Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data: From empirical to numerical modeling approaches

Different methods have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration from remote sensing data, from empirical approaches such as the simplified relationship to complex methods based on remote sensing data assimilation along with SVAT models. The simplified relationship has been applied from small spatial scale using airborne TIR images to continental scale with NOAA data. Assimilation procedures often require remote sensing data over different spectral domains to retrieve input parameters which characterize surface properties such as albedo, emissivity or Leaf Area Index. A brief review of these different approaches is presented, with a discussion about the main physical bases and assumptions of various models. The paper reports also some examples and results obtained over the experimental area of the Alpilles Reseda project, where various types of models have been applied to estimate surface fluxes from remote sensing data.     

Regional application of one-dimensional water flow models for irrigation management

Numerical models for the simulation of soil water processes can be used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of crop water requirements; this information can support the irrigation management in a rationale usage of water resources. This latter objective requires the knowledge of spatially distributed input parameters concerning vegetation status, soil hydraulic behaviour and groundwater interaction. This task can be achieved by a conjunctive use of remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems and hydrological simulation models. The present work focuses on the criteria applied for the implementation of a one-dimensional model for water flow in each parcel of an irrigation district in southern Italy having extension of 3000 ha.     

作物生长模型研究现状与展望

作物生长模型由最初的作物生长发育模型发展到农业决策支持模型,在科学研究、农业管理、政策制定等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文首先回顾了作物生长模型的发展过程,并按照模型主要驱动因子,将作物生长模型分为土壤因子、光合作用因子和人为因子驱动3类并分别进行了归纳阐述;然后对典型的模型分别从模型模块、时空尺度、可模拟的作物类型等方面进行列表式对比;并对作物生长模型在气候变化评估、生产管理决策支持、资源管理优化等方面的应用,以及面临的极端条件、复杂农业景观和模型复杂度等挑战进行了总结,在此基础上认为遥感数据同化和孪生农场是其发展方向。     

基于遥感的农业用水效率评价方法研究进展

遥感技术的发展为区域尺度蒸散发计算、作物分布识别及估产提供了一条有效途径,为基于遥感信息的灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率定量评价奠定了基础。回顾总结了遥感蒸散发模型、瞬时蒸散发升尺度方法、日蒸散发插值方法、作物分布识别方法及作物估产模型的研究进展,评述了遥感蒸散发及作物估产结果在灌区灌溉水利用效率及作物水分利用效率评价中的应用情况。提出了相关领域需要进一步研究的问题,包括适合非均匀下垫面特点且具有较强物理基础的灌区遥感蒸散发模型、日蒸散发插值中灌溉或降雨引起土壤含水量突变情况的处理、农田蒸散发中灌溉水有效消耗量的准确估算、能适应复杂种植结构并且适用于多年的作物分布遥感识别模型以及精度较高且可操作性强的遥感估产模型等。     

农业干旱卫星遥感监测与预测研究进展

干旱是影响农业生产的主要气候因素。传统的农业干旱监测主要是基于气象和水文数据,虽然能提供监测点上较为精确的干旱监测结果,但是在监测面上的农业干旱时,仍存在一定的局限。遥感技术的快速发展,尤其是目前在轨的卫星传感器感测的电磁波段涵盖了可见光、近红外、热红外和微波等波段,为区域尺度农业干旱监测提供了新的手段。充分利用卫星遥感数据获得的丰富地表信息进行农业干旱监测和预测具有重要的研究意义。本文从遥感指数方法、土壤含水量方法和作物需水量方法三个方面阐述了基于卫星遥感的农业干旱监测研究进展。农业干旱预测是在干旱监测的基础上进行时间轴的预测,本文在总结干旱监测进展的基础上,进一步简述了以干旱指数方法和作物生长模型方法为主的农业干旱预测研究进展。     

基于遥感数据同化的土壤含盐量估算方法

为探究同化遥感数据对监测区域尺度土壤含盐量时空信息的适用性,以河套灌区沙壕渠灌域为研究区,以高分一号卫星影像为数据源,通过灰度关联法筛选光谱指数,采用岭回归法构建不同深度的土壤含盐量反演模型,使用集合卡尔曼滤波同化算法将遥感数据应用于HYDRUS-1D模型中,开展区域尺度不同深度土壤含盐量的同化研究。结果表明,基于不同深度土壤含盐量的岭回归法模型,其R²均在0.64以上,RE为0.14～0.22,反演精度较高,得到的反演值较为准确;在单点尺度上,与模拟值、反演值相比,同化值更接近实测值,其EFF为0.84～0.93,NER为0.61～0.73,均为正数,且RMSE降低到0.006%～0.011%,提高了HYDRUS-1D模型模拟精度;在区域尺度上,不同深度同化值的r均为0.94以上,NER为0.61以上,优于模拟值和反演值,且同化精度随着深度的增加而降低。本文基于遥感数据和HYDRUS-1D模型的集合卡尔曼滤波同化研究,提高了土壤含盐量的模拟精度,对提高监测区域尺度土壤含盐量时空信息的精度具有一定的参考价值。     

