的对比试验。试验结果表明 :在 6 0d的试验期间内 ,预混剂组羊总增重 10 5.6kg ,精料组羊总增重 6 0 .0kg ,对照组羊总增重 56 .0kg。试验期间 ,预混剂组头均日增重 88g ,比精料组增重的 58.33g ,提高了 2 4 .98% (P <0 .0 5) ,比对照组增重的 4 6 .6 7g提高了88.55% (P <0 .0 5)。预混剂组比精料组和对照组平均每只山羊每日净增纯利 0 .16元和 0 .18元。表明在灌丛中放牧的山羊使用复合营养预混剂对体重的增加有明显的效果。     

放牧率对牦牛生产力的影响初析

通过2年的牦牛放牧试验,结果表明:放牧率对牦牛生产力有显著的影响,牦牛个体增重与放牧率呈线性回归关系;在试验期内,轻度放牧组的日增重较快,中度放牧次之,重度放牧最慢,而且随着放牧率的提高,牦牛平均个体总增重依次为136.7kg,128.6kg,93.5kg,轻度放牧比中度放牧和重度放牧分别高6.3%和46.2%。经方差分析表明,3个处理的牦牛平均个体增重有显著的差异(P<0.05),进一步作新复极差测验,30%和50%之间差异不显著,但他们和70%之间的差异均显著。     

高寒牧区冷季不同补饲方式对天祝白牦牛犊牛生产性能的影响

为了防止天祝高寒牧区天祝白牦牛犊牛寒冷季掉膘损失和生长发育缓慢,于2011年11月10日~2012年4月10日在天祝县抓喜秀龙乡高寒草甸区对天祝白牦牛犊牛进行补饲试验,考察不同饲喂量燕麦籽实对犊牛增重和经济效益的影响。结果表明,在150 d试验期内,各处理组犊牛日增重比单一放牧组分别提高192.39%、228.32%、214.58%、35.35%,且补饲燕麦籽实处理组增重效果极显著高于传统补饲组和纯牧组(P0.01),纯收益较放牧组分别增加404.92、500.96、422.76和94.00元/头;0.2 kg/(头·d)的补饲方式可达到最佳犊牛增重效果和经济效益。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.