马铃薯黑痣病的研究进展

目前马铃薯在我国的种植面积越来越大,但其产量和品质受病害影响严重。其中黑痣病对马铃薯的危害很大,黑痣病的病原菌为立枯丝核菌,作为一种土传病害,它一旦在土壤中固定繁殖就会变的很难根除,严重影响着马铃薯的生长及块茎产量和质量。对于黑痣病的防治目前人们还是主要采取适宜田间农艺措施、化学药剂以及生物防菌剂＼等方法,而通过基因工程改良马铃薯对立枯丝菌的抗性的研究也越来越多,并且已经有研究者证实了转几丁质酶基因马铃薯植株对立枯丝菌具有一定抗性,所以基因工程技术在增强马铃薯抗立枯丝菌核病方面的应用被认为是可行的。     

半干旱区不同覆膜方式对土壤水分温度及马铃薯产量的影响

结合当前生产实际,在西北半干旱区旱作梯田中,以‘庄薯3号’为试验材料,对目前旱作区马铃薯不同垄播覆膜方式进行对比试验,以探索不同栽培模式对马铃薯田间土壤温度、土壤含水量、物侯期及产量的影响。结果表明:覆膜栽培的马铃薯出苗早,生长发育较快,营养生长期延长,尤其双垄全膜黑膜覆盖能优化马铃薯农艺性状,提高马铃薯的产量,降低地温,有利于马铃薯薯块的生长,在多年高温少雨的地方,覆白色地膜栽培的马铃薯不利于其产量的增加。     

Genetic variance estimates in a heterogenous potato population propagated from true seed (TPS)

Genetic variances were estimated for 11 traits in a potato breeding population propagated from true seed (TPS). Means were high and no genetic variability was found for seed germination and transplant survival. Additive variance and heritability were high for TPS production which was positively correlated with tuber yield. No additive variance was found for uniformity of tuber size, but heritability estimates for other component traits of tuber uniformity and yield were relatively high. The results indicated that index selection should be effective for improvement of yield and tuber uniformity.     

Tuber yields and specific gravities inSolanum tuberosum populations recurrently selected for resistance to potato leafhopper

Solanum tuberosum genotypes from the 3rd, 5th, and 7th generations of recurrent selection for resistance to potato leafhopper were compared with genotypes from the base, unselected population for tuber yield and specific gravity over a five year period. Mean tuber yields of the genotypes in the 3rd and 5th generations were equal to the yield of those in the base population. The mean tuber yield in the 7th generation was significantly lower than the mean in the base population and the means in the other selection generations. However, the mean tuber specific gravities of the 5th and 7th generation genotypes were slightly higher than the mean in the base population. The variability of tuber yield among genotypes in the 7th selection generation was lower than the variability in the base population and in the 3rd and 5th selection generations. It was concluded that there was moderate genetic potential for selecting genotypes with resistance to potato leafhopper that had acceptable tuber yields in the 3rd and 5th selection generations, but by the 7th generation the potential was considerably lower. The genetic potential for selecting resistant genotypes with acceptable tuber specific gravities remained about the same in each of the selection generations.     

扦插时期、光照与密度等条件在马铃薯微型薯生产中的影响

在马铃薯微型薯生产过程中,扦插时期不同,使马铃薯植株不同物候期所处的环境条件不同,严重影响植株生物学性状及微型薯产量。试管苗扦插生根主要受温度影响,光照通过影响温、湿度对生根起作用。密度不同,植株生长受到影响,微型薯数量与产量均不同。     

Developing equations to estimate potato yield loss caused by early blight in Minnesota

Regression analyses were performed on field data from 1981 and 1982 to determine models for estimating yield loss caused by early blight in potato cvs. Norland and Russet Burbank. Percent yield loss (total tubers and US# 1 tubers) caused by early blight could not be satisfactorily explained by any regression model using only a single disease assessment as the input variable. Several multiple point models, which explained more than 70% of the variation in yield loss due to early blight, were determined for each cultivar. The models for cv. Norland used either early blight severity assessments on days 56, 66, 76 and 86 after sprout emergence, or blight severity increments for 10-day periods among days 46–86, as the input variables. The models for cv. Russet Burbank used the same input variables as for cv. Norland and additionally, blight severity on day 96. Yield loss in US#1 tubers was a more stable variable than loss in total tubers for estimating early blight effect.     

