小麦抗叶锈病基因LrAlt的比较基因组学分析

斯卑尔脱小麦材料Altgold含有小麦抗叶锈病基因LrAlt。该基因被定位于小麦2A染色体短臂末端。本研究基于小麦与短柄草和水稻基因组良好的共线性关系,对小麦抗叶锈病基因LrAlt进行比较基因组学分析,发现该基因所在基因组区域对应于短柄草第5染色体和水稻第4染色体的直系同源基因组区域,据此开发出与LrAlt连锁的EST-STS标记BE498683、BE471132.1、BG605273和CD454629,并构建了LrAlt的遗传连锁图谱,这4个EST-STS标记与Xbarc212共分离,位于LrAlt近着丝粒侧,距离LrAlt 1.9cM。同时,通过筛选Graingenes 2.0公布的位于LrAlt附近的SSR标记,发现Xbarc124、Xgwm614与LrAlt紧密连锁,均与Xbarc212共分离。本研究通过比较基因组学的策略和筛选Graingenes 2.0公布的SSR标记,共得到与LrAlt紧密连锁的9个新的分子标记,为构建LrAlt的高密度精细遗传连锁图谱、分子标记辅助选择和基因聚合奠定了基础。     

小麦蛋白磷酸酶2A结构亚基基因TaPP2Aa的功能标记作图

 【目的】开发小麦抗旱相关蛋白磷酸酶结构亚基基因TaPP2Aa的功能标记并作图,为分子标记辅助选择抗逆育种提供依据。【方法】测序得到普通小麦及其野生近缘种TaPP2Aa的基因序列,分析其SNP位点差异,设计3对基因组特异引物和6对基因组内等位基因特异引物,利用中国春缺四体对TaPP2Aa进行染色体定位,利用RIL群体（Opata 85×W7984）和DH群体（旱选10号×鲁麦14）进行该基因的功能标记作图。【结果】TaPP2Aa定位于小麦第5同源染色体群上;TaPP2Aa-B位于RIL群体5B的标记区间Xwg909—Xgwm67,与2个标记的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM和3.6 cM,在DH群体5B染色体的标记区间Xgwm234—WMC363,与WMC363的遗传距离为7.5 cM;在2个遗传群体中与标记Xgwm67的距离分别为3.6 cM和11.4 cM。TaPP2Aa-D位于RIL群体染色体5D的标记区间Xcmwg770—Xbarc205,遗传距离分别为9.8 cM和10.0 cM。【结论】确定了TaPP2Aa所在的染色体位置,通过与DH和RIL 2个遗传作图群体中已有的抗逆主效QTL进行对比分析,明确了TaPP2Aa与小麦抗逆性状QTL具有遗传连锁关系,开发的功能标记可用于小麦抗逆性状的分子标记辅助选择。     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4的STS标记

根据与小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4a共分离的RFLP探针BCD1231的序列设计引物,以含小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4b的小麦近等基因系VPM/7*百农3217、抗病亲本VPM和轮回亲本百农3217为材料进行PCR扩增,结果在抗病池与VPM中扩增出一条约为410bp大小的特异带STS410,而在百农3217中无此特异PCR扩增带.进一步对144株VPM/7*百农3217的F2分离群体进行遗传连锁分析,估算出该PCR标记STS410与抗病基因Pm4b的遗传距离为3.0cM.用设计的这对STS-PCR引物对8个感病品种和17个含Pm基因的抗病亲本进行PCR扩增,结果发现:STS410只出现在含有Pm4基因的材料中.因此,PCR标记STS410可方便地用于小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4的分子标记辅助选择育种.     

利用染色体片段代换系定位一个水稻显性早熟基因

以水稻染色体片段代换系构建的分离群体为材料,利用微卫星标记(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)定位一个生育期基因,对水稻生育期基因的分子标记辅助选择进行了研究.结果表明,早熟显性基因(暂命名为Hd10-1)定位于第10染色体,SSR标记RM271和RM258之间,与RM 271的遗传距离为1.90 cM,与RM 258的遗传距离为8.40 cM,RM 271与RM 258位于Hd10-1的两侧.     

