乌鲁木齐特色彩叶树种栽培适应性研究

针对对乌鲁木齐引种的红叶复叶槭、金叶复叶槭、美国红枫3种特色彩叶树种的适应性进行了2～3 a观测研究,从树种的物候期(包括色彩变化性状)、生长量、抗逆性等进行了综合分析,结果表明:此次引种的特色彩叶树种红叶复叶槭、金叶复叶槭、美国红枫均生长发育良好,具有观赏性、抗寒性强,少有病虫害,可作为优良特色彩叶树种大力推广。     

彩叶绿化树种的观测与快繁研究

<正>2013年3月,石家庄市栾城区农林高科技园区引进茶条槭品种"火焰"和"查理"、银白槭品种"银白槭原种"和"银皇后"、挪威槭品种"挪威槭原种"和"戴博"6个槭树科彩叶树种。为了筛选出适宜石家庄地区绿化的彩叶品种,我们对引进的彩叶树种的物候期、耐热性、抗寒性及抗病虫害等方面进行了观测,并对筛选出的优良采叶绿化树种的快繁技术做了系统研究。一、彩叶树种的观测每品种选择生长状态良好的10株作为观测对     

几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性比较

本试验以银杏、悬铃木、香花槐、金叶复叶槭和玉兰等5种乔木绿化树种的一年生休眠枝条为试材,通过五个梯度的低温处理(-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃),测定丙二醛、可溶性糖与脯氨酸含量和电导率,研究低温胁迫对这几种乔木绿化树种抗寒性的影响。结果表明:不同树种之间抗寒性存在差异性,5种绿化树种的抗寒性由强到弱的顺序为:悬铃木 > 香花槐 > 玉兰 > 银杏 > 金叶复叶槭。       

槭树属彩叶树种综合性能分析与评价

应用层次分析法(AHP),对庆阳市11种槭树属彩叶树种进行综合评价。结果表明:制约各树种观赏性、适应性、生物学特性的系列因素中,叶色占总评价的权重最大,为22.71%,其次为耐寒性与呈彩期,分别占22.36%、20.31%;综合分析评判,11个树种中表现良好的是金叶复叶槭、日本红枫、元宝枫3个树种,复叶槭、青榨槭、花叶复叶槭相对较差,其余5个树种综合性能一般。评价结果对当地槭树属彩叶树的引种和应用工作具有参考意义。     

辽东山区野生槭树箱体培育园林大苗效果初报

槭树是辽宁省东部山区常见的绿化树种。通过对野生槭树大苗进行归圃装箱培育园林绿化用大苗试验,结果表明：槭树大苗采用木箱培育,苗木的生长状况、质量、形态、出圃栽植成活率都显著高于圃地育苗的各项株体生长指标;装箱培育槭树大苗的成本为平地育大苗的3.0倍,而经济效益却是平地大苗的8.5倍,经济效益十分显著。     

红枫的繁育和栽培

红枫,是著名的园林色叶树种,其树姿优美,枝叶繁茂,叶形纤秀,叶色秀丽,秋天变色最早,主色鲜红,副色橘黄,主要用于园林观赏和庭院绿化,也是珍贵的家庭盆栽树种。祁门县很适宜红枫生长,培育红枫已是山区人民脱贫致富的一条好途径。现将其培育方法简介如下。一、生物学特性红枫为槭树科槭树属落叶小乔木,树冠近圆形或伞形,叶对生,嫩叶呈鲜红色或紫红色,为珍贵彩叶树木。栽培地     

基于层次分析法的彩叶树种综合评价

为了合理评价福州市引种的13种乔木彩叶树种,对其观赏价值、林木生长量、生态适应性等进行观测和记录,按照引种彩叶树种的评价指标和评分标准,应用层次分析法,进行福州市引种的彩叶树种综合评价。结果表明:彩叶树种的呈彩期和叶色的权重值是引种的彩叶树种重要评价指标。根据综合得分将13种彩叶树种分为3个等级:娜塔栎、四照花、山乌桕、北美枫香、无患子等5种彩叶树种综合应用价值优良;彩岑槭、枫香、檫树、光叶槭、野鸦椿等5种应用价值较好;中华槭、罗浮槭、岭南槭等3种应用价值一般。建议将综合应用价值较高的彩叶树种作为福州市彩化山体造林和园林景观营造的首选树种。     

