贵德县马属动物气喘病病因初探

对贵德县气喘病马属动物所饲喂的发霉麦草进行霉菌学检查。结果：发霉麦草中霉菌总污染率为100％，霉菌相为：毛霉属62％，杂色曲霉18％，少根根霉7％，构巢曲霉6％，毛壳菌属5％，细交链孢霉2％。     

甘肃省马类动物气喘病病理研究

用电子探针、光镜与电镜对甘肃河西地区12例气喘病畜进行了病理研究。这些病畜包括马5例、骡5例和驴2例,年龄为5～18岁。病肺高度膨大,其切面细支气管明显。主要组织变化有慢性支气管炎和血管周炎、间质性肺炎、内含折光性无机粉尘的巨噬细胞和巨细胞。从这些病例的肺中分到了普通高温放线菌、干草小多孢菌、热吸水链霉菌和高大毛霉菌。在肺尘细胞中看到了线粒体空泡化和内织网脱粒等超微结构变化。同时这些细胞的无机元素(铝、硅等)含量增加。因此认为甘肃马气喘病是一种由外界吸入的无机与有机尘所致的混合性尘肺。     

饲料中霉菌毒素与脱毒剂的研究进展

<正> 1.饲料中常见的霉菌毒素在饲料中常见的产毒素霉菌主要有:曲霉属中的黄曲霉、赭曲霉、杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉、寄生曲霉和烟曲霉等。青霉属中的岛青霉、桔青霉、黄绿青霉、红色青霉、扩展青霉、圆弧青霉、纯绿青霉和斜卧青霉等。镰孢菌属中的禾谷镰孢菌、三隔镰孢菌、玉米赤霉菌、梨孢镰孢菌、尖孢镰孢菌、雪腐镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、拟枝孢镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌、茄病镰孢菌、粉红镰孢菌等。另外,麦角菌属、鹅膏菌属、马鞍菌属和链格孢菌属等也是较为常见的产毒霉菌。各种霉菌可以产生多达数百种霉菌毒素,但目前研究还主要集中在十几种对人类危害特别大且污染频率高的霉菌毒素,如黄曲霉毒素,赭曲霉毒素 A,杂色曲霉毒素,烟曲霉毒素,展青霉毒素,玉米赤霉烯酮.串珠镰刀菌素,三硝基丙酸及单端孢霉烯族毒素(包括 T-2毒素,脱氧雪     

马类动物气喘病病理研究：35例自然病畜病性与病理

用HE及特殊染色法、电镜、能谱分析、电子探针、偏光显微镜及微生物分离培养等方法,研究了气喘病自然病例的肺与支气管淋巴结。肺与淋巴结组织中尘细胞明显增多,细胞器受损,铝、硅等元素超常,肺组织变化还包括单核细胞性肺泡炎和间质性肺炎,从病肺中分到了普通高温放线菌、干草小多孢菌等菌类。结果表明,肺中有机与无机成分均存在。作者认为,甘肃河西一带的马类动物气喘病属一种极少报告的外源性混合性尘肺,其中,有机尘肺与国外描述的“马农民肺”(farmer's lung of horses)变化相似。     

甘肃省马气喘病研究—家兔和豚鼠的农民肺模型

用从甘肃省马气喘病自然病例肺中分得的5株放线菌和5株霉菌,对34只家兔和23只豚鼠进行了实检性农民肺研究。通过吸入与气管内注入上述菌粉,在这些动物中首次成功地复制出农民肺模型。染菌动物的症状与病变同在气喘病马所看到的很相似。尸检时见肺膨大、气肿,还有密散的结节。镜检动物的肺组织,观察到单核巨噬细胞性肺泡炎、间质性肺炎、支气管周炎与上皮样-巨细胞肉芽肿形成,但豚鼠比家兔的淋巴网状组织增生更明显。结果表明,所分得的霉菌和放线菌包括热吸水链霉菌参与了甘肃马农民肺的病理发生。     