小麦抗叶锈基因Lr44的AFLP分子标记

利用AFLP技术借助于小麦抗叶锈近等基因系和TcLr44×ThatcherF2代分离群体材料,获得4个Lr44的分子标记,分别为Paag:Mcta300,Paac:Mcgt85,Paag:Mcta395和Paac:Mcgt90,与目的基因的遗传距离分别为0 01cM、1 1cM、3cM、2 2cM和2 8cM,为分子辅助育种、构建密集的遗传图谱、克隆Lr44以及研究基因编码特性等奠定基础。     

小麦矮秆种质系山农342-9矮秆基因的分子标记定位

为了明确小麦矮秆种质系山农342-9矮秆性状的遗传特点,本研究对其赤霉酸敏感性及矮秆性状的遗传特点进行了鉴定分析,利用分子标记技术对矮秆基因进行了分子标记定位。结果表明,山农342-9为赤霉酸不敏感型,其矮秆性状受一对位于小麦6B染色体上的隐性主效基因控制;从2 606对引物中筛选出2个与矮秆基因连锁的分子标记Xwmc398和Xgwm508,利用F2分离群体计算出它们与矮秆基因的遗传距离分别为1.2 cM和8.1 cM。     

番茄雄性不育基因的SRAP分子标记定位

为了获得番茄雄性不育基因的分子标记,提高番茄雄性不育性状选择的准确性和科学性。本研究利用一个与苗期绿茎基因紧密连锁的花粉败育型材料为母本,以一个苗期紫茎可育系为父本,构建F2分离群体。通过BSA法建立不育、可育DNA池,筛选多态性的SRAP分子标记。结果从544对SRAP引物组合中获得了4对呈多态性的引物组合,此4对引物组合在两DNA池间共有12个多态性位点标记。利用这些多态性的位点标记对60个F2群体进行遗传鉴定及连锁分析;最终获得1张雄性不育基因的连锁遗传图,与不育基因连锁的特异位点标记共5个,分别是C10B9_1、C10B9_2、C10B9_4、C10B9_3和C10B8_2,其与不育基因的连锁距离分别为3.3 cM、3.3 cM、3.3 cM、3.3 cM和13.7 cM。同时,获得1张雄性不育等位基因的连锁遗传图,与不育等位基因连锁的位点标记共7个,分别是C10B8_4、C10B8_8、C10B8_9、C10B8_6、C10B8_7、C9E6_2和C9K6_2,其与不育等位基因的连锁距离分别为17.3 cM、1.7 cM、1.7 cM、0.0 cM、0.0 cM、13.7 cM和21.2 cM。     

利用基因芯片技术进行小麦遗传图谱构建及粒重QTL分析

【目的】小麦遗传图谱是进行小麦染色体分析和研究表型变异的遗传基础。通过利用传统分子标记和现代基因芯片技术相结合,构建高密度遗传图谱,重点开展主要产量主要构成要素--粒重的初级基因定位,确定影响粒重的主效QTL位点,为开发粒重CAPS分子标记及在分子标记辅助育种提供依据和指导,并为利用小麦粒重次级群体进行精细定位和基因挖掘奠定基础。【方法】利用90 K小麦SNP基因芯片、DArt芯片技术及传统的分子标记技术,以包含173个家系的RIL群体（F_9：10重组自交系）为材料,构建高密度遗传图谱,并利用QTL network2.0进行了3年共4环境粒重QTL分析。【结果】构建了覆盖小麦21条染色体的高密度遗传图谱,该图谱共含有6 244个多态性标记,其中SNP标记6 001个、DArT标记216个、SSR标记27个,覆盖染色体总长度4 875.29 cM,标记间平均距离0.78 cM。A、B、D染色体组分别有2 390、3 386和468个标记,分别占总标记数的38.3%、54.3%和7.5%;3个染色体组标记间平均距离分别为0.80、0.75和0.80 cM。用该分子遗传图谱对4个环境下粒重进行QTL分析,检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上9个加性QTL,效应值大于10%的QTL位点有QGW4B-17、QGW4B-5、QGW4B-2、QGW6A-344、QGW6A-137;其中QGW4B-17在多个环境下检测到,其贡献率为16%-33.3%,可增加粒重效应值2.30-2.97g,该位点是稳定表达的主效QTL。9个QTL的加性效应均来自大粒母本山农01-35,单个QTL位点加性效应可增加千粒重1.09-2.97 g。【结论】构建的覆盖小麦21条染色体的分子遗传图谱共含有6 241个多态性标记,标记间平均距离为0.77 cM。利用该图谱检测到位于1B、4B、5B、6A染色体上9个控制粒重的加性QTL,其中QGW4B-17是稳定表达的主效QTL位点,贡献率为16.5%-33%,可增加粒重效应值2.30-2.97 g。     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4的STS标记

