钙和钾对延胡索幼苗镉毒害的缓解作用

通过探讨外源钙(Ca²⁺)、钾(K⁺)对重金属镉(Cd) (0~25 mg/kg)胁迫下延胡索幼苗的缓解作用,为延胡索经济高效优质高产的栽培模式提供理论依据和实践指导。以大叶延胡索为材料,采用土培法,研究外源Ca²⁺、K⁺处理对不同浓度Cd胁迫下延胡索幼苗株高、生物量、生理特征、重金属含量及药用品质的变化。结果表明,各浓度Cd胁迫下外源Ca²⁺、K⁺处理的最适缓解浓度分别为100和200 mg/kg,在该浓度下Ca²⁺、K⁺能明显缓解Cd对延胡索幼苗的抑制作用。在低浓度Cd胁迫下,添加最适浓度的外源Ca²⁺处理后幼苗可溶性糖、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性相比未添加外源Ca²⁺处理的对照组升高,而丙二醛(MDA)含量低于对照。添加最适浓度的外源K⁺处理后幼苗上述各指标无明显变化。高浓度Cd胁迫下,添加最适浓度的外源Ca²⁺处理后幼苗可溶性糖、SOD、POD和CAT活性显著高于对照,MDA含量显著降低。在各浓度Cd胁迫下,添加最适浓度的外源Ca²⁺、K⁺处理后幼苗根部细胞微核率降低,从而缓解了Cd对延胡索幼苗的毒害。因此,在Cd胁迫(尤其是25 mg/kg浓度Cd胁迫)下,外源Ca²⁺、K⁺通过提高延胡索幼苗的抗氧化能力来缓解Cd对幼苗毒害和细胞染色体损伤。此外,外源Ca²⁺、K⁺影响Cd胁迫下延胡索幼苗地上及地下部分Cd的积累,其影响机制比较复杂。25 mg/kg Cd胁迫下添加Ca²⁺能够显著改善延胡索的药用品质,延胡索乙素比25 mg/kg Cd胁迫下增加了27.52%。在Cd污染的土壤上种植延胡索,可加入适量的外源Ca²⁺通过改变延胡索幼苗的抗氧化酶活性等方式达到缓解Cd毒害,降低块茎中Cd含量,改善药用品质。     

2酸度水平下亚铁离子对苜蓿幼苗生理特性的影响

为探明酸环境和亚铁离子胁迫对紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)幼苗各生理特性指标的影响,寻求酸性土壤中适宜紫花苜蓿生长发育的环境亚铁离子浓度区间,于2007年2月以苜蓿品种W525为试验材料,采用砂培的方法研究了酸性(pH=4.5)和弱酸性(pH=6)环境中Fe²⁺(10 mg/kg、50 mg/kg、100 mg/kg,150 mg/kg和200mg/kg)对苜蓿幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:酸铁胁迫共存的环境中,叶绿素含量变化主要由环境酸度引起;根系活力对Fe²⁺浓度变化更为敏感;而光系统Ⅱ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、可溶性糖含量和膜透性同时受酸环境和Fe²⁺浓度的共同影响;酸性环境(pH=4.5)中100 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量已达到苜蓿幼苗的耐受极限;弱酸环境(pH=6)下150 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量才达到苜蓿幼苗的耐受极限,而50 mg/kg的Fe²⁺浓度尚能促进的苜蓿生长;10 mg/kg~50 mg/kg的Fe²⁺含量是苜蓿在两种酸度土壤中共同的最适生长区间,两种酸度环境下该Fe²⁺浓度范围内的根系活力、光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和光系统Ⅱ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)均显著高于100 mg/kg~200mg/kg的Fe²⁺处理(P<0.05)。     

丛枝菌根真菌对NaCl胁迫下紫花苜蓿的生理指标及光合参数的影响

采用温室盆栽试验设计,设置0、50、100、150和200 mmol/L 5个梯度的Na Cl浓度,对接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的紫花苜蓿中苜一号进行胁迫,测定了其生理指标及光合参数。结果表明,随着Na Cl浓度的增加,中苜一号的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)的含量也随之增加,接种不同AM真菌菌剂的中苜一号脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著高于未接种AM真菌的中苜一号(P0.05)。在不同Na Cl浓度下,中苜一号的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(POD)的活性呈上升趋势,接种不同AM真菌菌剂的中苜一号超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(POD)的活性显著高于未接种AM真菌的中苜一号(P0.05)。由于Na Cl胁迫对中苜一号光合作用的抑制作用,其光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)都呈减弱的趋势,接种AM真菌组显著高于对照组(P0.05);而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)则呈现出增加的趋势,接种AM真菌组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。     