红枫绿化用苗高枝换头繁育技术

红枫，槭树科，鸡爪槭的一个变种。其嫩叶红艳，老叶终年紫红，是珍贵的园林观赏植物和极具发展潜力的彩叶树种。红枫生长缓慢，培育年限较长，生产培育者少。为满足当前城市园林绿化和行道绿化所需大规格苗木的需要，作者通过引入高枝换头繁育红枫技术用于苗木生产。从而达到缩短苗木培育年限、快速繁育红枫的目的。     

4种槭树苗木生长特性及其培育措施1）

白牛槭（Acer manshruricum）、紫花槭（A ．pseudo‐sieboldianum）、色木槭（A ．momo）和茶条槭（A ．ginala）实生苗培育试验表明：4种槭树种子育苗在东北地区易行;1年生幼苗中白牛槭长势相对较弱,从第2年至第5年紫花槭转为弱势生长,4种苗木生长势强弱依次为色木槭＞茶条槭＞白牛槭＞紫花槭。茶条槭和白牛槭苗木无需人工修剪,2～3年龄苗即可直接应用;色木槭生长速度快但冠型发育较晚,辅以人工修剪整形,4年龄苗可出圃应用;紫花槭具有风干稍现象,严重影响其生长和冠型发育,在东北地区可考虑灌木型紫花槭苗木的培育和园林应用。     

18种槭树光合色素含量及其与SPAD值相关性

为探讨彩叶树种叶片成色机理,以三尾青皮槭、桂林槭、宁波三角槭、樟叶槭、金钱槭、长尾秀丽槭、长裂葛萝槭、元宝槭、革叶槭、薄叶槭、飞蛾槭、青榨槭、罗浮槭、五裂槭、光叶槭、彩岑槭、鸡爪槭、金沙槭等18种槭树为研究对象,比较不同槭树树种光合色素含量的差异及其与叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)之间的相关性。结果表明：不同槭树树种之间光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素、花色素苷)、SPAD值存在极显著差异(P<0.001),樟叶槭、长尾秀丽槭和薄叶槭的叶绿素a含量较高;长尾秀丽槭和薄叶槭的叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量及类胡萝卜素含量较高;彩岑槭和鸡爪槭的花色素苷相对含量最高(P<0.05),分别为16.04、20.89色素单位·g^-1;罗浮槭、长裂葛萝槭、三尾青皮槭和光叶槭叶片SPAD值较高。相关分析表明,不同槭树树种类胡萝卜素含量与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量之间存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),不同槭树树种SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素总量之间存在显著正相关关系。本研究结果可为彩叶树种的选育及造林配置提供参考。     

Influences of seedling size,container type and mammal browsing on the establishment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eucalyptus globulus</Emphasis> in plantation forestry

Rapid early growth of tree seedlings is critical to the success of plantation establishment. We investigated the effects of seedling size (small and large) and container types (small [Lannen 121], medium [Lannen 81] and large [Forestry Tube]) in the nursery and the effects of mammal browsing after planting on growth of Eucalyptus globulus in Tasmania’s Southern Forests. After planting, seedlings were either exposed to browsing or protected from browsing by wire-mesh cages until age 6 months. Low browsing pressure resulted in around 20% and 5–10% of foliage being browsed in the large and small size categories, respectively, between 1 and 3 months after planting the uncaged treatment. 6 months after planting, height growth increment was lower, and 4 years after planting, mortality was higher in uncaged large than caged large seedling treatments. Six and twelve months after planting, seedlings raised in Forestry Tube containers had significantly greater height increment and root collar diameter relative to other treatments. By 4 years after planting, trees of the small seedling treatment had significantly greater diameter than those of the large seedling treatment, but there was no effect of container type treatment. Four years after planting there was no effect on diameter growth by browsing of <30% of foliage up to 3 months after planting, although there was greater incidence of double leaders in trees that had been browsed as seedlings. Small seedlings produced more growth 4 years after planting than large seedlings of E. globulus.     