根据与小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4a共分离的RFLP探针BCD1231的序列设计引物,以含小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4b的小麦近等基因系VPM／7百农3217、抗病亲本VPM和轮回亲本百农3217为材料进行PCR扩增,结果在抗病池与VPM中扩增出一条约为410bp大小的特异带STS410,而在百农3217中无此特异PCR扩增带。进一步对144株VPM／7^*百农3217的F2分离群体进行遗传连锁分析,估算出该PCR标记STS410与抗病基因Pm4b的遗传距离为3.0cM。用设计这对STS－PCR引物对8个感病品种和17个含Pm基因的抗病亲本进行PCR扩增,结果发现：STS410只出现在含有Pm4基因的材料中。因此,PCR标记STS410可方便地用于小麦抗白粉病基因Pm4的分子标记辅助选择育种。     

小麦白粉病抗病新基因PmHNK的遗传分析和分子标记定位

 【目的】周98165对河南省当前流行白粉菌生理小种具有较好的抗性,并且综合农艺性状优良。明确其抗白粉病基因及遗传特性,筛选与其紧密连锁的分子标记,为抗白粉病育种提供抗源和理论支撑。【方法】将周 98165与中国春杂交、自交、测交,对双亲及其杂交后代进行苗期鉴定,用小麦白粉病菌08B1进行遗传分析,利用SSR、EST-SSR技术对双亲及抗感池进行筛选和电泳分析,并结合中国春缺四体材料进行染色体定位。【结果】周98165对3个白粉菌高毒力小种抗性良好,其抗病性受1对显性核基因控制,将该基因暂命名为PmHNK。筛选了与PmHNK 连锁的5个微卫星标记,在遗传图谱上的顺序为Xbarc77、Xgwm547、Xwmc326、Xgwm299、PmHNK、Xgwm108,Xgwm299和Xgwm108分别为PmHNK两侧距离最近的标记,图距分别为4.2 cM、5.6 cM,最远标记Xbarc77与PmHNK图距为10.6 cM,并将PmHNK 定位于3BL。【结论】抗病鉴定、遗传分析结合分子标记分析结果表明,PmHNK是一个白粉病抗病新基因。     

Development of Molecular Marker Linked to Cf-10 Gene Using SSR and AFLP Method in Tomato

The leaf mould resistance gene Cf-10 on tomato confered resistant or immune to all prevalent physiological races of Cladosporium fulvum presented in three northeastern provinces of China in inoculation...     

Molecular Mapping of Two Novel Stripe Rust Resistant Genes YrTp1 and YrTp2 in A-3 Derived from Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum

Loss of variety resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp.tritici) is an important factor causing massive periodical epidemic of rust in wheat production. Creation and development of new races of rust pathogen have led to serious crisis of resistance loss in widely planted varieties. This has quickened the search for new resistance resources. Molecular marker could facilitate the identification of the location of novel genes. A line A-3 with high resistance (immune) to currently epidemic yellow rust races (CY29, 31, 32) was screened out in offspring of Triticum aestivum × Thinopyrum ponticum. Segregation in F₂ and BC₁ populations indicated that the resistance was controlled by two independent genes: one dominant and one recessive. SSR markers were employed to map the two resistant genes in the F₂ and BC₁ populations. A marker WMC477-_167bp located on 2BS was linked to the dominant gene with genetic distance of 0.4 cM. Another marker WMC364-_{208 bp} located on 7BS was linked to the recessive-resistant gene with genetic distance of 5.8 cM. The two genes identified in this paper might be two novel stripe rust resistant genes, which were temporarily designated as YrTp1 and YrTp2, respectively. The tightly linking markers facilitate transfer of the two resistant genes into the new varieties to control epidemic of yellow rust.     