酸铜对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及根系生长的影响

为探讨酸铜胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及根系生长的胁迫作用以及酸铜离子对紫花苜蓿危害的临界浓度,以非秋眠型紫花苜蓿品种"甘农5号"为研究对象进行酸性条件下铜离子胁迫浓度的种子萌发试验。研究结果表明:随着Cu2+浓度的增大,紫花苜蓿种子萌发指标和根系指标均不同程度的减小,其中发芽率、相对发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数呈极显著指数递减(P0.01);根据相对发芽率回归方式推导紫花苜蓿Cu2+半致死浓度为107mg/L,致死浓度为308mg/L。Cu2+胁迫浓度达到6.250mg/L时,幼苗的根系指标出现跳跃式下降,耐性指数显著下降,Cu2+6.250mg/L(pH 5)是紫花苜蓿胚根生长的敏感浓度。     

施用生物炭和AM真菌对镉胁迫下玉米生长和生理生化指标的影响

为了探究镉(cadimum, Cd)胁迫下生物炭和丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal, AM)对植物生长的协同效应,采用盆栽试验,研究在3个Cd污染(0,3,6 mg Cd·kg^-1)水平下,施用小麦秸秆生物炭和接种AM真菌(Glomus intraradices BEG 141)对玉米生长和生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,施用生物炭和接种AM真菌单独或复合处理均能提高玉米的株高、生物量、光合色素含量、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性,降低胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、MDA含量。接种AM真菌促进玉米生长效果优于生物炭,而生物炭对提高土壤pH效果较好,施用生物炭和接种AM真菌复合处理对Cd胁迫下玉米生长和改善玉米生理生化特性的促进效应最佳。其中,在6 mg Cd·kg^-1水平下,施用生物炭和接种AM真菌复合处理使株高、生物量分别增加43.87%、79.10%;净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)分别提高33.09%,45.04%,31.27%;叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性分别提高51.42%,82.91%,43.96%。综合来看,生物炭和AM真菌单独或复合处理均能够减轻Cd胁迫和促进植物生长,以生物炭和AM真菌复合处理效果最佳,AM真菌处理效果次之,生物炭处理效果较差。     

AM真菌对NaCl胁迫下滨梅（Prunus maritima）苗生长和营养元素吸收的影响

在温室条件下分别接种摩西球囊霉Glomus mosseae、透光球囊霉G.diaphanum和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum,来观察盐胁迫下滨梅的生长反应。结果表明接种了AM真菌的滨梅与对照相比显著增加了滨梅幼苗的生长。接种了摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum的滨梅幼苗所含的干物质总量分别高出对照47%和43%,总叶面积分别高出对照36%和35%。NaCl胁迫下接种AM真菌的滨梅幼苗叶中所有养分含量除了Fe都表现出相互作用,方差分析的结果显著;摩西球囊霉G.mosseae和幼套球囊霉G.etunicatum在提高滨梅苗的抗盐能力上比透光球囊霉G.diaphanum更有效。实验结果表明接种特定的AM真菌能够缓解土壤盐胁迫对滨梅的伤害反应。     

接种根内球囊霉对白三叶抗铜毒害的影响

采用盆栽试验研究丛枝菌根(AM)真菌根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)接种白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)对高度铜(Cu)污染(300mg/kg)的生理生化反应。结果表明:铜污染降低了白三叶单株干重、叶片光合色素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、过氧化氢酶(CAT)及各部位磷(P)水平,而提高了叶片相对电导率、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸(ASA)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、地上部镁(Mg)和各部位Cu水平以及Cu迁移量;AM真菌显著提高了Cu污染条件下白三叶单株干重、叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、POD、CAT、ASA、P、Cu及各部位Mg水平,降低了叶片相对电导率和H_2O_2含量;在Cu正常和Cu污染条件下,接种株的Cu迁移量均显著高于未接种株。可见,接种根内球囊霉不仅促进了Cu污染条件下白三叶生长及Cu在地上部的积累量,还通过提高渗透调节和抗氧化能力来增强其抗Cu毒害能力。     

