气相色谱法测定香味剂中桉油精肉桂醛百里香酚及香芹酚的含量

为建立气相色谱法测定饲料香味剂中桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚的方法,试样经无水乙醇提取后,用GC测定桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚。桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚在浓度为20~200g/kg添加水平时,平均回收率分别在97.6%~98.3%、97.8%~98.7%、97.4%~98.8%和97.4%~98.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)分别在0.5%~0.7%、0.4%~1.0%、0.4%~0.6%和0.5%~0.8%。方法定量限为100mg/kg。本方法对饲料香味剂中桉油精、肉桂醛、百里香酚及香芹酚的检测分析准确性高、重现性好。     

香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯、香芹酚含量测定的研究

本研究建立了气相色谱法测定饲料香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯、香芹酚的方法。试样经丙酮提取后,用GC测定大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚。大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚的线性范围为1.0～500.0μg/mL。大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚在浓度为1～10 g/kg添加水平时的回收率分别在96.2%～101.5%、97.1%～102.5%和96.5%～99.8%,RSD分别为1.3%、1.5%和1.1%。方法定量限为50 mg/kg。本方法对饲料香味剂中大茴香脑、d-柠檬烯和香芹酚的检测分析准确性高、重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的研究

本研究建立了同时测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的高效液相色谱方法。试样经甲醇提取后,采用C18色谱柱;以45%乙腈为流动相等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为275 nm,用标准曲线外标法定量。结果表明:四种香味剂在25 min内得到良好分离,分离度R≥2.3,在两个数量级浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r≥0.9997,高、中、低3个浓度添加回收率为95.0%~102.7%,RSD≤2.0%。本方法简便、准确、重现性好,可用于饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚的测定。     

饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的测定

试验建立了高效液相色谱法测定饲料添加剂牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚含量的方法。采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱Diamonsil C18(2)柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60??4??2),检测波长274 nm,流速1.0 ml/min。结果显示,牛至油中香芹酚含量为37.81%,百里香酚含量为7.05%,香芹酚和百里香酚的回收率分别为98.2%、98.4%,变异系数分别为1.0%、1.3%。试验为牛至油中香芹酚和百里香酚的检测提供了准确、灵敏、可靠的分析方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量

研究建立了同时测定混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚含量的液相色谱方法。混合型饲料添加剂样品用甲醇提取,以C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm×5μm)为分析柱,紫外检测器检测,外标法定量。结果表明:在所选择的色谱条件下,空白载体中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚能达到很好的分离;丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚在1.0～500 mg/L内线性关系良好,肉桂醛在0.10～50.0 mg/L内线性关系良好;丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚最低定量限为50 mg/kg,肉桂醛最低定量限为5.0 mg/kg;加标回收率为83.7%～112%,变异系数为0.70%～6.39%。该方法样品前处理简单、简便可靠,可用于混合型饲料添加剂中肉桂醛、丁香酚、香芹酚和百里香酚的同步检测。     

饲料添加剂百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚含量的测定

本实验采用高效液相色谱法测定了饲料添加剂百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚的含量。色谱柱为DiamonsilC18(2)柱,流动相为甲醇-水-冰醋酸(60∶4∶2,V∶V∶V),检测波长为274 nm,流速为1.0 mL/min。结果显示,百里香油中百里香酚和香芹酚含量分别为22.70%和5.12%,回收率分别为98.42%和97.81%,变异系数分别为1.18%和0.90%。     

气相色谱法测定饲料中香芹酚和百里香酚的含量

文章建立了饲料中2种香料香芹酚和百里香酚的气相色谱检测方法。样品中香芹酚和百里香酚经乙酸乙酯超声提取90 min,经GCB和PSA净化后,用GC-FID测定。在1~500μg/ml的浓度范围内,香芹酚和百里香酚的峰面积响应与其浓度呈线性相关(R≥0.99),香芹酚和百里香酚定量限为10 mg/kg,在10种饲料中3个不同添加浓度的回收率为77.97%~104.04%,RSD为0.63%~9.92%,并通过气质联用仪进行确证。     

气相色谱法同步测定饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的研究

本研究建立了饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的气相色谱同步测定方法。用无水乙醇振摇提取后,气相色谱进行同步测定,采用外标法定量。结果表明:浓度在0.005~2.00 mg/mL线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,方法检测限为50 mg/kg,本方法前处理简单,回收率高,可实现饲料添加剂中百里香酚、香芹酚的同步测定。     

利用气相色谱法同步测定饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的研究

研究通过添加回收试验和检测市场香味剂产品的方法建立了饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的同步测定方法。用无水乙醇振摇提取后,气相色谱进行同步测定,用外标法定量。结果表明,此方法前处理简单,回收率高,检测限为100mg/kg,可实现饲料香味剂中肉桂醛、香芹酚的同步测定。     

体外法评估不同植物精油对需氧菌的抑菌活性

本试验采用琼脂平板法,测定肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油、丁香酚和山苍子油对产肠毒大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌的最低抑菌浓度,从中选出抑菌能力较强的精油,继续测定其对产肠毒大肠杆菌、出血性大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的抑菌效果,筛选出具有替抗潜力的精油并评估精油作为抑菌剂应用在饲料中的前景。本试验采用琼脂平板培养法,在固态培养基中添加不同浓度的肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油、丁香酚和山苍子油,分别接种产肠毒大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、乙型溶血性链球菌,测定其最低抑菌浓度,初步筛选出抑菌作用较强的精油,利用同样的方法,继续测定其对产肠毒大肠杆菌、出血性大肠杆菌、宋氏志贺氏菌、痢疾志贺氏菌、猪霍乱沙门氏菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和乙型溶血性链球菌的最低抑菌浓度,最终筛选出抑菌能力较强的精油。结果表明:①通过初筛,发现肉桂醛、百里香酚、香芹酚、牛至油和丁香酚的抑菌效果较好,选择该五种精油进行复筛;②复筛结果表明,精油对供试菌株的抑菌能力由强到弱为百里香酚>肉桂醛>香芹酚>牛至油>丁香酚,其最低抑菌浓度分别为为0.02%～0.07%、0.02%～0.08%、0.03%～0.07%、0.04%～0.09%、0.07%～0.18%;③百里香酚、肉桂醛、香芹酚、牛至油作为饲料添加剂具有极好的潜力。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.