植物化感作用研究进展

对植物化感作用物质及其作用机制,以及化感与可持续农林生产、生态系统的关系进行了综述,并提出了化感作用研究的发展前景。     

胶－农复合生态系统对橡胶园小环境的影响

在海南3、6和25龄胶园中间作了唐鬼桑[Morus nigriformis(Bureau)Koidzumi]、黑籽雀稗(Paspal umatratum Swallen)和柱花草[Stylosanthes guianensis(Aublet)Swartzvar.gracilis(Kunth)Vogel],对橡胶人工林复合生态系统内的生态因子进行了测定,分析复合系统对橡胶园生态小环境影响。结果表明：适宜的间作复合生态系统能改善胶园生态环境小气候院在夏秋高温季节,能明显的降低近地空气和地表土壤的温度,减少土壤水分的蒸发,增加空气湿度,从而减少高温和干旱对胶树的伤害;由于改善了胶树生长的小环境,提高了胶树的光合效率与光能利用率,促进胶树特别是幼龄胶树的茎粗生长。     

橡胶林胶菌复合生态系统工程的建设与实践

以复合生态系统理论为基础,从橡胶产业的自然、经济、社会服务功能的研究与分析入手,提出大力开发橡胶林下经济、创建橡胶产业可持续发展的战略。海南省农垦总局从2007年开始在海南西部的广坝农场,大岭农场,东部的农垦科学院文昌试验站等地开展该系统的建设工作。实践证明,发展橡胶林菌复合经营模式可以实现胶-菌共赢,既提高了农业效益,又解决劳动力就业,优化了农垦产业结构,实现了经济、社会和生态效益的统一。     

甘蔗农业生态问题

本文提出甘蔗农业生态生物为研究领域从过击以生物为研究对象,扩展到以人为主要因素．包括自然、社会、经济的复合生态系统,介绍甘蔗农业生志经济系统的总体结构的五个组成部分，甘蔗农业生态经济系统的五个规律,有代表性的甘蔗农业生态系统,甘蔗生志技术和甘蔗生态经济管理。     

我国农林复合经营研究概况

1农林复合经营的概念20世纪70年代末agroforestry(农林复合经营)这个术语得到广泛应用(姜志林,1998)。农林复合经营(agro-forestry),是世界各地农业实践中一种传统的土地利用方式。它是指在一个土地利用单元中,人为地把木本植物与农作物以及畜禽养殖多种成分结合起来的土地利用     

芒果园生态系统优化模式应用分析

针对三亚南田农场丰产芒果园生态系统管理现状,对其进行资源整合优化。优化后的系统模式通过加环增值、节水灌溉、科学施肥和资源多层次利用,实现了系统内横向经济复合、结构和产品多样化及功能优化,取得了减少污染、增加效益的效果。最后提出延长产业链、加强养分系统研究、突出地区优势并整合大系统资源等4点建议。     

皖南茶桕复合生态系统的土壤肥力特性

研究结果表明,茶树—乌桕复合生态系统土壤肥力水平比普通茶园有明显提高,主要反映在土壤三相组成、有机质含量与质量、水解酶系活性和有效养分库容量等几个方面,有利于提高茶叶产量和品质,因此认为茶树—乌桕复合生态系统值得在皖南以至江南丘陵茶区试行和推广。此外,还对茶园土壤肥力指标及含义进行了讨论。     

橡胶林土壤呼吸研究概述及展望

橡胶林生态系统是热带地区重要的人工生态系统,为热带地区的生态服务和经济发展做出了重要贡献,在世界森林生态系统中占有重要的位置。橡胶林土壤呼吸对调控大气CO2有着重要的作用,是全球变化背景下碳循环过程研究的一个重要环节。系统概述了橡胶林土壤呼吸的研究意义、研究方法、影响因素、时空变化以及对干扰的响应和组分区分,指出橡胶林土壤呼吸研究中存在的不确定性,并对后续研究的热点与方向进行展望。     

茶园种植模式对蚂蚁多样性的影响

蚂蚁是茶园重要的天敌生物,通过改进茶园种植模式提升茶园蚂蚁多样性及其害虫生物控制服务,对打造绿色有机茶园具有重要意义.本试验通过对云南省普洱市不同种植模式茶园蚂蚁多样性和群落组成进行调查,探讨不同种植模式对茶园蚂蚁多样性的影响.试验采用陷阱法对单一种植茶园(MT)、橡胶-茶混农林(RT)、大叶千斤拔-茶混农林(FT)和...     

