冀北山地油松林净生产力与相关立地因子关系模型的研究

为推测林分生产力,提高森林经营水平,在对冀北山地油松林标准地进行调查的基础上,建立树高随林龄的增长而变化的导向曲线模型,通过模型给出各标准地的立地指数;建立油松单株生物量与单株胸径树高关系模型,导出各标准地林分生物量;建立林分生物量与林分密度、林龄及立地指数关系模型,进而建立林分净生产力与林分密度、林龄及立地指数关系模型。     

沙地樟子松林分密度对林木生长的影响研究

以红花尔基地区沙地樟子松人工林为研究对象,研究林分密度与胸径、树高、生物量等林分因子之间的关系。结果表明,沙地樟子松林分密度对其林木生长因子的影响有显著相关性和规律性,随林分密度的递增,林分平均胸径、平均冠幅、单株材积、林木各器官生物量等各项指标呈减小趋势,二者呈幂指函数相关关系,y=ax~b,对树高影响不显著,但树木的高径比随密度增加呈增大趋势;林分密度对单株和不同器官生物量均有显著影响,随林分密度的增加而减小;林下植被生物量和多样性与林分密度呈极显著负相关。     

环洞庭湖防护林主要建群种生物量模型构建

根据环洞庭湖防护林的森林群落和树种分布特点,在研究区域共设置122个典型样地,样地根据气候区、立地条件、林分类型、群落结构、林龄等因素综合布设,实测样株生物量,利用树木各部分生物量之间存在相关关系,以树高、胸径为变量构建各分量生物量模型通式,共构建了马尾松、白栎、杨树、枫香、刺槐5个主要建群种生物量模型,模型结构为W=a(D2H)b。模型测算因子简单易得,各模型均具有较好的拟合精度和预估水平。     

沿海沙质岸黑松人工林生物量的估测数学模型

利用沿海沙质岸黑松人工林生物量调查材料，探讨黑松各器官的生物量与胸径、树高之间的相关关系，运用回归分析的方法，选择不同的回归方程来拟合黑松生物量估测数学模型。经实用性检验，以胸径、树高拟合的黑松生物量估测数学模型均有较高的精度，但以胸径和树高两个因子建立的各器官生物量模型较以胸径单个因子的估测结果更为理想，各地区应根据实际应用情况，合理选择一元或二元估测数学模型。     

喀斯特地区阔叶混交林蓄积的相关因子研究

利用两期贵州森林资源连续清查数据资料(2000~2010年),通过主成份法和多元回归研究贵州阔叶混交林林分蓄积与各因子的相关性。结果表明:非喀斯特林区特征值大于1的有2个公因子,累积贡献率66.392%;第一公因子贡献率为48.255%,包括平均胸径、平均树高、郁闭度、坡度、海拔,定义为林分及环境因子;第二公因子是林分密度,定义为密度因子,贡献率18.137%。喀斯特林区特征值大于1的有2个公因子,累积贡献率63.708%;第一公因子贡献率为45.675%,包括平均胸径、平均树高、郁闭度、坡度、林分密度,定义为林分因子;第二公因子土壤类型,定义为土壤因子,贡献率为18.034%。多元回归建模和T检验结果表明,喀斯特或非喀斯特阔叶混交林的蓄积相关因子均包括平均胸径、平均树高、郁闭度和林分密度;此外,非喀斯特区林分蓄积相关因子还包括海拔、坡度。该结论为贵州阔叶混交林区资源保护和管理提供了一定的依据。     

银荆林分的生长及生物生产力的初步研究

采用相对生长测定法对4～6年生银荆人工林的银荆个体生长规律、林分生物生产、积累和分配及林分生产力的调查分析表明:利用银荆树高、胸径、材积与年龄之间相互关系,建立回归方程,相关密切。银荆林分生物量是随年龄和环境因子的不同按一定比例分配到各器官组织中去。6年生银荆林分的净生产量达 6.118吨/公顷·年,为12年生马尾松残次林的5.38倍,与9年生集约经营的杉木林分生产力接近。银荆无疑是一个速生树种。     