黄瓜耐冷性遗传分析与连锁标记筛选

黄瓜(Cucumis sativusL.)是典型的冷敏型植物。对黄瓜来说,冷害是生产上制约其丰产、优质的主要逆境因素之一。为了掌握黄瓜耐冷性遗传规律,加快黄瓜耐冷品种的选育,本研究选取黄瓜耐冷型品系0839和低温敏感型品系B52为亲本杂交得到F1和F2,进行苗期低温鉴定和遗传分析。供试亲本的耐冷性主要受一对显性单基因控制。结合BSA(群体分离分析)和SSR分子标记,获得了与黄瓜耐冷性主效基因连锁的SSR标记。通过F2群体分析,鉴定出与耐冷性基因连锁的分子标记SSR07248,该标记与耐冷性基因间的遗传距离为32.6cM。     

Inheritance Analysis and Identification of SSR Markers Linked to Late Blight Resistant Gene in Tomato

Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most serious disease of tomato production in China. Studies on the genetics of resistance and identification of molecular markers are very useful for breeding late blight resistant varieties. The objective of this paper was to study the inheritance of late blight resistance and identify simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers associated with resistance allele in tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum Mill）. The results came from an F2 progeny of 241 plants derived from a cross between 5~ inbred line that is susceptible to late blight and a resistant accession CLN2037E. The late blight responses of F2 plants were tested by artificially inoculation of detached-leaflets in plate and natural infection assayed under greenhouse conditions. Both methods showed that the resistance is dominant and inherited as monogenic trait. Genetic mapping and linkage analysis showed that the late blight resistance gene Ph-ROL was located on chromosome 9 with a genetic distance of 5.7 cM to the SSR marker TOM236.     

Identification and molecular tagging of two Arabidopsis resistance genes to Botrytis cinerea

To map Arabidopsis resistance genes to Botrytis cinerea, Arabidopsis Col-0 ecotype resistant to B. cinerea BC18 isolate and Arabidopsis Ler ecotype susceptible to B. cinerea BC18 isolate were crossed. According to the resistant responses of the F₁, BC₁ and F₂ populations to B. cinerea, we identified two genes, named BC1 and BC2, responsible for the resistance of Arabidopsis Ler ecotype to B. cinerea. Through the method of map-based cloning, BC1 was linked to DNA markers CCR1 and DHS1 on the fourth chromosome of Arabidopsis with genetic distances of 1.2 cM and 1.6 cM for CCR1 and DHS1, respectively, and BC2 was linked to DNA markers CA72/NGA151 and NGA106 on the fifth chromosome with genetic distances of 1.4 cM and 2.4 cM for CA72/NGA151 and NGA106, respectively. Our results are beneficial for chromosome walking so that we can obtain the whole gene sequences, which will facilitate the understanding of their roles and manners of resistance to B. cinerea.     

Inheritance and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr88375 in Chinese Wheat Line Zhongliang 88375

Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance and mapping of resistance gene with simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to stripe rust. Zhongliang 88375, a common wheat line, is highly resistant to all three rusts of wheat in China. The gene conferring rust disease was deduced originating from Elytrigia intermedium. Genetic analysis of Zhongliang 88375 indicated that the resistance to PST race CYR31 was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as Yr88375. To molecular map Yr88375, a F2 segregating population consisting of 163 individuals was constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhongliang 88375 and a susceptible wheat line Mingxian 169; 320 SSR primer pairs were used for analyzing the genetic linkage relation. Six SSR markers, Xgwm335, Xwmc289, Xwmc810, Xgdmll6, Xbarc59, and Xwmc783, are linked to Yr88375 as they were all located on chromosome 5BL Yr88375 was also located on that chromosome arm, closely linked to Xgdmll6 and Xwmc810 with genetic distances of 3.1 and 3.9 cM, respectively. The furthest marker Xwmc783 was 13.5 cM to Yr88375. Hence, pedigree analysis of Zhongliang 88375 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene Yr88375 derived from Elytrigia intermedium is a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. It could play an important role in wheat breeding programs for stripe rust resistance.     