霉菌和霉菌毒素对饲料的污染与控制

1 饲料霉菌污染状况 霉菌是引起饲料变质的主要因素,由于饲料的营养丰富、结构疏松、吸湿性强,很适合霉菌的生长繁殖,加上现用的化学防霉剂仅在特定的条件下才能对霉菌产生抑菌效应,且针对性不强。因此,迄今为止饲料的防霉保鲜仍然是饲料行业的难题,也是制约饲料工业发展的主要因素之一。1.1 饲料和饲料原料中霉菌的种类 据陈必芳等（1996）在全国28个省、区、市的调查,共分离鉴定出23属73种霉菌,其中检出率最高的是曲霉属（87.7％）,其次是青霉属（73.8％）、镰刀菌属（36.6 ％）、毛霉属（35.4％）,另外还有枝孢霉属、交链孢霉属、共头霉属、梨头霉属、拟青霉属、木霉属、根霉属等。鉴定出曲霉属23个菌群、青霉属21个菌系、毛霉属3种、镰刀菌属2种,其他菌23种。曲霉属的优势菌群有:灰绿曲霉、白曲霉、黄曲霉、杂色曲霉、黑曲霉、赭曲霉、构巢曲霉、土曲霉、烟曲霉、局限曲霉群等,这些都是常见曲霉,且是引起饲料品质劣变的菌群。各地检出的曲霉优势菌群和青霉菌系各有不同。如据蔡静平等（1994）对河南、山东、湖北、安徽四省的调查,曲霉属中灰绿曲霉的检出率最高（75.5％）,其次是白曲霉、黄曲霉、杂色曲霉、黑曲霉等。     

饲料中霉菌毒素脱毒方法的研究进展

1主要产毒霉菌现在已明确能产生对人体毒害作用的霉菌有300多种,主要是曲霉菌属(aspergillus)、青霉菌属(pe nicilli-um)和镰刀菌属(fusarium)的霉菌产生。1.1曲霉菌属包括黄曲霉、杂色曲霉、构巢曲霉、棕曲毒、寄生曲霉、棒曲霉等。表面一般是绒毛状,开始为灰白色或白色,长出孢子后因菌种不同而呈现不同颜色。它们在生长繁殖过程中会产生黄曲霉毒素、赫曲霉毒素、杂色曲霉毒素等多种毒菌毒素。1.2镰刀菌属包括禾谷镰刀菌、三线镰刀菌、孢镰刀菌、梨孢镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌、前病镰刀菌、粉红镰刀菌、尖孢镰刀菌等。一般呈白色绒…     

马类动物气喘病血液学值的变化

<正> 甘肃省马类动物气喘病是一种以呼吸困难、气喘和咳嗽为主要症状的呼吸系统疾病,主要分布于河西走廊一带。甘肃农业大学近年来的研究确定,本病是由有机尘和无机尘共同作用所致的一种混合性尘肺。有机尘主要包括普通嗜热放线菌(Thermoactinomyces vulgaris)和干草小多孢菌(Micropolyspora faeni),无机尘主要是来自外界的土尘(铝硅酸盐类矿物)。血液学检验在许多疾病的诊断上都具有重要意义,马气喘病也不例外。在本病的研究中,我们对126例自然病例和临诊病例进行了全面系统的检查和血液学检验,现报告如下。     

鱼粉中霉菌总数及霉菌毒素含量变化的研究

模拟大宗饲料原料鱼粉的贮存条件，比较不同贮存条件下鱼粉中霉菌总数、主要产毒菌的种类以及霉菌毒素黄曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素和呕吐毒素含量变化的情况。将温度设为：20℃±2，湿度设为：65％±5、75％±5、85％±5分别进行贮存．、检测时间为：第0、5、10、17、24、31和38d，利用国标通用检测方法进行霉菌总数和霉菌毒素含量变化的检测。结果表明．主要产毒菌种类有串珠镰刀菌、黄曲霉、构巢曲霉、纯绿青霉；其中串珠镰刀菌是优势菌，它的旺盛生长导致鱼粉中霉菌总数和呕吐毒素迅速超标．     

饲料中霉菌毒素的危害及防制

霉菌毒素是霉菌在各种基质上生长繁殖过程中产生的具有毒性的代谢产物。霉菌毒素在饲料中广泛存在,当畜禽食人含有毒素的饲料或霉菌便会发生霉菌毒素中毒。霉菌及霉菌毒素的种类很多,其毒性大小不一,其中对畜禽危害较大的有黄曲霉毒素、杂色曲霉毒素、赭曲霉毒素、镰刀菌毒素、赤霉菌毒素、青霉毒素等。以霉变玉米引起多种毒素中毒最为常见,给养殖业造成了巨大损失,现就霉菌毒素中毒的危害及防制措施介绍如下,供参考。     

Fungal flora of the healthy camelid conjunctival sac.