稻鸭生态种养的生态系统服务功能分析

分析了稻田养鸭生态种养模式的生态服务功能,并从农民的角度出发对免耕抛秧养鸭、免耕抛秧不养鸭和翻耕抛秧不养鸭3种种植模式进行了比较。分析表明,免耕稻—鸭生态种养技术既能充分发挥稻—鸭复合生态系统的生态和经济效益,又能较好地克服免耕给生态环境带来的不利影响,是一种很有发展潜力的可持续农业生产模式,具有良好的推广和发展前景。     

依托资源优势 发展坡地苎麻 防治水土流失

本文介绍了我国水土流失状况和坡地苎麻防治水土流失的良好效果;从苎麻根系发达、覆盖度高、抗逆性强等方面阐明了苎麻保持水土的原因,并从成本低、见效快、缓解天然纤维与粮争地的矛盾、比较效益明显等方面分析了利用苎麻保持水土的优势。     

Tree legumes-temperate grass agroforestry system effects on inorganic soil nitrogen as ecosystem services provision for smallholder farming systems in South Africa

Nitrogen is an essential macro-nutrient for plant growth and is indispensable for high agricultural food productivity and quality. Shortage of good quality forage under the dry winter season and low soil fertility conditions are the major constraints in rural farming systems in the Moist Tall Grassveld of the Upper Thukela, South Africa. The effect of legumes on inorganic soil nitrogen was assessed in an agroforestry trial (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit, Acacia karroo Hayne, Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), by soil sampling method. In the agroforestry trial, total inorganic soil nitrogen accumulation was significantly greater under intercropping than under sole crop treatments and, irrespective of the treatments, significantly more nitrate than ammonium nitrogen was measured. The study demonstrated that intercropping grasses with tree legumes could provide important ecosystem services of nitrogen supply in the soil. The results suggested that introducing legume intercrops might constitute a relevant cropping strategy to improve the soil fertility status with regard to nitrogen while at the same time providing forage in smallholder farming systems in South Africa’s Moist Tall Grassveld regions.     

Grassland and globalization – challenges for north‐west European grass and forage research

The concept of sustainable intensification has recently been developed to raise productivity (as distinct from increasing volume of production) while reducing environmental impacts. This means increasing yields per unit of inputs (including nutrients, water, energy capital and land) as well as per unit of undesirable outputs (such as greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution or loss of biodiversity). It is thus helpful to understand ‘intensification’ as referring to ‘environmental factor productivity’ or ‘eco‐efficiency’. Worldwide, grassland is the most important agroecosystem delivering ecosystem services ranging from feed supply for ruminants and soil carbon storage to habitats of biodiversity. However, worldwide, grassland is under threat due to intensified land use and land‐use changes from grass to arable. In this article, we (i) highlight ecosystem services of selected grassland biomes abroad of Europe, (ii) show evidence of sustainable as well as non‐sustainable intensification options in these grassland biomes linked to European agriculture by exports of agricultural commodities (e.g. soy) and (iii) derive research strategies for north‐west European grassland research and management to match sustainable intensification strategies for the grassland‐based dairy industry.     

桉树人工林生物多样性研究进展

桉树人工林生物多样性减少是一个普遍现象,主要表现在遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性的减少。桉树人工林生物多样性减少有自然环境因素,也有人为因素。桉树生物多样性减少的后果是水土流失加剧、土地退化、林地生产力下降、生态环境劣化、生态稳定性差,但这些与生物多样性本身是多向互为因果关系,并非单向因果关系。不过桉树人工林生物多样性减少的真实原因并没有搞清楚,需要从群落或生态系统的角度深入全面加以研究,并在此基础上提出确实可行的维持桉树人工林足够高的生物多样性的整套措施。     

Agroforestry for Sustainability of Lower-Input Land-Use Systems

Abstract

Agriculture and forestry are too often treated separately, yet these two sectors are often interwoven on the landscape and share many common goals. The age-old practice of growing crops and trees together was ignored or bypassed in the single-commodity paradigm of agricultural and forestry development. Thanks to 25 years of efforts, agroforestry the integration of multipurpose trees into farming systems-has now become a robust, science-based, integrated discipline. Agroforestry offers a unique set of opportunities for alleviating poverty and arresting land degradation, and providing ecosystem services in both low-income and industrialized nations. Improvement and exploitation of the large number of fruit trees and medicinal plants is but one of several promising opportunities for enhancing the food and nutritional security without causing the environmental hazards that are characteristic of input-intensive land-use systems. These agroforestry practices are particularly suitable for resource-limited conditions and lower-input situations, which cover an estimated 1.9 billion hectares of land and 800 million people in developing countries.     