无人机遥感技术在精量灌溉中应用的研究进展

以提高农业用水效率为目标的精量灌溉是未来农业灌溉的主要模式,精量灌溉的前提条件是对作物缺水的精准诊断和科学的灌溉决策。用于作物缺水诊断和灌溉决策定量指标的信息获取技术主要基于田间定点监测、地面车载移动监测及卫星遥感。无人机从根本上解决了卫星遥感由于时空分辨率低而导致的瞬时拓延、空间尺度转换、遥感参数与模型参数定量对应等技术难题,也克服了地面监测效率低、成本高、影响田间作业等问题。近几年的研究结果表明,无人机遥感系统可以高通量地获取多个地块的高时空分辨率图像,使精准分析农业气象条件、土壤条件、作物表型等参数的空间变异性及其相互关系成为可能,为大面积农田范围内快速感知作物缺水空间变异性提供了新手段,在精量灌溉技术应用中具有明显的优势和广阔的前景。无人机遥感系统已经应用在作物覆盖度、株高、倒伏面积、生物量、叶面积指数、冠层温度等农情信息的监测方面,但在作物缺水诊断和灌溉决策定量指标监测方面的研究才刚刚起步,目前主要集中在作物水分胁迫指数(CWSI)、作物系数、冠层结构相关指数、土壤含水率、叶黄素相关指数(PRI)等参数估算的研究,有些指标已经成功应用于监测多种作物的水分胁迫状况,但对于大多数作物和指标,模型的普适性还有待进一步研究。给出了无人机遥感在精准灌溉技术中应用的技术体系,并指出,为满足不同尺度的高效率监测和实现农业用水精准动态管理的需求,今后无人机遥感需要结合卫星遥感和地面监测系统,其中天空地一体化农业水信息监测网络优化布局方法与智能组网技术、多源信息时空融合与同化技术、作物缺水多指标综合诊断模型、农业灌溉大数据等将是未来重点研究内容。     

基于多时相多参数融合的麦玉轮作小麦产量估算方法

为了进一步提高冬小麦产量预测的准确性,针对麦玉轮作体系缺乏直接把前茬作物信息纳入到当季作物的产量估算及管理中的研究状况,利用前茬玉米季中长势遥感信息及产量信息,融合小麦拔节期、灌浆期及成熟期长势遥感信息、播前施肥信息及土壤特性信息等多时相多模态数据,基于GPR算法,建立多时相多模态参数融合的麦玉轮作体系小麦产量估算模型,结果显示：基于多生育期的产量估算模型较单生育期最优产量估算模型性能有所提升,R²提高0.01～0.03。其中基于拔节期产量估算模型精度略低于多生育期产量估算模型,但精度相近。基于多模态参数融合的产量估算模型中,除玉米作物信息与土壤特性信息融合构建的产量估算模型,多模态参数融合的产量估算模型精度较相应低模态参数融合的产量估算模型精度高。四模态参数融合的GPR模型决定系数R²为0.92,RMSE为213.75 kg/hm²,较其他模型,R²提高0.02～0.41。对于小麦产量估算模型,各模态参数影响由大到小依次为施肥信息、小麦遥感信息、土壤特性信息、玉米作物信息。玉米作物信息对于多模态参...     

Operational aspects of satellite-based energy balance models for irrigated crops in the semi-arid U.S.

SEBAL and METRIC remote sensing energy-balance based evapotranspiration (ET) models have been applied in the western United States. ET predicted by the models was compared to lysimeter-measured ET in agricultural settings. The ET comparison studies showed that the ET estimated by the remote sensing models corresponded well with lysimeter-measured ET for agricultural crops in the semi-arid climates. Sensitivity analyses on impacts of atmospheric correction for surface temperature and albedo showed that the internal calibration procedures incorporated in the models helped compensate for errors in temperature and albedo estimation. A repeatability test by two totally independent model applications using different images, operators and weather datasets showed that seasonal estimations by the models have high repeatability (i.e. stable results over ranges in satellite image timing, operator preferences and weather datasets). These results imply that the SEBAL/METRIC remote sensing models have a high potential for successful ET estimation in the semi-arid United States.     