Swab specimens for fungal isolation were collected from the healthy conjunctival sacs of 3 species of captive camelids (Lama glama, L guanicoe, L pacos) and llama-guanaco hybrids. Fungi were collected from over half the animals in winter (53%) and summer (56%). Fungal species of 10 genera were isolated. In both seasons, Aspergillus was the most commonly isolated genus; at least 9 species of Aspergillus were found. The fungal organisms isolated were similar to those found in healthy eyes of other domestic animals and may represent a random seeding from the environment where they are ubiquitous.     

Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 receptors on neutrophils of horses with heaves

Heaves, a condition associated with airway neutrophilia, is believed to result from an allergic response to environmental dust particles. However, the contribution of neutrophils to the allergic response is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that Th2-type cytokines can directly activate neutrophils to produce pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study focused on the presence of receptors for the Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-9 on peripheral blood neutrophils of horses with heaves. Neutrophils were isolated from peripheral blood of horses with heaves (n=7), and normal control (n=5) before (pasture) and 3 weeks following a continuous natural allergen challenge (stabling). Horses with heaves had significantly increased numbers of neutrophils expressing IL-5 and IL-9 receptors compared to control while in pasture, and further increased during stabling in heaves affected horses but not in control animals. These results provide a possible mechanism by which Th2-type cytokines may activate neutrophils in equine heaves.     

"Haysickness" in Icelandic horses: precipitin tests and other studies

Blood samples were taken from 18 healthy horses (Group A), 15 horses clinically diagnosed to have "haysickness" ("farmer's lung") (Group B), 10 closely related horses (Group C) and 14 inbred horses (Group D). Precipitins in sera were measured by double gel diffusion test against Micropolyspora faeni, Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria, Penicillium and Rhizopus species. In Group A, all the horses were precipitin negative except one with a faint reaction to Rhizopus species. In Group B all had precipitin against M faeni. One horse also had precipitins against Rhizopus species and another against A fumigatus. In Group C, seven of the 10 horses had precipitins against M faeni. Of these, five had a history of respiratory signs, but two horses with a faint reaction had no such history. In Group D, four out of 14 horses had positive precipitin tests against M faeni. Of these four horses, three also had a faint reaction to A fumigatus and one a faint reaction to Alternaria species. All were asymptomatic. These results indicate that "farmer's lung" in man and "haysickness" in horses are of the same origin. However, further studies are necessary to substantiate the diagnostic or prognostic value of these precipitin tests in equine practice. The question of whether hereditary factors play a role in causing this disease also warrants further studies.     

Prevalence of ocular microorganisms in hospitalized and stabled horses

Microorganisms from normal eyes of hospitalized and stabled horses were identified, and the frequency of isolation was compared between the 2 groups. Using standard techniques, swab specimens from both eyes of 22 hospitalized horses and both eyes of 18 stabled horses were cultured for aerobic bacteria and fungi. Ninety-six aerobic bacteria and 57 fungi were isolated. The predominant bacterial isolates were gram-positive organisms, most of which belonged to the genera Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, and Streptomyces. Gram-negative organisms comprised less than one-fourth of the bacterial isolates, with the genera Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter being the most commonly isolated. Environmental fungi Cladosporium and Alternaria accounted for half of all fungal isolates. In only 5 horses were fungi isolated without accompanying isolation of bacteria. The frequency of isolation of fungi was higher (P less than 0.01) in stabled horses. For bacteria, the frequency of isolation was higher (P less than 0.08) in male horses. Results of susceptibility testing were recorded as the percentage of all isolates susceptible to a given antimicrobic drug. Bacterial isolates were highly susceptible (greater than or equal to 90%) to neomycin, polymixin B, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol. Overall, filamentous fungi had highest susceptibility to natamycin (97%). Miconazole was highly efficacious (100% susceptibility) against Fusarium and Aspergillus.     