Micropropagation of adult birch trees: production and field performance

We compared the growth of trees produced by micropropagation from nodal stem sections or callus tissue of a 20-year-old silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) tree with that of seedlings; growth was monitored for 17 months in pots followed by six years in the field. Micropropagated trees from both nodal stem sections and callus tissue grew at a similar rate to seedling trees and no obvious mutant types were observed. However, micropropagated trees were more uniform in height and trunk girth than seedling trees and more than 80% flowered within three years of field planting, whereas only 39% of seedling trees flowered within this time. Micropropagated trees had less bark fissuring, a mature characteristic, than seedling trees.     

Induced competition among scots pine seedlings and its effect on future timber quality

Height and diameter increment and timber quality in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) planted as seedlings of different sizes were studied in two experiments. When compared 32–37 years after planting, seedlings that were smaller than neighbouring seedlings at the time of planting, had generally attained lower height and diameter, and had higher mortality compared to seedlings that were of equal size or larger than their neighbours. Tree size was strongly related to seedling size two years after planting. Trees originating from small seedlings had thinner annual rings and branches than trees originating from large seedlings. These characters are of importance for timber quality. It seems that the competitive ability of a tree is to a large extent established early in stand development.     

Direct seeding of late-successional trees to restore tropical montane forest

Natural regeneration of large-seeded, late-successional trees in fragmented tropical landscapes can be strongly limited by a lack of seed dispersal resulting in the need for more intensive restoration approaches, such as enrichment planting, to include these species in future forests. Direct seeding may be an alternative low-cost approach to planting nursery-raised tree seedlings, but there is minimal information on its efficacy or when in the successional process this technique will be most successful. We tested directly seeding five native tree species into habitats representing passive and active restoration approaches: (1) recently abandoned pasture; (2) naturally establishing, young secondary forests; and (3) young, mixed-species (fast-growing N-fixers and commercially valuable species) tree plantations established to facilitate montane forest recovery in southern Costa Rica. We monitored germination, survival, growth, and above- and below-ground biomass over a 2-year period. Germination in pastures, secondary forests, and tree plantations was similar (∼43%). Seedling survival after one and two years was significantly higher under tree plantations (91% year 1, 75% year 2) compared to secondary forests (76, 44%) or pastures (74, 41%). Moreover, seedlings had greater total biomass and lower root:shoot ratios in the plantations, suggesting higher nutrient availability in that treatment. Costs for direct seeding were 10- to 30-fold less per 100 seedlings after 2-year compared to nursery-raised seedlings planted at the same sites; however, there are important trade-offs to the two restoration approaches. Planting nursery-raised seedling is a more effective but higher cost approach for rapidly establishing canopy cover and restoring large areas whereas direct seeding is a more efficient way to enrich an existing system. We particularly recommend using direct seeding as a complimentary measure to the more intensive restoration approach of planting fast-growing and N-fixing trees.     

Physiological, morphological and allocational plasticity in understory deciduous trees: importance of plant size and light availability

In a 4-year study, we investigated changes in leaf physiology, crown morphology and whole-tree biomass allocation in seedlings and saplings of shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and intermediate shade-tolerant yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) growing in natural understory light (0.5 to 35% of full sunlight) or in understory light reduced by 50% with shade nets to simulate the effect of gap closure. Leaf physiological parameters were mainly influenced by the light gradient, whereas crown morphological and whole-tree allocational parameters were mainly influenced by tree size. No single physiological, morphological or allocational trait was identified that could explain the difference in shade tolerance between the species. Yellow birch had higher growth rates, biomass allocation to branches and leaf physiological plasticity and lower crown morphological plasticity in unmodified understory light than sugar maple. Sugar maple did not display significant physiological plasticity, but showed variation with tree size in both crown morphology and whole-tree biomass allocation. When sugar maple was small, a greater proportion of whole-tree biomass was allocated to roots. However, physiological differences between the species decreased with decreasing light and most morphological and allocational differences tended to disappear with increasing tree size, suggesting that many species differences in shade-tolerance are expressed mainly during the seedling stage. Understory trees of both species survived for 4 years under shade nets, possibly because of higher plasticity when small and the use of stored reserves when taller.     