华北落叶松与白桦混交林树高与胸径关系研究

【目的】建立华北暖温带华北落叶松与白桦针阔混交林树高与胸径关系的非线性混合效应模型,为研究针阔混交林中不同树种相互作用及其生长发育规律提供科学依据。【方法】以河北省塞罕坝机械林场的华北落叶松与白桦针阔混交林为研究对象,基于83块30 m×30 m的标准地调查数据,首先选取5个具有生物学意义的非线性树高与胸径关系基础模型进行拟合,确定最优基础模型;其次通过相关分析确定影响树高生长的主要因子;最后基于最优基础模型和主要因子建立包含哑变量的华北落叶松与白桦针阔混交林树高与胸径关系预测模型。【结果】在5个候选非线性树高与胸径关系模型中,Richard模型具有最好的拟合结果,其模型确定系数(R2=0.918 6)最大,均方根误差(RMSE=2.405 8)及绝对误差(Bias=0.194 5)最小;通过相关分析确定海拔和林分断面积与树高生长均在P 0.01水平上呈现显著性;基于基础模型构建了包含哑变量及主要影响因子的不同树种树高与胸径关系混合效应模型,当随机效应参数作用在林分断面积上时,模型预测精度较高。【结论】基于主要影响因子和包含哑变量的非线性混合效应树高与胸径关系预测模型,能够有效解决混交林中树种及主要因子对树高与胸径关系的影响,提高了预测模型的适用性及预测精度,为混交林森林质量精准提升提供科学依据。     

亚热带主要人工林乔木层生物量影响因子研究

通过收集亚热带主要人工林:杉木林和马尾松的林分和试验地数据,采用通径分析法对亚热带杉木林和马尾松生物量的影响因子进行分析。结果表明:选取的7个因子(年降水量、年均温、海拔、林分密度、林龄、胸径、树高)对杉木林乔木层生物量决定程度较大,主要立地影响因子是海拔和年降水量,而对马尾松乔木层生物量决定程度较小,主要立地影响因子是年均温。此外,林分密度与两种林分乔木层生物量均为负相关关系。     

天然阔叶林建群树种若干测树因子相关关系的探讨

依据收集于福建省天然阔叶林主要分布区的林分标准地资料,对天然阔叶林建群树种的树高与胸径、枝下高与胸径、寇幅与胸径、树高与枝下高、冠幅与树高间的内在关系进行探讨,结果表明,其存在显著的相关关系,揭示了天然阔叶林建群树种几个测树因子的生长规律,为天然阔叶林经营、林地生产力评价、森林收获预估等提供依据。     

马占相思幼林地上部分净生产力和养分循环的研究

通过对２４个月和３０个月生的马占相思林分地上部分生物量和凋落物量的研究，揭示了马占相思各器官生物量与胸径及树高之间的关系，并分析了不同年龄林分生物量结构的变化和林分的净生产力。通过对固定标准地内树木生长的连续观测分析，展示了马占相思幼林的生长规律。通过对树木地上部分各器官的养分分析，了解了树木各器官养分的变化，养分积累和林分的养分循环。并为林分的经营管理提出了一些建议。     

柏木人工林立地质量与林分结构规律的研究

本文通过对柏木人工林林分结构时、空间变化规律的研究,发现林木株数按径级的分布在幼龄期呈倒“丁”型,在中龄前期低指数级呈倒“丁”型,高指数级近似正态分布,而中龄后期为近似正态和正态型,随年龄和指数级的增大其径级分布从倒“丁”型向正态分布里有序的过渡;分析了不同立地质量下林分(?)、(?)、(?)及生物量等生长指标的变化规律,并建立了指数级和各指标之间的函数回归式,以实现对不同立地质量林分的评价预测;分析探讨了不同经营目的下林分的合理密度,为柏木人工林经营提供了技术指标和依据。     

Comparison of two coniferous plantations in central Japan with respect to forest productivity, growth phenology and soil nitrogen dynamics

Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) are common species for plantation forestry in Japan. Cypress is conventionally planted on sites of low fertility whereas for cedar high fertility sites are used. Objectives of this study were to compare the productivities of cypress and cedar plantations grown on adjacent sites where common properties of soils, such as pH values and C and N contents, were similar, and to relate the N cycling at their site with productivities. The stem diameter of trees, aboveground litter production and fine root biomass were measured as indices of forest productivity. Parameters of N cycling included pools of total N and mineral N (ammonium + nitrate), annual N leaching, and potentially mineralizable N. The radial stem increment of the two tree species was similar. However, cedar site had higher total basal area and annual basal increment than cypress site reflecting higher tree density on the cedar site. Aboveground litter, fine root biomass, soil organic matter, and N turnover were higher on the cedar site than on the cypress site. However, litter production and fine root biomass per unit basal area was greater at the cypress site. Phenological pattern of stem growth and periodical litter production were similar for both species during the study period (1992–2000), but showed distinct annual variations caused by the fluctuation in the ambient temperature and precipitation. Mineral N content and the N mineralization potential were greater on the cedar site, indicating greater N availability and higher total tree productivity at the cedar site than those at the cypress site. When provided with more space in the canopy to expand more needles and in the soil to develop more fine roots to exploit sufficient resources, the individual cypress trees have the potential to grow faster. On fertile site and at lower tree density, thicker logs of cypress might be yielded.     

江西分宜地区杉木人工林不同代数间生产力与生物量构成的比较研究

将选自江西分宜大岗山地区相同立地条件和发育阶段的1、2代林样地的林龄变为与1代林主样地的林龄一致，利用“杉木人工林生长与收获模型系统”中的部分模型，计算林龄变换后样地的平均优势高，以便实现1、2代林之间以优势高表示的生产力在同林龄，同立地的比较，用假设检验比较1、2代林生产力的差异，而后根据实测生物量计算的数据，用假设检验比较1、2代林树干、树根及枝叶在生物量中占百分比的差异。结果表明：在各种地立条件下，幼龄林1、2代林的生产力无显著差异；中龄林1代林的生产力要普遍高于2代林，立地条件越差差异越明显；4－12年生林分，1代林树干占生物量百分比要普遍高于2代林，1代林树根占生物量百分比要普遍低2代林，立地条件越差上述差异越明显；1代林与2代林枝、叶占生物量百分比无显著差异。     

Biomass, basic density and biomass expansion factor functions for European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Denmark

The objective of this study was to analyse the within-tree allocation of biomass and to develop biomass functions for above- and below-ground components of European beech in Denmark. Separate functions were developed for stem, branches, below-ground stump and root system, total above-ground biomass and total tree biomass. For each of these components or aggregate components, models were also developed for the average basic density of wood and bark. To enhance the versatility of the models, a function for estimating the biomass expansion factor (BEF) was also developed. The functions were based on 66 trees measured for total biomass. Model performance was evaluated based on 74 trees measured only for above-ground biomass. The trees were sampled in 18 different forest stands covering a wide range of tree sizes and stand treatments. Models were estimated using a linear mixed-effects procedure to account for within-stand correlations. The functions for biomass and BEFs included only diameter at breast height and total tree height for individual trees as predictor variables. Inclusion of additional variables reflecting site quality or stand density did not improve model performance. The functions for basic density included individual tree diameter, tree height and quadratic mean diameter as predictor variables, indicating an effect of stand density on the basic density of wood and bark.     

Variation in individual biomass decreases faster than mean biomass with increasing density of bamboo stands

The total biomass of a stand is an indicator of stand productivity and is closely related to the density of plants. According to the self-thinning law, mean individual biomass follows a negative power law with plant density. If the variance of individual biomass is constant, we can expect increased stand productivity with increasing plant density. However, Taylor's power law(TPL) that relates the variance and the mean of many biological measures(e.g. bilateral areal differences of a leaf, plant biomass atdifferent times, developmental rates at different temperatures, population densities on different spatial or temporal scales), affects the estimate of stand productivity when it is defined as the total biomass of large plants in a stand.Because the variance of individual biomass decreases faster than mean individual biomass, differences in individual biomass decline with increasing density, leading to more homogeneous timbers of greater economic value. We tested whether TPL in plant biomass holds for different species and whether the variance of individual biomass changes faster than the mean with increasing stand density.The height, ground diameter and fresh weight of 50 bamboo species were measured in 50 stands ranging from 1 m by 1 m to 30 m by 30 m to ensure more than 150 bamboos in every stand. We separately examined TPL in height,ground diameter, and weight, and found that TPL holds for all three biological measures, with the relationship strongest for weight. Using analysis of covariance to compare the regression slopes of logarithmic mean and variance against the logarithm of density, we found that the variance in individual biomass declined faster than the mean with increasing density. This suggests that dense planting reduced mean individual biomass but homogenized individual biomass. Thus, there exists a trade-off between effective stand productivity and stand density for optimal forest management. Sparse planting leads to large variation in individual biomass, whereas dense planting reduces mean individual biomass. Consequently, stand density for a plantation should be set based on this trade-off with reference to market demands.     