近地遥感技术在大田作物株高测量中的研究现状与展望

株高是动态衡量作物健康和整体生长状况的关键指标,广泛用于估测作物的生物学产量和最终籽粒产量。传统的人工测量方式存在规模小、效率低以及耗时长等问题。近十年来,近地遥感技术在农业领域发展迅速,使得高精度、高频次、高效率的作物株高采集成为可能。本文首先回顾了国内外基于遥感手段获取株高研究的论文发表情况;其次对获取株高的不同平台以及传感器的基本原理、优势及其局限性进行了介绍和评述,重点论述了激光雷达和可见光相机两种传感器的测高流程与涉及的关键技术;在此基础上归纳了株高在作物生物量估算、倒伏监测、产量预测和辅助育种等方面的应用研究进展;最后对近地遥感技术在株高获取上存在的问题进行讨论分析,并从测高平台和传感器、裸土探测和插值算法、株高应用研究及农学与遥感测高差异四个方向进行了展望,可为今后近地遥感测高的研究与方法应用提供参考。     

基于地面观测和Sentinel-2数据的玉米实际蒸散发估算

基于遥感技术估算作物蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)对农业用水效率评价和精量灌溉决策具有重要意义。结合Sentinel-2数据和农田连续地面观测资料,利用混合双源蒸散发模型(Hybrid dual-source scheme and trapezoid framework-based evapotranspiration model,HTEM)对宁夏回族自治区中卫市2019年两个试验田玉米主要生育期(5—8月)的蒸散发量进行估算,并用水量平衡法对遥感估算结果进行验证和评价。结果表明:Sentinel-2数据具有高时空分辨率,能够与研究区复杂的种植地块相匹配,减少了混合像元的数量;遥感反演参数与地面观测数据拟合度较高,研究区2019年遥感反演的玉米田净辐射量均方根误差为36.256 W/m²。利用HTEM模型估算可得,主要生育期内研究区两个玉米试验田的日均实际蒸散发量分别为4.269 mm/d和4.339 mm/d,实际蒸散发总量分别为525.114 mm和533.690 mm,其中植被蒸腾量分别为363.483 mm和358.196 mm,生育初期主要以土壤蒸发形式消耗水分,随着作物的生长,在生育中后期主要以植被蒸腾的形式消耗水分。ET遥感反演结果与水量平衡结果之间差别不显著,两个观测点绝对误差分别为13.533 mm和7.774 mm。因此,结合地面连续观测系统和Sentinel-2数据估算研究区玉米生育阶段蒸散发量具有较高的精度,可为作物耗水规律研究及区域农业水管理提供技术支撑。     

基于遥感技术的区域蒸散发计算方法综述

利用遥感技术计算区域尺度蒸散发是一种非常可行的手段。通过总结遥感蒸散发模型国内外研究现状,根据各模型建模理念、内在机理等,对基于遥感技术的区域蒸散发计算方法进行了梳理;另外,结合目前研究现状,对遥感蒸散发模型当前研究的热点问题进行了总结和归纳,认为时空尺度转换、下垫面特征参数反演、模型结果检验等仍是当前遥感蒸散发研究领域亟待突破的攻坚点。同时,以良好的物理基础为背景,模拟SPAC系统中能量、物质交换过程,利用遥感技术确定地表关键参数的区域蒸散数值模型建立将是今后的发展方向之一。     

Estimation of crop evapotranspiration of irrigation command area using remote sensing and GIS

This paper describes the use of satellite-based remote sensing (RS) data and geographic information system (GIS) tools for estimating seasonal crop evapotranspiration in Mahi Right Bank Canal (MRBC) command area of Gujarat, India. Crop coefficients (K_c) for various major crops grown in MRBC were estimated, empirically, from the RS derived soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) values. A reference crop evapotranspiration (ET₀) map was generated from point meteorological observations. The K_c and ET₀ maps were combined to generate seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ET_crop) map which highlighted spatial variation in ET_crop ranging from more than 600 mm for healthy tobacco crops to less than 150 mm for very poor wheat crops.     

