Introduction: The MIRAB model in the twenty‐first century

Abstract: The papers collected in this volume were originally presented at a conference in February 2004, on the theme ‘Beyond MIRAB: The Political Economy of Small Islands in the Twenty‐First Century’. Several of the papers in the collection point towards the emergence of a new three‐way taxonomy of small‐island socioeconomic formations, comprising MIRAB, PROFIT and SITE ideal‐types. The key economic flows in the first are remittances and aid; in the second, jurisdictionally‐related flows such as tax‐haven and money‐laundering transactions; and in the third, tourism revenues. All three ideal‐types correspond to potentially sustainable temporary equilibria, but in all cases the existing set‐up is path‐dependent, and subject to regime switch if disturbed. Conceptualisation of the small‐island world as a field of multiple equilibria and path dependence points to the future importance of event studies by island researchers. The collection includes also new research on the theory of remittances, and case studies of the MIRAB process and the transnational migrant diaspora.     

Diaoyu Dao,Diaoyutai or Senkaku? Creative solutions to a festering dispute in the East China Sea from an ‘Island Studies’ perspective

This paper draws on extensive island examples with a view to offer ‘creative’ solutions to the ongoing dispute over the Diaoyu/Diaoyutai/ Senkaku Islands between China (and Taiwan) and Japan in the East China Sea. In spite of the rhetoric and apparent intractability of island conflicts, there are various examples from the past (and the present) that suggest how island disputes may be decided, and in ‘win–win’ ways, to the satisfaction of the different parties involved. The resolution of island territorial problems can benefit greatly from a critical appreciation of how other small islands, also contested, have had their situation resolved in non‐zero‐sum ways. In such cases, sovereignty has been shared, split/divided or expunged; in other cases, sovereignty disputes have been put aside in order to co‐develop and co‐exploit natural resources. There is also one example of a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of a string of small islands and surrounding waters whose management is shared between three countries.     

耗散结构视角下的海岛型旅游地系统演化机制研究————以妈祖圣地湄洲岛为例

摘要：海岛旅游作为海洋旅游的重要组成部分,已成为我国的一个旅游热点。笔者选取福建湄洲岛作为研究区域,采用耗散结构理论的研究方法,对湄洲岛旅游地系统演化机制进行研究,以期对海岛型旅游地发展提供借鉴。研究结论认为：湄洲岛旅游地系统主要负熵来源有自然过程、社会过程、旅游开发过程以及旅游运营过程的负熵输入,海岛旅游地演化实质是基于耗散结构负熵不断输入的结果;湄洲岛旅游地系统演化的动力主体呈多元化格局,由于海岛用地的多功能性,更应注重演化动力主体的协调作用;作为海岛型旅游地更多的是受到旅游需求、海岛发展的政策引导和外部交通网络改善等背景动力的影响,通过动力主体的协调作用,进而促使系统内部有序性增加;湄洲岛当前处于系统优化阶段,应适时调整旅游产品结构,促进旅游产品多样化,协调好发展旅游与传承妈祖文化之间的冲突,实现旅游者与海岛居民共享设施,做到宜居、宜行、宜游,从而提高游客的体验度,是湄洲岛旅游地系统优化的关键所在。     

Islands and beers: Toasting a discriminatory approach to small island manufacturing

This paper explores the relationship between beers and island development, using a global sweep but with a special reference to the insular Pacific. It adopts a discriminatory approach, touching upon the role and impact that niche and bouquet beer manufacturing can have on the socioeconomic development of small islands. It departs from a personal observation: many small island jurisdictions have their own brewery. Indeed, the brewery could also be the island territory's largest indigenous manufacturing concern. While small islands are associated with low manufacturing capacity and diseconomies of scale, nevertheless ‘a local brewery’ comes across, in many cases, as a profitable and glaring exception that speaks to the attractions and virtues of locality branding.     

Development on the periphery: A case study of the sub‐national island jurisdiction of Pitcairn Island

This research reports on empirical findings of remote Pitcairn Island, the last remaining British Overseas Territory in the Pacific. It uses a qualitative methodology to discuss the island's potential for tourism development while recognising the issues and challenges faced by many small island developing states. However, as a sub‐national island jurisdiction Pitcairn presents a number of issues unique to its temporal socio‐political development and its centre periphery relationship with the metropole. The concept ‘decolonising without disengaging’ is posited to argue sub‐national island jurisdictions are places/spaces of innovative, creative and differentiated development processes that offer interesting departures from the conventional realms of sustainable discourse and island development. This concept is posited as a strategy of empowerment whereby autonomy without sovereignty does not necessarily hinder the development of tourism industries.     