低温对油桐种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

油桐种子和幼苗在低温下内部生理生化过程发生明显变化。随着温度的下降和胁迫时间的延长,其K+外渗率明显增加,细胞TTC还原率显著下降,超氧物歧化酶活性和抗坏血酸含量下降,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量增加,过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性也发生明显变化。低温下,油桐幼苗叶片叶绿素含量下降,光合作用明显降低。冷害初期,幼苗呼吸即有增强的表现,特别是从低温转入暖温后呼吸速率大大增加,随着冷害的发展,呼吸又明显下降;冻害则使幼苗呼吸逐渐降低,但从低温转入暖温后仍出现呼吸高峰。不同品种或不同器官对低温的反应不同。外源脱落酸和抗坏血酸预处理能明显地提高油桐幼苗抗冷性。     

蒙古栎育苗试验

蒙古栎是辽西地区的地带性树种，能与油松形成稳定的松栎混交林。在蒙古栎植苗造林试验中发现，蒙古栎植苗造林成活率、保存率不高，重要原因之一是蒙古栎形成的吸收根量少。对此，采用垫砖法、去芽法和多芽法进行了蒙古栎育苗试验。结果表明，3种方法都能增加苗木的侧须根数量，但以垫砖法效果更为明显，可以作为蒙古栎少量育苗的简便方法而应用。如果大量育苗，可以试用截根育苗法。去芽法须进一步催芽，待重新萌发出新芽以后再进行播种。多芽法由于苗木生长较差。不宜采用。     

金黄熊猫树在福建南亚热带引种适应性试验研究

在福建南亚热带气候区开展金黄熊猫树引种试验,对其适应性和抗逆性进行调查分析。结果表明:金黄熊猫树适应性强、种植容易且萌芽力强、生长较快,在没有受冻或轻微受冻的情况下,幼树的生长速度与该树种在深圳种植的生长量相当,3 a生即可正常开花结实,且其具有较强的抗风性、抗旱和抗病虫害能力,但耐寒性有限,幼树可耐-1.5℃的低温。因此金黄熊猫树适合在福建南亚热带气候区极端低温不低于-1.5℃、海拔300 m以下的地段种植,但不宜在山谷、低洼等有寒流沉积的地段种植。     

南洋楹无性系抗寒性研究

【目的】南洋楹属典型热带树种,抗寒性较差,严重制约其推广应用。开展南洋楹无性系抗寒性评价,对于提高其造林成效、拓广其栽培区域具有重要意义。【方法】以生长较好的9个南洋楹无性系组培苗为研究对象,通过系列低温处理,观测幼苗叶片形态变化,分析测定叶片相对电导率(REC)、脯氨酸(PRO)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,揭示南洋楹无性系在低温胁迫下的生理响应,并进行无性系抗寒性评价。【结果】在2℃时,所有无性系均出现不同程度落叶;0℃时所有无性系均出现顶芽死亡,其抗寒性差异主要表现在0~2℃温度区间;9个无性系的REC随温度降低呈单调上升和先上升后下降再上升的2种变化趁势,属于后者的无性系抗寒性更强,0℃下S5、S7的REC最低;PRO含量随温度降低整体上呈现递增趁势,TL18、S7、S5、A8的PRO含量增幅最大,均在1倍以上;SOD活性在同一温度下无性系之间差异显著,但随温度降低无明显变化规律。应用REC进行聚类分析,将9个无性系分为3类,S7、S5、TL18抗寒性最强,A8抗寒性最差,其它6个无性系抗寒性居中。【结论】建议生产上推广S7、S5和TL18无性系。     

不同类型和规格木荷苗木造林对比试验

利用福建省南平樟湖国有林场不同类型和规格的木荷苗木造林对比试验林,系统研究苗木类型与规格对造林成活率、保存率、幼林生长及叉干率的影响。结果表明:轻基质营养袋苗、大田裸根Ⅰ级苗和大田裸根Ⅱ级苗3种类型和规格的木荷苗木造林成效差异显著,其中采用轻基质营养袋苗造林可取得95.56%的造林保存率,且叉干率只有3.47%;造林后木荷1年生幼苗地径、树高和冠幅的平均值分别达到了1.63cm、107.10cm和56.43cm;造林后2年生,其地径、树高和冠幅的平均值分别达到了2.61cm、224.90cm和113.07cm,均优于大田裸根Ⅱ级苗和大田裸根Ⅰ级苗的造林成效,说明采用木荷轻基质营养袋苗造林可显著提高造林成活率和生长量,降低林木叉干率,全面提升造林成效。