基于物种生存域的干旱半干旱区地下水与植被关系研究

土壤水分和盐分是干旱半干旱区植被生态最直接和最主要的环境因子,是地下水与植被相互作用关系的关键纽带。以宁夏回族自治区盐池县的地下水浅埋区为研究对象,通过野外生态地质调查,获取了每个调查点的植被类型及土壤水分和盐分含量,并以土壤含水率和含盐量为变量,圈划了5个优势物种的生存域,并根据不同物种生存域范围叠加图,分析了地下水位下降对植被的影响。生存域叠加图分析表明,地下水位的下降将导致研究区植被类型出现以盐蒿—芨芨草—苦豆子—骆驼蓬—沙蒿等优势种为代表的盐生—湿生—旱生—沙生植被类型演替趋势。研究表明,以土壤水盐为变量绘制物种生存域范围图,能形象地刻画干旱半干旱区不同植被物种的适生环境,并可用来预测地下水位变化后植被物种的演替趋势。     

Risk assessment: Simultaneously prioritizing the control of invasive plant species and the conservation of rare plant species

Although the consequences of the homogenization of Earth’s flora and fauna are not well understood, experts agree that biological invasions pose hazards to rare species. As a result, there is a need for a systematic approach to assess risks from invasive species. The Relative Risk Model can be adapted to assess combinations of rare species, invasive species, and regions. It also can be applied to different taxonomic groups and at different spatial scales. This flexibility makes it a promising tool for invasive species risk assessment. We used the Relative Risk Model to quantify risks posed to endangered plant species by non-indigenous invasive plant species in Nebraska.We modeled the suitable habitats for eight invasive plant species, which we subsequently compared to documented occurrences of endangered plant species in a Geographic Information System. We combined this data with an assessment of the ecological impacts of each invasive species in a regional risk assessment framework to simultaneously calculate relative risk scores for invasive plant species, imperiled plant species, and subregions. We assessed uncertainty with Monte Carlo simulations.The results of this assessment are discrete values indicating the relative threat posed by invasive species to rare species, the relative risk posed to the rare species, and the relative risk in subregions. Results indicate that the invasive species Elaeagnus angustifolia and Rhamnus cathartica pose the greatest risks to endangered plants in Nebraska. The rare species Panax quinquefolius and the subregion Western Corn Belt Plains show the highest risk scores.     

Impacts of climate change on Swiss biodiversity: An indicator taxa approach

We present a new indicator taxa approach to the prediction of climate change effects on biodiversity at the national level in Switzerland. As indicators, we select a set of the most widely distributed species that account for 95% of geographical variation in sampled species richness of birds, butterflies, and vascular plants. Species data come from a national program designed to monitor spatial and temporal trends in species richness. We examine some opportunities and limitations in using these data. We develop ecological niche models for the species as functions of both climate and land cover variables. We project these models to the future using climate predictions that correspond to two IPCC 3rd assessment scenarios for the development of ‘greenhouse’ gas emissions. We find that models that are calibrated with Swiss national monitoring data perform well in 10-fold cross-validation, but can fail to capture the hot-dry end of environmental gradients that constrain some species distributions. Models for indicator species in all three higher taxa predict that climate change will result in turnover in species composition even where there is little net change in predicted species richness. Indicator species from high elevations lose most areas of suitable climate even under the relatively mild B2 scenario. We project some areas to increase in the number of species for which climate conditions are suitable early in the current century, but these areas become less suitable for a majority of species by the end of the century. Selection of indicator species based on rank prevalence results in a set of models that predict observed species richness better than a similar set of species selected based on high rank of model AUC values. An indicator species approach based on selected species that are relatively common may facilitate the use of national monitoring data for predicting climate change effects on the distribution of biodiversity.     

Collembola in ecotoxicology—Any news or just boring routine?