Who benefits from international tourism in small Pacific islands? Value capture in the hotel industry in Hawaii

There is a consensus among small Pacific islands that the extent to which they benefit from international tourism largely depends on how much of the value created by tourism remains in the local economy. This study examines how the value created in the hotel industry is distributed among the key stakeholders in a small Pacific island context. We used aggregated income statements of full-service and limited-service hotels from the STR Inc., a hotel industry data company, to calculate the value distribution among the key stakeholders in the hotel industry of a small Pacific island. We found that labour and owners captured most of the value created, whereas hotel management companies and franchisors captured a small share of the value. Our results suggest that tourism workers' ability to take united action and hence to negotiate higher wages will result in higher value capture by local labour and less value leaking out of the local economy. Our results also reveal that foreign ownership in the hotel industry is the single largest cause of economic leakages. The study has several implications for the tourism-based growth policies in small Pacific islands.     

Tourism Destination Eco-Security and Its Dynamic Evaluation Method

Ecological security of tourism destination is an important factor for the sustainable development of tourism industry, and many tourism destinations are threatened by various ecological problems. A complete understanding of eco-security situation is the foundation of maintaining sustainable development for tourism destinations. However, study on tourism destination eco-security has remained in the initial stage, based on domestic and international researches, the connotations and dynamic characteristics of tourism destination eco-security were discussed. Then, evaluation method of tourism destination eco-security and standard system were proposed, also dynamic evaluation method of tourism destination eco-safety based on the situation evaluation and trend was analyzed.     

基于PSR模型框架下旅游发展对民族传统文化影响机制分析

民族旅游开发对民族传统文化的影响,既有积极促进的一面,也有消极阻碍的一面。分析旅游业发展对民族传统文化产生影响的原因、过程、演化,尽可能降低其消极影响,扩大积极影响,使民族地区旅游发展与民族传统文化达到“双赢”,是民族地区旅游业可持续发展的要求。     

Researching Pacific island livelihoods: mobility, natural resource management and nissology

Small island literature is vast in focus and aim, and is rooted in many different disciplines. The challenge is to find common grounds for researching small islands conceptually and theoretically. The aim of this article is to comment on how to research small islands, including a discussion on contemporary theories of nissology and conceptual analytical frameworks for island research. Through a review of selected case-study-based island literature on changing livelihoods coming out of the South Pacific, we wish to illustrate and discuss advantages of finding common grounds for small island studies. The focus is on two dimensions of island livelihood, migration and natural resource management, both of which are significant contributors in making island livelihoods and shaping Pacific seascapes. We argue that there is still a substantial lack of studies targeting small island dynamics that are empirical and interdisciplinary in focus and link socio-economic and ecological processes of small island societies at temporal and analytical scales.     

鄱阳湖生态经济区城乡旅游互动模式研究

城乡旅游互动发展对促进区域经济发展和生态保护具有重要意义。基于对鄱阳湖生态经济区城乡旅游互动发展动力机制分析,运用定性和定量相结合的方法,研究城乡旅游互动模式。研究认为,鄱阳湖生态经济区应以南昌市为最大客源地大力发展乡村旅游导向模式,以南昌市为最大旅游目的地着力推进城市即旅游模式,促进城乡旅游互动模式的形成,实现城乡一体化,提高区域旅游竞争力,发展区域经济,永保鄱阳湖一湖清水。     

日照农村和农业旅游开发研究

中国农业旅游发展较晚,目前关于农业旅游的研究尚不成熟。为了解决“三农”问题和实现可持续发展,必须做好农村和农业旅游开发研究。通过对日照市所辖农村区域旅游资源和发展现状的调研,提出农村和农业旅游开发必须树立大农村旅游观念,充分利用和深入挖掘当地旅游资源,采取有效措施做好农村区域旅游规划和旅游目的地规划、旅游产品策划和投融资,以保证旅游开发顺利进行和科学运营,从而实现可持续发展。     

冀太行山区四个旅游地2008年经营效益分析

为了解旅游对当地经济、环境和社会所产生的影响,本文建立了由16个指标构成的效益指标评价体系,明确了各指标的量化方法。并对河北省太行山区的野三坡、卧龙山庄、西柏坡和前南峪进行了效益测算和分析,结果表明四个旅游地的旅游经营综合效益明显,旅游效益和旅游地的知名度、美誉度和满意度呈正相关性。     

基于AHP法的上海崇明岛旅游资源评价与开发利用

作为旅游业产生和发展的物质基础的旅游资源,其丰富程度与开发利用的价值直接影响着旅游地区旅游业的兴旺发达。笔者采用层次分析法,通过建立旅游资源综合评价体系,结合定性与定量分析的方法,对上海崇明岛的海岛旅游资源进行综合评价,指出了崇明岛在旅游资源的开发与利用中,资源条件是最重要的考虑因素,旅游资源的开发价值与观赏价值决定了崇明岛旅游的发展,并根据崇明岛旅游开发实际存在的旅游资源丰富与客源充足等优势与发展程度低、发展不完善等劣势,为崇明海岛旅游资源的合理开发与利用提供了决策意见。     