杉木幼林年生长节律划分和相关气候因素分析

杉木幼林年生长规律及气候因素对生长的影响,是合理制订杉木产区区划,改善杉木造林规划设计布局,正确实施经营管理措施的基础。 本项研究,将全国杉木西部试区的四川高县作为试验点,从1985～1988年,连续4年在5～8年生不同密度林分中,作了胸高直径及树高生长的旬期定期观测。经对这些实验数据作均值处理,聚类分析,关联分析和多元回归分析结果表明:对生长在中国杉木中带西部产区,处于中亚热带湿润气候区环境条件下的杉木幼林年生长规律的论证及对影响生长的主要气候因子的分析判断和预测,具有可靠性和区域代表性。     

林木干形变化规律的研究

利用450株桦树标准木和63株落叶松标准木材料对林木的干形进行了研究,旨在探索林木干形的变化规律,为林木材积的测算提供理论依据。结果表明,林木的各干形指标均因径阶的不同而不同,并且胸高形数和胸高形率均随直径的增大而又变小的趋势。     

Allometric model of the maximum size–density relationship between stem surface area and stand density

An allometric model of the maximum size–density relationship between mean stem surface area and stand density is proposed, and is fitted to data for even-aged pure stands of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.). To derive the model, the biomass density was defined as the ratio of the mean stem surface area to the side area of an imaginary column, of which radius and height were equal to the radius of the mean area occupied by a tree and mean tree height, respectively. According to the model, the slope of the maximum size–density relationship on logarithmic coordinates can be estimated from the allometric power relationships of mean tree height and biomass density to mean stem surface area. The resulting slope was −1.089 for the cedar and −0.974 for the cypress. The estimated maximum size–density relationship corresponded well with the combinations of mean stem surface area and stand density for the overcrowded stands of cedar and cypress. The steeper slope for cedar was attributed to the allocation of more resources to height growth compared to cypress. The maximum total stem surface area was approximated to be 1.483 ha/ha for cedar and 0.949 ha/ha for cypress stands. The difference in the maximum total stem surface area between the two species was produced by the characteristics related to tree height and stem biomass packing into space already occupied.     

Crown radius of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) depending on stem size,stand density and site productivity

Crown size is a good indicator of the growth potential of trees and is often used in forest management for outlining thinning guidelines or constructing forest growth models. The aim of this study was to analyse mean crown radius as a function of stem size, stand density and site productivity in even-aged stands of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.). Data included measurements of 620 trees from 53 plots in nine thinning experiments and one operational stand in Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain, representing a wide spectrum of thinning practices ranging from the strictly unthinned control to extremely heavy thinning with essentially solitary trees. Three sets of models were constructed based on different predictor variables, including indicators of individual stem size (diameter at breast height, DBH), stand density/thinning grade (quadratic mean diameter and stand basal area) and site productivity (stand top height). Preliminary results indicated a significant effect of DBH and (nominal) thinning grade on crown radius. The response pattern of the final models indicated an increasing crown radius with increasing DBH, with increasing thinning grade (decreasing stand density) and with decreasing site productivity. The models are valid for predicting the crown radius of pedunculate oak in even-aged forest stands.     

桤柏混交林的效益探讨

桤柏混交林是川中丘陵区的主要造林类型。本文对不同年龄阶段的桤柏混交林进行了对比研究。结果表明：２６年生的混交林中其柏木在单位面积上的蓄积最比纯柏木林大８０．６％，地上中分生物量比纯林高４７．２％；混交林柏木的Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ，Ｃａ等营养元素含量分别 比纯柏林高６５．４７％，５０．４３％，７．７０％和１７．９６％；混交林内空气相对湿度比纯柏木林大９．４－１０．５％，混交林能改善生态环境，提高土壤肥力。