Despite the uncontested significance of soils for human nutrition and drinking water quality, the majority of ecotoxicological testing is confined to aquatic test systems. Among the standardised tests for soils, the reproduction test with the springtail Folsomia candida is among the most widely used ones. First steps towards its standardisation were undertaken in the late 1980s. Here we review major advances that have been made since then, with respect to mechanistic, pragmatic and ecological aspects. Specifically we address the ecological relevance of any modifications of the standardised tests. We introduce a miniaturised version of the reproduction test which allows reducing the amount of soil per test unit to one third and the number of synchronised individuals to 40% as compared to the standard test. In addition, we developed an assay using Collembola eggs instead of synchronised adults. First results of a three-species test indicate that the presence of other species may affect choice behaviour. We point out a potential biased view of existing ecotoxicological data with Collembola due to the fact that most results refer to metal contamination. Finally, recommendations for future research are given, with special reference to avoidance and microcosm tests involving Collembola.     

水肥耦合对玉米化学计量学特征及其生长性状的影响

为了探讨不同水肥条件下玉米C、N、P化学计量学特征及其影响因素,设置土壤不同含水量和全氮含量的盆栽试验,分析了不同水肥对玉米生长性状和碳氮磷化学计量学特征的影响,并对两者进行了相关分析。试验设置田间持水量的90%,70%,50%(W1、W2、W3),田间正常施氮量的150%,100%,50%,(N1、N2、N3),共9个处理。结果表明:玉米根、茎、叶不同器官干物质量均随着施氮量的减少而减少,随着土壤含水量的增加而增加。高、中水分时玉米株高随着施氮量的增加而增加,当玉米处于干旱胁迫时施氮量对玉米株高影响不大。低水分下的茎粗显著低于高、中水分。玉米根、茎、叶的C含量差异不显著。低氮施肥处理下玉米根、茎和叶的N含量均显著低于中、高氮处理,而后两者对根、茎和叶的N含量的影响表现不一,其中对茎氮含量差异达到显著水平,对叶氮含量在抽雄期以后才显著。玉米C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征随水肥因素的变化表现不一,其中N/P平均为6.01,随着施氮量的增加而升高,随土壤含水量的增加而降低;C/N为0.31,随着施氮量的增加而降低,对水分因素不敏感;C/P为1.62,表现出强烈的内稳性,不随外界生物与非生物环境的变化而变化。     

Application of multiple regression and neural network approaches for landscape-scale assessment of soil microbial biomass

Previous soil surveys across the north-east German lowland have reported significant correlations of soil microbial biomass (SMB) contents and organic carbon and total nitrogen contents as well as texture. Using these data sets obtained from 89 arable sites along a regional-scale transect, a linear full-factorial regression model and a neural network model were constructed and evaluated for landscape-scale assessment of SMB. The validation by means of an additional data set consisting of 30 long-term soil observation sites located in the federal state of Brandenburg was within a confidence range of 95%. Using existing models from other regions with our data sets resulted in underestimation of SMB, while using data sets from another region with our model led to overestimation of SMB. It was concluded that a linear full-factorial regression model approach, as well as neural network modelling are promising tools for the prediction of SMB at the landscape scale but need to be validated for the respective region.     

The influence of land-use practices and economics on plant species richness in meadows

Thirty-one meadows were investigated within five sites representing various farming styles found in Austrian cultural landscapes. The meadows were analysed regarding (a) biodiversity (vascular plant and bryophyte species richness), (b) land-use practices (fertiliser input, mowing intensity, the use of silage), and (c) economic aspects (variable costs, profit margin and subsidies per ha). There were significant negative correlations between plant species richness and mowing intensity and intensity of fertiliser application. Bryophytes were good indicators of low nutrient regimes, having high species richness at low fertiliser input. Vascular plants showed highest species richness at an intermediate nitrogen supply. The total plant species richness decreased with increasing nitrogen supply. Intensive silage production was also negatively correlated with plant diversity. Species with a very narrow ecological niche of soil moisture and nutrients declined, whereas species adapted to wider ecological conditions increased. Profit margin and variable costs correlated negatively with plant species richness, with meadows that offered low or no profit margins showing highest species richness. There was no significant relationship between species richness and the amount of subsidies invested at the study meadows. Estimated costs of maintaining a species are shown. It is concluded that if plant species richness are to be maintained in these meadows, farmers have to receive increased financial incentives through agro-environmental subsidies for appropriate meadow management, and these have to be linked to clearly defined measures.     