景区发展对当地居民感知的影响研究——以景泰黄河石林景区为例

景区发展对旅游地居民感知具有深远影响。以景泰黄河石林景区为例,通过实地考察及问卷调查等方式,探讨景区发展与居民感知之间的关系。研究表明,景区发展对于旅游地居民的感知影响主要集中在经济影响、社会文化影响以及环境影响等3个方面。其中,居民对于经济的积极影响已经得到较为普遍的认同,但是对于社会文化的影响尤其是负面影响是存在差异的。研究得出景区在发展过程中,应当重视对旅游地的社会文化影响,同时对文化的潜移做出合理化的调试。积极引导景区的健康发展,让居民能够真正享受到景区发展带来的成果。     

狼牙山森林公园旅游形象设计研究

旅游形象设计是我国现阶段旅游规划的发展方向和重要内容。本文以河北省狼牙山森林公园为对象,采用适用于各类型旅游地的形象设计技术体系进行全面分析。在此基础上,在CIS理论的基础上重新构建在旅游形象设计框架下对该公园的旅游形象进行了多方案设计,对该公园的合理开发保护有一定的指导意义。     

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor polymorphism in the Korean wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.)

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTi) in 1368 accessions of wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. & Zucc.), collected from three regions of Korea, was examined for allelic diversity and geographical distribution. Five electrophoretically distinguishable KTi forms were detected: three were common (Tia, Tib and Tia/Tib) and two were previously unreported (Tib^i7‐1 and Tibⁱ⁵). The Tia allele was predominant (93.49%). Alleles Tib, Tib^i7‐1 and Tibⁱ⁵ were detected with the frequencies of 3.47, 0.55 and 0.11%, respectively. The heterozygous form (Tia/Tib) was detected with the frequency of 2.26%. The nucleotide sequence of Tib^i7‐1 was identical to that of the Tib‐derived variant allele Tif, with the exception of three nucleotides: A→G at position +244, A→C at position +286 and G→C at position +601. The latter two were similar to Tia, suggesting that Tib^i7‐1 is an intermediate allele between Tia and Tib. The gene for Tibⁱ⁵ showed 100% similarity with the Japanese intermediate allele Tibⁱ⁵. This study demonstrates that Korean wild soybeans are remarkably rich source of new KTi alleles not reported before.     

乡村旅游发展中的共赢机制构建研究——以江西婺源为例

乡村旅游地农民是乡村旅游的重要利益相关者之一。采用文献法、调查法、归纳法,对江西婺源县农户参与乡村旅游的情况和利益分配现状进行了分析,探讨了婺源农户与旅游公司之间的利益纠纷及其根源所在。建议从共同参与、生态和谐、利益共享、争端解决等方面来建立乡村旅游发展中的共赢机制。共赢机制的建立必须在丰富旅游形式、延长旅游产业链的基础上,让全体农户积极参与,同时依靠政府引导、社会组织协调来实现。     

贫困山区乡村旅游的发展动力及其空间分异——以渝东南地区为例

乡村旅游是贫困地区实现区域扶贫的重要举措,研究其发展动力及其空间分异规律有利于有序推进乡村旅游地的开发。文章以渝东南地区为例,运用区位理论和空间组织理论探讨其动力机制,分析其空间变动过程,总结其空间分布特征和空间结构特征,并以此为基础对渝东南地区乡村旅游地进行空间结构组织。研究发现,渝东南乡村旅游地在空间上整体呈离散型分布。除与客源地之间的简单点轴联系外,点状极化现象和轴向一体化结构开始出现。构建区域旅游集散体系,打造区域旅游客流通道,完善区域空间网络化结构是实现其空间组织的有效形式。

     

Showcasing the sovereignty of non‐self‐governing islands: New Caledonia

Since 1983, no non‐self‐governing island connected to a (neo‐) colonial European or American metropole has acquired full Westphalian sovereignty and these islands continue to operate within constitutional frameworks that connect them to these metropoles. Large majorities in referendums on several of these islands have rejected full sovereignty. This paper opens with a review of the essential elements of the concept of sovereignty in a historical and global context, before studying how sovereignty is unfolding in new forms in non‐self‐governing islands in the Pacific and the Caribbean. As a case study, an analysis is presented of how pro‐France (loyaliste) and pro‐independence (indépendantiste) parties in New Caledonia are negotiating sovereignty with France. Evidence is given of how these New Caledonian parties are creatively using classic Westphalian signifiers of sovereignty normally reserved for sovereign states such as flags, diplomatic representations and international treaties, while still negotiating New Caledonia's sovereignty with France. This suggests that in contrast to Westphalian sovereignty, a unique ‘Islandian’ concept of sovereignty is emerging. Islands that are not sovereign in a Westphalian sense can creatively disassemble and reassemble signifiers of Westphalian sovereignty to strengthen their continuous negotiations with their metropoles and their neighbours.