A survey of aerobic bacteria and fungi in the feces of healthy psittacine birds

Fecal samples from 61 clinically healthy psittacine birds of a wide variety of species were cultured for bacteria and fungi. The most common bacterial isolates were gram-positive bacilli, which were recovered from 60 of the 61 birds. These organisms included Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Streptomyces. Gram-positive cocci, cultured from the feces of 21 of the birds, included Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Aerococcus spp., and Micrococcus spp. Only 6 of the 61 psittaciformes yielded gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the most frequent isolate. Gram-negative bacilli were recovered from 4 of the 31 privately owned birds and 2 of the 30 petshop birds sampled. In addition to the bacteria, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus laurentii, and Aspergillus sp. were isolated from 13 fecal cultures. Candida albicans was isolated exclusively from 5 petshop birds. The number of birds yielding Corynebacterium and gram-negative bacteria increased with age, whereas the number of birds yielding lactobacilli and yeasts decreased with age. The organisms isolated and their significance as potential pathogens in psittacine birds are discussed.     

Fungal isolation and identification in 21 cases of guttural pouch mycosis in horses (1998-2002)

This aetiological study of guttural pouch mycosis (GPM) in the horse was based on the retrospective study of 21 horses brought into the National Veterinary School of Lyon (France) between 1998 and 2002. Biopsies were taken from the lesions caused by GPM during endoscopic examination. In 87% of the cases, direct examination gave positive results, whereas 43% of the cultures were found to be negative. The main fungi observed were Aspergillus fumigatus (in three cases), A. versicolor (in two cases, together with other fungi), and A. nidulans and A. niger (one case each). In six cases, the Aspergillus species could not be identified. In two cases, cleistothecia and/or Hulle cells were observed. In three cases, fungi other than Aspergillus were seen, mixed or not with Aspergillus. These results underline the importance of Aspergillus fumigatus in the development of GPM in horses.     

模式生物构巢曲霉胞质分裂的研究进展

作为模式生物,微生物丝状真菌构巢曲霉具备比动物更多的优点.细胞胞质分裂是目前生物学的研究热点,丝状真菌进行胞质分裂是通过形成隔来进行的.在对构巢曲霉胞质分裂的研究中,发现了一条调节途径,其中涉及多种蛋白,对构巢曲霉胞质分裂起到十分重要的调节作用.从这一角度对构巢曲霉胞质分裂的研究进行了综述,为构巢曲霉进一步深入研究和开发利用提供了参考.     

Measurement of respiratory function by impulse oscillometry in horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Due to technical implementations and lack of sensitivity, pulmonary function tests are seldom used in clinical practice. Impulse oscillometry (IOS) could represent an alternative method. OBJECTIVES: To define feasibility, methodology and repeatability of IOS, a forced oscillation technique that measures respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) from 5 to 35 Hz during spontaneous breathing, in horses. METHODS: Using 38 healthy horses, Rrs and Xrs reference values were defined and influence of individual biometrical parameters was investigated. In addition, IOS measurements of 6 horses showing clinical signs of heaves were compared to those of 6 healthy horses. RESULTS: Airtightness and minimal dead space in the facemask were prerequisites to IOS testing and standardisation of head position was necessary to avoid variations in Rrs due to modified upper airway geometry. In both healthy and diseased animals, measurements were repeatable. In standard-type breeds, the influence of the horse's size on IOS parameters was negligible. An increase in R5Hz greater than 0.10 kPa/l/sec and R5Hz>R10Hz, combined with negative values of Xrs between 5 and 20 Hz, was indicative of heaves crisis. CONCLUSIONS: IOS is a quick, minimally invasive and informative method for pulmonary function testing in healthy and diseased horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: IOS is a promising method for routine and/or field respiratory clinical testing in the equine species.