辽宁玉米-油菜复种模式的初步研究

利用裂区试验设计,对玉米收获后复种油菜的栽培技术与生态效益进行了初步研究。结果表明,复种油菜可延长土壤绿色覆盖时间,控制水土流失,保护生态环境;油菜用作绿肥可提高土壤有机质含量,改良土壤性能。油菜生长速度快,可作为蔬菜开发,对促进农业可持续发展具有重要意义。     

垄膜沟种技术对辽西旱地春玉米土壤水分及产量的影响

在辽西风沙半干旱雨养农业区采用垄膜沟种技术,可有效提高自然降水利用率,达到保水增墒、减少无效蒸发,提高玉米产量的作用。试验结果表明,垄膜沟种技术种植的春玉米全生育期内在同等降雨条件下土壤含水量比常规地膜覆盖增加0.75个百分点,比裸地增加3.32个百分点。春玉米单株总叶面积比常规地膜覆盖和裸地种植分别增加了881.70 cm²和714.39 cm²,为春玉米增产提供了物质保障。垄膜沟种技术可提高玉米经济性状指标,增加产量,试验单产达11 847.39 kg/hm²,较裸地种植增加了2 681.62 kg/hm²,增产29.14%;比常规地膜覆盖种植增加了484.37 kg/hm²,增产4.25%。     

水分管理调控水稻镉污染的研究与应用进展

我国稻田镉污染严重,稻米安全问题突出,发展能够有效调控水稻镉污染的产品与措施尤为迫切。稻田生态系统高度复杂,并易受多种因素影响,水稻镉污染调控难度大。大量研究表明,合理的水分管理不仅能够保障水稻正常的生长发育、产量和稻米品质,同时还能有效减少水稻镉积累。本文综述了水分对土壤理化性质、微生物动态变化以及植物生长发育的影响,阐述了水分管理降低水稻镉积累的主要机理,总结和展望了目前水分管理模式相关研究进展以及未来研究方向,旨在为实际生产上通过优化水分管理技术降低镉污染提供理论依据,更有效实现水稻安全生产。     

Evaluation of agricultural ecosystem services in fallowing land based on farmers’ participation and model simulation

Fallowing with green fertilizer can benefit agricultural ecosystem services (AES). Farmers in Taiwan do not implement fallow practices and plant green fertilizer because the current subsidy level (46,000 NT$ per ha) is too low to manage fallowing. This paper defines the objective of government agriculture policy or the farmer’s objective as maximization of farm productivity, approximated to the value of social welfare and AES. Farms, which do not follow proper fallowing practices, often have poorly maintained fallow land or left farmland abandoned. This results in negative environmental consequences such as cutworm infestations in abandoned land, which in turn can affect crops in adjacent farmlands. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, it determines the proper fallowing subsidy based on the concept of payment for ecosystem services to entice more farmers to participate in fallowing. Second, it simulates the benefit of planting green manure in fallow land to the supply of AES based on the rate of farmers who are willing to participate in fallow land practices and essential parameters that can affect soil fertility change. The approach involves a series of interviews and a developed empirical model. The value of AES when the rate of farmer participation is 100% represents a 1.5% increase in AES (448,317,000 NT$) over the value at the current participation rate of 14%. This study further concludes that the appropriate fallowing subsidy has a large positive impact on AES and social welfare (e.g., benefit from food and biofuel supplies) and is seen as a basis of ecological governance for sustainable agro-ecosystems.     

土地利用和初始含水量对琼东南黄色砖红壤水分入渗的影响

采用环刀法,测定了琼东南万宁兴隆地区典型黄色砖红壤上不同土地利用及不同初始含水量下的土壤入渗过程,分析对比了3种常用入渗模型的适宜性。结果表明,不同土地利用方式之间,胡椒园土壤初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和1 h累积入渗量等入渗指标均明显高于自然草地土壤和咖啡园土壤,入渗性能最佳;虽然自然草地的稳定入渗率和1 h累积入渗量等指标略高于咖啡园土壤,但二者整体入渗性能相差不大。造成上述入渗性能差异的原因与不同种植园对土壤改造程度不同而引起土壤质地变化有关。不同初始含水量对土壤入渗过程也有显著影响,随土壤初始含水量增加,初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和1 h累积入渗量等指标均呈下降趋势,表明土壤越湿润,土壤入渗性能也相应减弱。Kostiakov模型和Horton模型对不同土地利用和初始含水量下的土壤入渗过程拟合效果较好,可作为今后黄色砖红壤土壤入渗的适宜模型。本研究结果可为琼东南黄色砖红壤地区农业生产及相关灌溉策略制定提供参考。