三种基质下不同丛枝菌根真菌对卡里佐枳橙容器苗生长及氮磷含量影响的研究

为了探索AM真菌在柑桔砧木容器苗生产的合理应用，更好地利用其优势AM真菌菌种资源，培育出优良的柑桔砧木菌根化容器苗，本试验采用盆栽方法，以未接种AM真菌的植株为对照，研究了7种丛枝菌根真菌在三种基质下对卡里佐枳橙容器苗生长及氮磷含量的影响。结果表明：AM真菌接种剂对卡里佐丛枝菌根的形成均有显著影响，但是各处理影响作用差异很大；在7种丛枝菌根真菌处理中，GM和GV混合接种对卡里佐幼苗的生长、菌根侵染率和氮磷含量促进作用最强；在备选的3种基质中，腐叶土对幼苗的生长、菌根侵染率及含氮量促进作用最强。因此以GM和GV混合接种，并采用腐叶土的容器基质组合为最佳。     

铜、镉、铅对高羊茅种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以高羊茅火凤凰2号(PhoenixⅡ)为试验材料,研究铜(Cu)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。分别用CuSO4·5H2O,3CdSO4·8H2O和Pb(NO3)2溶液模拟重金属胁迫处理高羊茅种子,设置低浓度、中浓度、较高浓度、高浓度4个浓度梯度,分别为Cu^2+(200、300、400、500mg/L);Cd^2+(1、50、100、150mg/L);Pb^2+(500、1000、1500、2000mg/L)。通过测定火凤凰2号的相对发芽率、相对发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、叶表面积、根冠比等13个生长指标,研究高羊茅在3种重金属胁迫下的发芽及幼苗生长状况。结果表明:高羊茅对镉胁迫的耐受性最好,中、低浓度铜胁迫下幼苗耐受性较差,较高浓度及高浓度下对铅胁迫的耐受性最差。铜胁迫下随着胁迫程度的加剧,各项指标均呈下降趋势且幼苗生长受到抑制;低浓度镉、铅胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长有促进作用,随着胁迫程度的增高,种子萌发和幼苗生长会受到明显的抑制。当Pb^2+≥1500mg/L时,高羊茅幼苗根系生长受到完全抑制,生长量为0,出现“无根苗”。     

内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌互作对醉马草幼苗生长和镉耐性的影响

本研究通过接种土壤从枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌孢子,探讨了在温室盆栽条件下,甘肃内生真菌(Epichlo?gansuensis)在不同重金属镉(Cd^2+)离子胁迫下对醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)根系AM真菌侵染率的影响,以及内生真菌、Cd^2+和AM真菌三者互作对醉马草幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,Cd^2+和内生真菌互作对醉马草菌根侵染率无显著(P>0.05)影响,菌根侵染率随着Cd^2+浓度的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,在高浓度Cd2+(0.9 mmol·L^-1)条件下,内生真菌侵染(endophyte-infected,EI)的醉马草植株菌根侵染率显著(P<0.05)高于不带菌(endophyte-free,EF)的植株。低浓度Cd2+(0.3 mmol·L^-1)显著(P<0.05)促进了醉马草的生长,而高浓度Cd^2+(0.9 mmol·L^-1)条件下显著(P<0.05)抑制了醉马草的生长;内生真菌在高浓度Cd^2+(0.9 mmol·L^-1)胁迫条件下能够减轻其对醉马草的伤害;接种AM真菌显著(P<0.05)促进醉马草地上部分生长的同时显著(P<0.05)抑制了其根系的生长;三者互作显著(P<0.05)促进醉马草叶绿素含量和地上鲜重,但显著(P<0.05)抑制了醉马草根长。以上结果表明,内生真菌和Cd2+均能影响AM真菌对醉马草根系的侵染,但二者无互作效应,内生真菌、AM真菌和Cd2+三者互作会影响醉马草幼苗地上和地下生长。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.