Impact of profile water status on nitrogen use pattern of dry land barley under varying nitrogen levels

A field trial was carried out during 1993–94 and 1994–95 winter seasons on Udic Ustochrept to evaluate the performance of dryland barley under varying profile moisture status and nitrogen levels. Three levels of initial moisture status of the root zone profile were: wet (100% field capacity), moderately wet (50% field capacity) and dry (rainfed) as the main treatment. The sub treatments were 0, 40, 60 and 80 kg N ha^?1. During 15 to 60 days after sowing (DAS) availability of soil nitrogen and its uptake by the crop attained the highest values under wet regime. However, at 105 and 130 DAS dry moisture regime resulted in maximum values of both available soil nitrogen and plant nitrogen contents. In the same tune biomass production attained the higher values under wet regime as compared to the dry regime during 15 to 60 DAS and the trend was reverse at 105 DAS. Grain yield attained the highest value under dry regime followed by wet and moderately wet regimes. Irrespective of the profile moisture status both productivity and nitrogen use efficiency enhanced with the increase in nitrogen doses from 0 to 80 kg ha^?1. Role of nitrogen was more pronounced under wet regime.     

基于U弦长曲率的番茄氮肥调控目标区间获取方法

针对中国现有设施番茄生产中氮肥施用量过高,利用率低,环境污染严重等问题,该研究面向设施番茄精量施肥需求,提出一种基于叶绿素荧光技术的设施番茄生长氮素浓度适宜区间获取方法。该研究利用不同氮浓度水培液进行番茄栽培,获取叶片荧光参数和干物质等生理指标,采用最大互信息系数值（Maximum Information Coefficient,MIC）筛选叶绿素荧光参数,确定最适的荧光参数进行水培液氮调控研究目的是区间确定。结果表明,叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fo（光系统潜在活性）的整体表现效果较优。以Fv/Fo的响应曲线提出基于U弦长曲率特征点为分界点的适宜氮素浓度区间获取技术。采用此方法的番茄生长的适宜氮素浓度区间为7.2~9.8 mmol/L,同时干物质等生理指标都保持在较高水平,变异系数最小。与日本园试营养液对照组相比,番茄干质量平均提高33.8%,叶片磷浓度平均提高10.2%,叶片钾浓度平均提高11.3%,叶片氮浓度平均降低0.8%,而氮肥用量减少了51.4%。因此,基于U弦长曲率特征点的方法是确定番茄施氮目标区间调控有效的技术。     

基于试验反射光谱数据的土壤含水率遥感反演

土壤含水率是土壤水循环研究中不可或缺的参数,已广泛应用于土壤水分的监测。土壤光谱特性的研究是土壤含水率光学遥感定量反演的基础。该研究首先通过野外调查收集土样;然后,在实验室条件下制备不同水分梯度的土壤样品,并利用便携式地物光谱仪采集不同水分梯度土壤样品的反射光谱;最后,通过试验光谱数据分析建立一个基于指数函数的土壤含水率遥感反演模型,并对结果进行精度评价。结果表明,基于指数函数的土壤含水率反演模型可以较好的反演土壤水分特征,在640 nm处土壤含水率的估计值与真实值之间的决定系数为0.7062,RMSE为3.49%。相关研究为表层土壤含水量的遥感监测提供新方法和新思路。     

Assessing exotic plant species invasions and associated soil characteristics: A case study in eastern Rocky Mountain National Park,Colorado, USA,using the pixel nested plot design

Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado, USA, contains a diversity of plant species. However, many exotic plant species have become established, potentially impacting the structure and function of native plant communities. Our goal was to quantify patterns of exotic plant species in relation to native plant species, soil characteristics, and other abiotic factors that may indicate or predict their establishment and success. Our research approach for field data collection was based on a field plot design called the pixel nested plot. The pixel nested plot provides a link to multi-phase and multi-scale spatial modeling-mapping techniques that can be used to estimate total species richness and patterns of plant diversity at finer landscape scales. Within the eastern region of RMNP, in an area of approximately 35,000 ha, we established a total of 60 pixel nested plots in 9 vegetation types. We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and multiple linear regressions to quantify relationships between soil characteristics and native and exotic plant species richness and cover. We also used linear correlation, spatial autocorrelation and cross correlation statistics to test for the spatial patterns of variables of interest. CCA showed that exotic species were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with photosynthetically active radiation (r = 0.55), soil nitrogen (r = 0.58) and bare ground (r = −0.66). Pearson's correlation statistic showed significant linear relationships between exotic species, organic carbon, soil nitrogen, and bare ground. While spatial autocorrelations indicated that our 60 pixel nested plots were spatially independent, the cross correlation statistics indicated that exotic plant species were spatially associated with bare ground, in general, exotic plant species were most abundant in areas of high native species richness. This indicates that resource managers should focus on the protection of relatively rare native rich sites with little canopy cover, and fertile soils. Using the pixel nested plot approach for data collection can facilitate the ecological monitoring of these vulnerable areas at the landscape scale in a time- and cost-effective manner.     

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides Subject to Long-Range Transport

Concern has arisen about the possible ecological effects of persistent pesticides that become airborne during or after application and are transported to regions far away from where they were applied. In this paper an ecotoxicological approach is outlined that may support assessments of products suspected of long-range transport capacity. It is proposed that the risk is estimated from a classical PNEC/PEC comparison for the surface layer of a remote area, where PEC is estimated from dose rate, emission factors, atmospheric residence time and persistence, while PNEC is estimated from ecotoxicological information collected as part of the registration procedure. According to this "null model", risk assessment of pesticides subject to long-range transport is not different from the usual risk assessment, provided that due attention is paid to losses occurring during transport and accumulation in remote areas with low temperature. A simplified equation is derived for estimating PEC from the recommended dose rate, which shows that the concentration in the remote area is higher than in the target area only if its residence time is at least two order of magnitude longer than the corresponding value in the target area. A review of ecotoxicity data for effects of volatile pesticides on arthropods indicates that effect levels in the air compartment are far above the concentrations of concern in long-range transport. Arguments supporting the view that remote areas, specifically the polar regions, are characterized by ecosystems that are more vulnerable than the ones on which the usual risk assessment is based, are reviewed. Although residues of organochlorines are of concern, there does not seem to be concrete epidemiological or experimental evidence about effects of modern pesticides on wildlife in remote areas. It is concluded that there is no reason to reject the "null model" at the moment, however, in view of the large uncertainty involved, it is proposed that the maximum acceptable ratio between PNEC and PEC be increased by an extra safety factor.     

Critical loads of acidity and nitrogen,based on multiple criteria for different swedish ecosystems

The critical loads of acidity and nitrogen has been mapped for Swedish forest soils, using data from the Swedish Forest Inventory. The Swedish critical load map used in negotiations has been based on a number of ecological receptors. For terrestrial ecosystems criteria based on no adverse effect on growth, soil stability and groundwater quality was used. For surface waters, stream and lake biology was used as indicators for setting limits to acidification. A reduction of 75% of the acidity deposition in relation to 1988 is required in order to protect 95% of the forest resource in Sweden from effects of soil acidification. A reduction of 50% of the nitrogen deposition is required to avoid exceedance in more than 5% of the area. The mapping work was carried out by using the PROFILE model.     

Integrating the fish embryo toxicity test as triad element for sediment toxicity assessment based on the Water Framework Directive approach

Purpose  

The objective of this study was to complement analyses according to the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) with a sediment toxicity analysis as part of an integrated river assessment. To this end, Hessian water courses were analyzed using the sediment quality triad concept according to Chapman with chemical analyses, in situ effect evaluations, and ecotoxicological assessments. For the ecotoxicological assessment (fish embryo toxicity test with Danio rerio), a new evaluation scheme was developed, the fish teratogenicity index (FTI), that allows for a classification of sediments into ecological quality classes compliant to the WFD.     