Identification and Molecular Mapping of the RsDmR Locus Conferring Resistance to Downy Mildew at Seedling Stage in Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)

Downy mildew (DM), caused by the fungus Peronospora parasitica, is a destructive disease of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) worldwide. Host resistance has been considered as an attractive and environmentally friendly approach to control the disease. However, the genetic mechanisms of resistance in radish to the pathogen remain unknown. To determine the inheritance of resistance to DM, F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₁ populations derived from reciprocal crosses between a resistant line NAU-dhp08 and a susceptible line NAU-qtbjq-06 were evaluated for their responses to DM at seedling stage. All F₁ hybrid plants showed high resistance to DM and maternal effect was not detected. The segregation for resistant to susceptible individuals statistically fitted a 3:1 ratio in two F₂ populations (F_2(SR) and F_2(RS)), and 1:1 ratio in two BC₁F₁ populations, indicating that resistance to DM at seedling stage in radish was controlled by a single dominant locus designated as RsDmR. A total of 1972 primer pairs (1036 SRAP, 628 RAPD, 126 RGA, 110 EST-SSR and 72 ISSR) were screened, and 36 were polymorphic between the resistant and susceptible bulks, and consequently used for genotyping individuals in the F₂ population. Three markers (Em9/ga24₃₇₀, NAUISSR826₇₀₀ and Me7/em10₄₀₀) linked to the RsDmR locus within a 10.0 cM distance were identified using bulked segregant analysis (BSA). The SRAP marker Em9/ga24₃₇₀ was the most tightly linked one with a distance of 2.3 cM to RsDmR. These markers tightly linked to the RsDmR locus would facilitate marker-assisted selection and resistance gene pyramiding in radish breeding programs.     

番茄抗叶霉病基因Cf-10和Cf-16的遗传分析及SSR标记

以Cf-10和Cf-16基因对东北三省分离鉴定的8个番茄叶霉病病原菌生理小种的抗性进行了评价,表明Cf-10和Cf-16基因对分化出的生理小种具有良好的抗性。分别对07881×08HN30(含Cf-10)和07880×08HN34(含Cf-16)构建的F1、F2代分离群体进行了遗传分析,并对F2群体进行了SSR标记。遗传分析表明,08HN30和08HN34的抗性均由一对显性单基因控制,从341对SSR引物中筛选出2个与Cf-10基因连锁的标记LEtaa001和LEaat003,遗传距离分别为9.7和22.9 cM;1个与Cf-16基因连锁的标记Tom144-145,遗传距离为10.4 cM。上述研究结果为抗源基因在番茄抗叶霉病育种中的应用及进一步精细定位Cf-10和Cf-16基因奠定了基础。     

一个谷子新抗锈基因的AFLP标记

【目的】研究谷子抗源的抗锈遗传规律,寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记,为谷子抗锈病基因的定位、克隆和抗病育种等研究奠定基础。【方法】用谷子锈菌单胞菌系93-5接种十里香和豫谷1号及杂交后代F1、F2进行抗锈鉴定,并根据鉴定结果构建抗、感基因池;利用AFLP技术筛选128对EcoRⅠ/MseⅠ引物组合,从中寻找和定位与谷子抗锈基因连锁的分子标记;根据AFLP分析结果进行抗锈基因连锁分析并进行SCAR标记转化。【结果】根据十里香×豫谷1号杂交后代F2群体(131株)抗感谷锈病分离比例,确定十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制。筛选获得3个与谷子抗锈基因Rusi1(暂命名)连锁的AFLP分子标记,经计算标记与该抗锈基因的遗传距离分别为7.4、9.2和27.4cM。将3个标记片段回收、克隆和测序,成功地将AFLP标记E+CTT/M+TAC-256转化为SCAR标记。初步构建了谷子抗锈基因Rusi1的遗传连锁图谱。【结论】谷子十里香抗锈性由显性单基因控制,Rusi1是一个新发现的谷子抗锈基因。     

Construction of a molecular map for melon (Cucumis melo L.) based on SRAP

A molecular map of melon (Cucumis melo L.) was constructed with SRAP (Sequence-Related Amplified Polymorphism) markers using a population consisting of 114 F₂ individuals derived from the cross of 4G21 (C. melo var. chinensis) and 3A832 (C. melo var. saccherinus). Twenty-nine primer pairs were used and 187 polymorphic loci were produced. The map consists of 12 linkage groups that include 152 genetic markers and cover 2077.1 cM with an average genetic distance of 13.67 cM. Every linkage group has 6–32 genetic markers with average genetic distance of 9.72–19.19 cM. The length of linkage group is 85.3–496.1 cM. __________ Translated from Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2007, 34(1): 135–140 [译自 : 园艺学报]