遥感技术在水文水资源领域中的应用研究进展

遥感数据具有周期短、信息量大和成本低的特点,为水文水资源研究提供了丰富的数据源。详细介绍了遥感技术在水文水资源领域的主要应用研究进展,包括降水、蒸散发、径流与水文模型、地表特征及参数提取、洪涝灾害监测、水土保持、土壤水分与旱情监测、积雪与融雪、水质监测和地下水等方面,展望了今后应用研究的发展方向。     

农业遥感研究现状与展望

遥感技术具有覆盖面积大、重访周期短、获取成本相对低等优势,对大面积露天农业生产的调查、评价、监测和管理具有独特的作用。从20世纪70年代出现民用资源卫星后,农业成为遥感技术最先投入应用和收益显著的领域。特别是随着高空间、高光谱和高时间分辨率遥感数据的出现,农业遥感技术在长时间序列作物长势动态监测、农作物种类细分、田间精细农业信息获取等关键技术方面得到了突破。但是农业生产的分散性、时空变异性等特点,对当前农业遥感技术的应用还存在诸多挑战。本文简要回顾了农业遥感发展历程以及其应用的理论基础;再从农作物估产、农业资源调查、农业灾害监测和精准农业管理4个领域阐述了国内外相关研究和应用情况。最后提出农业遥感应加强与地面农业观测网技术的结合,推动新一代低空无人机遥感平台的发展,强化多源传感器融合以及农业过程模型与遥感数据同化的研究。     

Twenty-five years modeling irrigated and drained soils: State of the art

Half of the world food production originates from irrigated and drained soils. Advanced soil water flow simulation models have the potential to contribute to the solution of relatively complex problems in irrigation and drainage science and management, provided that field data are available to calibrate and run them. Besides providing a literature review, this paper emphasizes on calibration and mathematical optimization procedures using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Unfortunately, the required level of expertise of integrated GIS, remote sensing and models make the application of sophisticated tools highly dependent on modeling experts. This is one of the chief reasons that soil water flow models have a low operational focus, especially in less developed countries with irrigation systems where they are most needed. The gap between the supply of various advanced models and the application by the irrigation and drainage community needs to be closed. The likelihood of adoption by a broader model user community will increase if models become more user- and data-friendly (or -tolerant) and heterogeneity-aware. During the next 10 years, simulation model development and application should focus on agricultural water savings, understanding recycling of water in the basin context, increase crop water productivity, bring groundwater-overexploitation to a halt and control the build up of soil salinity.     

Simulation of winter wheat evapotranspiration in Texas and Henan using three models of differing complexity

Crop evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of simulation models with many practical applications related to the efficient management of crop water supply. The algorithms used by models to calculate ET are of various complexity and robustness, and often have to be modified for particular environments. We chose three crop models with different ET calculation strategies: CROPWAT with simple data inputs and no calibrations, MODWht for intensive inputs and limited calibrations, and CERES-Wheat with intensive inputs and more calibrations for parameters. The three crop models were used to calculate ET of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown at two experimental sites of China and US during multiple growing seasons in which ET was measured using lysimeter or soil water balance techniques. None of the models calculated daily ET well at either Bushland or Zhengzhou as indicated by high mean absolute differences (MAD > 1.1 mm) and root mean squared errors (RMSE > 2.0 mm). The three models tended to overestimate daily ET when measured ET was small, and to underestimate daily ET when measured ET was large. The fitted values of daily crop coefficients (K_c), calculated from daily ET and reference ET (ET_o), were very similar to those of Allen et al. (1998) [Allen, R.G., Pereira, S.L., Raes, D., Smith, M., 1998. Crop evapotranspiration guidelines for computing crop water requirements. Irrigation and drainage paper 56, Rome] although some K_c were overestimated (≥1.0). Leaf area index (LAI) was poorly calculated by MODWht and CERES-Wheat, especially when using the Priestley-Taylor method to estimate potential ET (PET). Poor overall ET calculation of three models was associated with poorly estimated values of PET or ET_o, K_c and LAI as well as their interactions. Therefore, this suggested that considerable revisions and calibrations of ET algorithms of the three models are needed for the improvement of ET calculation.     

农业遥感研究与应用进展

农业是遥感技术应用最重要和广泛的领域之一,本文回顾了遥感技术在国内外农业研究与应用中的进展,概括和总结了农田辐射传输机理及作物参量遥感反演、作物遥感分类与识别、农田养分遥感与变量施肥决策、作物产量与品质预测、农情遥感监测与预报、农业遥感监测空间决策支持系统6个主要研究与应用方面。在此基础上,针对农业遥感技术面临的问题与发展趋势,指出了农业遥感技术今后的重点发展方向。     

日光温室环境预测模型构建

在借鉴国内外温室环境模型成果的基础上，利用热平衡原理建立了日光温室环境预测模型，该模型综合考虑了自然通风、作物蒸腾、地面蒸发、土壤传热和后墙传热对日光温室室内温湿度的影响，利用室内外的环境参数、室内作物的生长状态和自然通风口开口大小等参数，可以预测日光温室内部温湿度的变化情况，对日光温室环境调控具有一定的指导意义。