灌水量对有机基质栽培黄瓜生长及氮素利用的影响

为提高有机基质栽培水分精细化管理水平,采用醋糟基质为黄瓜栽培基质,以‘碧玉2号’黄瓜为材料,在控制灌水量(T)分别为基质最大质量含水率的40%≤T1<55%、55%≤T2<70%、70%≤T3<85%和85%≤T4<100%的条件下,研究了不同灌溉水平处理对黄瓜植株生长、干物质积累、光合作用能力、产量、水分及氮素生产率的影响。结果表明:随着灌水量的增加黄瓜产量增加但水分利用效率下降,T4灌溉处理产量最高但其水分利用效率最低,T1处理水分利用效率最高但其产量最小;T2,T3和T4处理间叶片氮质量分数差异不显著,根系氮素质量分数间差异也不显著,T1处理果实氮素质量分数显著高于其他处理,而茎、叶氮素质量分数又显著低于其他处理,不同灌溉水平处理对有机基质栽培黄瓜氮素产量生产效率影响不显著。该文研究结果可为有机基质栽培的水分精确化管理提供技术支持和依据。     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Contaminated River Sites as a Proxy for the Water Framework Directive: an Acid Mine Drainage Case Study

Metal contamination of freshwater bodies resulting from mining activities or deactivated mines is a common problem worldwide such as in Portugal. Bra?al (galena ore) and Palhal (pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and pyrite ore), located in a riverside position, are both examples of deactivated mining areas lacking implemented recovery plans since their shutdown in the early mid-1900s. In both mining areas, effluents still flow into two rivers. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the potential hazard posed by the mining effluents to freshwater communities. Therefore, short- and long-term ecotoxicological tests were performed on elutriates from river sediments collected at each site using standard test organisms that cover different functional levels (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lemna minor, and Daphnia sp.). The results show that elutriates from the sediments of Palhal were very toxic to all tested species, while in contrast, elutriates from Bra?al showed generally no toxicity for the tested species. Our study highlights the usefulness of using an ecotoxicological approach to help in the prioritization/scoring of the most critical areas impacted by deactivated mines. This ecotoxicological test battery can provide important information about the ecological status of each concerning site before investing in the application of time-consuming and costly methods defined by the Water Framework Directive or can stand as a meaningful complementary analysis.     

Diversity: Quantification and ecological evaluation in freshwater marshes

The primary objective of this study was to test the usefulness of two indices—edge diversity and cover type diversity—in assessing bird species diversity for breeding avian communities in freshwater coastal marshes. Bird species diversity was used in this study as an indicator of ecological quality. Permanent transects in three marshes on the bay of Green Bay, Lake Michigan, provided the basis for vegetation assessments and breeding bird censuses. Four years of field data were subjected to regression analysis. The best equation was found to be a multiple regression of bird species diversity on cover type diversity and edge diversity, showing a significant linear relationship with cover type diversity and a significant curvilinear relationship with edge diversity. Cover type diversity and edge diversity can be readily assessed from aerial imagery. The results are most applicable to ecological evaluation where objectives stress species diversity rather than single-species management.     

Critical loads for nitrogen deposition for Great Britain

There is currently much interest in mapping critical loads for nitrogen deposition as part of a strategy for controlling nitrogen emissions. While nitrogen deposition may cause acidification and excess nutrient effects, the former were considered previously in studies of sulphur deposition. In the UK, work on developing nutrient nitrogen critical loads maps has used several methods and databases. Two approaches are described here, one a steady state calculation using a nitrogen saturation limit for soil systems, the other an empirical estimate of critical loads set to prevent changes to vegetation communities. The empirical method uses national species records and land cover data derived from satellite imagery. Maps drawn from the available data are dependent upon a number of factors which reflect the approach used. To apply the nutrient critical loads to a strategy for future abatement measures, the nutrient nitrogen values for soils have been incorporated within a “critical loads function” which takes into account both acidity and nutrient effects as related to deposition loads for sulphur and nitrogen. This function may be used with deposition data to identify the need for sulphur and nitrogen emission reductions.     

