毛皮动物常用饲料使用时注意的事项

毛皮动物(狐、貉、貂)为肉食动物,动物性蛋白质饲料在其饲料中所占比重较大,但随着我国狐、貉、貂养殖量的增加及用于毛皮动物养殖的海杂鱼资源的减少,毛皮动物主要饲料原料鲜海杂鱼、鲜肉及畜禽下杂等产品的价格逐渐升高,导致养殖成本上升。目前以鱼粉、肉骨粉、谷物性饲料等为主要原料的毛皮动物干粉或颗粒全价饲料、配合饲料及浓缩饲料逐渐被广大养殖户接受和使用。用于饲养毛皮动物(狐、貉、貂)的饲料种类很多,一般习惯于把狐、貉、貂的饲料分为动物性饲料、植物性饲料。在此,把常规饲料原料作为毛皮动物饲料使用时应注意的事项做一简要概述。     

毛皮动物产业化发展及对策

珍贵毛皮动物狐、貂、貉在我国饲养已近半个世纪,经历了从无到有、从小到大、从国营到个体、从分散户养到集约饲养,从鲜饲料到干饲料等诸多变化及改革,我国狐、貉、貂饲养已跨入世界毛皮动物养殖大国行列.但是毛皮动物饲养业目前也面临着前所未有的挑战,沿海鱼类资源日趋短缺,饲料价格全面上涨,饲料工业发展滞后,干饲料质量水平喜忧参半,各地饲养布局混乱,烈性传染病时有发生,有的养殖场全群覆没,损失严重,总之我国毛皮动物饲养业与发达国家相比差距主要就是产业化进程.     

毛皮动物鲜饲料的贮存、加工与调制

目前,商用干粉饲料在貂、狐、貉的养殖上应用越来越多,但鲜饲料适口性好等优点及受传统饲养习惯的影响,广大毛皮动物养殖户仍习惯选择杂碎鲜饲料,自行配制动物饲料,因此如何科学贮存及调制鲜饲料对特种动物养殖非常重要。     

维生素对貂、狐、貉的营养作用及其适宜添加量

貂、狐、貉属于肉食性毛皮动物,肠道比较短,代谢快,对维生素的需要几乎全部依赖于食物,而且对维生素的缺乏非常敏感。在常规饲养中,貂、狐、貉主要从新鲜的鱼、肉及其下杂、新鲜蔬菜及维生素预混料中获得维生素的营养补充。当前养殖户在貂、狐、貉饲养上应用新鲜蔬菜比较少,而由于受资源及价格等因素影响使用含维生素相对丰富的鲜饲料也逐渐减少,     

貉的消化特性及颗粒料饲喂效果的研究进展

貉是经济价值很高的毛皮动物之一,目前中国养殖的貉绝大多数是来源于黑龙江省的乌苏里貉.貉相对于狐、貂具有产仔多、成活率高、易饲养、市场稳定等优点.因此,近年来貉的养殖在中国毛皮动物饲养中占有很重要的位置.貉的规模化、产业化养殖需要改变饲料行业科技发展滞后于养殖业的局面,必须带动和引导养殖户改变传统的饲养方式,摆脱受海杂鱼等动物鲜料来源和价格上涨等因素的影响,向使用全价配合饲料的更科学合理的饲养方式转变.     

我国毛皮动物饲料生产中的几点技术误区

近年来,国内毛皮动物养殖种类及数量连年增加,尤其是貂、狐和貉等毛皮兽养殖数量屡创历史新高,养殖范围已遍布于我国长江以北广大地区。但与这种发展形势相比,毛皮动物饲料的研究、开发及生产技术明显滞后。貉在20世纪50年代就有了一定的饲养量,到80年代初人工养殖踪迹已遍及国     

提高毛皮动物免疫接种效果的综合措施

近几年，随着山东省地区狐、貉、貂等毛皮动物养殖业的不断发展，因养殖规模的扩大，养殖的密集化，疾病防治中抗菌药物的广泛使用和免疫接种的不规范、不合理等问题，使毛皮动物疾病呈现多发趋势，给毛皮动物养殖业造成巨大损失。笔者根据多年的养殖经验认为，要保障毛皮动物的健康生长，预防传染病的流行，实施恰当的免疫防治措施和免疫接种技术是至关重要的。那么如何正确做好毛皮动物的免疫接种工作，笔者认为应遵循以下几点：     

河北毛皮产业——机遇与挑战并存

据河北省毛皮产业协会粗略统计,去年河北省毛皮动物(狐、貂、貉,不含兔类)饲养量突破3300万只,成为全国养殖、销售第一大省,相关从业人员已达50万人.     

貉用复合麻醉剂的组分筛选试验

<正>随着现代养殖业的发展,狐貉貂等毛皮动物的养殖发展极为迅猛。其中貉的养殖成本低,饲养方法简单,加之毛皮利用率高,现已成为比较畅销的养殖动物。但是,目前没有针对貉的麻醉剂和麻醉方法的报道与研究。因此本研究将右美托咪啶、咪达唑仑、氯胺酮、赛拉嗪和乙酰丙嗪进行不同的复合,相互进行比较,评价这些组合的麻醉效果,筛选出效果理想的组合。1材料1.1试验动物貉场健康貉子25只,购自红旗乡     

毛皮动物养殖如何突破瓶颈

目前我国毛皮动物（貂、狐、貉）皮张市场行情稳定,部分优质皮张价格较高。但要实现盈利,还需要了解我国毛皮动物行业的特点和问题。（一）我国毛皮动物养殖业存在的问题1.优良品种毛皮动物养殖比例小。良种在毛皮动物养殖业经济效益上的贡献占到近50%,优良品种,如芬兰狐、丹麦水貂、美国短毛黑水貂等,皮张较大、质量好,     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.