A methodological approach for ecotoxicological characterization of non-hazardous sediments for their beneficial reuse

Purpose

In France, the beneficial reuse of sediments is conditioned upon a demonstration of environmental acceptability for each scenario. Such evidence has to be provided in application of the NF EN 12920 +A1 standard methodologies. Before the application of risk assessment methodology, the HP14 hazard property must be measured using specific bioassays. However, sediments may have ecotoxicological impacts despite a non-hazardous classification. The application of a battery of bioassays sensitive to non-hazardous sediments could allow to select sediments before choosing the beneficial reuse option.

Materials and methods

First, HP14 methodologies were applied on the studied sediments. These sediments had to be managed on shore according to French legislation. Then, following recommendations from a previous study, other ecotoxicological tests and modified ecotoxicological tests from HP14 methodology were selected. Ostracods mortality and growth tests were selected as a complement because its sensitivity to sediment ecotoxicity is known. To take into account the effects of extraction method and liquid/solid ratio on ecotoxicological impact of sediments, ecotoxicological tests have been applied to percolates. They have been obtained from up-flow percolation tests following the standard NF EN 14405. For each percolate, the rotifer clones reproduction test and the ostracod mortality and growth tests were performed.

Results and discussion

Contaminant analyses of sediments studied reveal differences in contamination between non-hazardous sediments. The majority of ecotoxicological tests carried out in the HP14 test batteries do not differentiate between non-hazardous sediments with low ecotoxicity. However, inhibition of rotifer reproduction and inhibition of plant germination and growth tests can be used. Among the complementary bioassays performed, the ostracods growth inhibition and multigenerational Daphnia reproduction inhibition tests are especially sensitive. Bioassays performed on percolates reveal low ecotoxicities that were not detected with conventional bioassays. For these tests, maximum ecotoxicities are observed on the first percolates for most of the tested sediments, and ecotoxicity effects decrease with the increase in the liquid/solid ratio.

Conclusions

The results enable us to propose a bioassay battery able to highlight the intrinsic toxicity of non-hazardous sediments. This is achieved through bioassays and using up-flow percolation columns to detect low ecotoxicity. This battery can be integrated into the SEDIMATERIAUX approach to ensure the choice of the beneficial reuse option for such sediment. As some of the proposed bioassays remain unsuitable for marine sediments, future studies will adapt the methodology to the presence of marine salts.

     

华北地区作物生长期水氮含量变化过程模拟及其参数敏感性分析

根据中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站2006-2007年小麦-玉米生长季实测的作物水氮动态变化数据,进行CERES-Wheat和CERES-Maize模型在华北地区冬小麦和夏玉米作物水氮过程模拟能力的验证及参数敏感性分析。结果表明,模型模拟的冬小麦生长季土壤含水量、土壤硝态氮含量、植株含氮量与实测值的相关系数分别为0.46、0.74和0.68,夏玉米则依次为0.95、0.62和0.72。敏感性分析发现土壤含水量和土壤硝态氮含量对土壤参数变化比较敏感,植株含氮量则受遗传参数影响显著。当田间持水量相对变化+10%时,冬小麦和夏玉米的土壤含水量相对变化率分别为+7.5%和+8.8%,冬小麦和夏玉米土壤硝态氮含量的相对变化率分别为+12.0%和+17.9%。叶热间距PHINT对冬小麦植株含氮量有负效应,PHINT相对变化+10%时冬小麦植株含氮量的相对变化率为-11.5%;夏玉米植株含氮量对出苗-幼苗末期所需温时(P1)较为敏感,P1变化+10%时夏玉米植株含氮量相对变化+9.3%。