Genetic Diversity and Yield Stability of Potato(Solanum tuberosum L.)

The present study was under taken to investigate the genetic distance and the performance of thirty one potato genotypes in diverse environments.Multivariate and canonical analysis were used to study genetic diversity among the genotypes and stability parameters were estimated according to Eberhart and Russell,Parkinge and Jinks and Freeman and Perkins models for plant height,branch number per plant,tuber number and tuber weight.Thirty one genotypes were grouped in to six clusters with the help of Mahalonobis distance and canonical analysis.The stability analysis revealed that yield was greatly influenced by the environments.Most of the studied genotypes were sensitive for yield with the environment.For over-all performance 'Hera','Chamak','Patnai','Lala pakri','TPS-7','TPS-364','Somerset' and 'Superior' were the best genotypes for tuber yield and breeding material for potato breeding.     

临夏州马铃薯各生育期产量动态气候预测模型

利用1990-2009年20年气象资料,分析了临夏州马铃薯不同生长阶段所需气候条件,以及气候条件对马铃薯产量及其构成因素的影响。通过各生育期相关因子诊断和数据模拟,利用多元回归方程建立了马铃薯各生育期产量动态气候预测模型,实现马铃薯各生育期气象条件与单产的气候预测。     

Some approaches to prediction of potato early dying disease severity

There are two control procedures available to growers who have fields that may develop severe potato early dying. The first, use of long crop rotation sequence, may result in only marginal control. The second, soil fumigation, is costly; and while providing effective control in many cases, has failed in others. Because of the cost of fumigation and its limited effectiveness in some situations, it may be helpful to predict the potential severity of the disease and subsequent yield loss. One approach to disease and yield loss prediction could be to rely on historical knowledge of early dying severity and yield in a field. Another approach is to use soil inoculum levels as an indicator of potential disease severity and yield loss. Because severity of potato early dying may vary from year to year in a given field as a result of differing environmental conditions, neither historical knowledge nor estimated soil inoculum levels may be sufficient for predicting disease severity. These methods may, however, provide an estimate of the potential for severe early dying to occur. Modelling the impact of early dying on plant growth and yield as a function of environmental parameters and presence of inoculum may provide a means of setting confidence limits of an estimated disease severity and yield loss based on historical knowledge or knowledge of inoculum load.     

The Contribution of Traditional Potato Breeding to Scientific Potato Improvement

Conventional potato breeding refers to development of new cultivars from sexual crosses followed by clonal propagation and selection. Nearly all new varieties of potato still emerge from this process free from modern technologies of gene insertion. Conventional breeding remains the most important force for introduction of new phenotypes underlain by new genes. However, these come from already selected potato breeding lines or named varieties or from wild potatoes or more distant solanaceous relatives that are amenable to somatic hybridization. Potato breeders are constantly searching for new germplasm, in part because the potato as a crop still remains highly vulnerable to biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, the widening of the genetic base is seen as a means of increasing heterozygosity. Despite a highly conscious import of genetic variability, commercial varieties often emerge from a relatively restricted genetic pool. This is due to the long list of traits that must fall within narrow boundaries of performance. The potato must be able to navigate the conditions of modern agriculture, withstand unusual weather events, and arrive at harvest with skin and flesh appealing to the market for which it is intended. A storage period must also be endured during which appearance and suitability for processing or the consumer’s kitchen must be maintained. A lapse in any of these phases usually signals that a new variety will exit commercial use as fast as it entered. The inconvenient accompaniment of introducing exotic genetic variation is that the breeding products are often outside of the targeted market niche. It is not surprising that many new varieties stem from crosses from older named varieties. Efforts to diversify are in conflict with conformism leading to relatively high co-ancestry coefficients between advanced breeding lines. Conventional breeding has advanced through the last hundred years the appearance, sugar status, Verticillium resistance, and yield of larger sized tubers in statistically robust ways. Potato arrived from the new world and very quickly became the secret solution to famine for the poor by virtue of its productivity and nutrient content. Meanwhile, in modern times, challenges to the consumption of potato come from a sedentary and carbohydrate over-satiated society. The genetic repository of potato germplasm is so rich that a new era of potato varieties beneficial to health may be at hand. Conventional breeding will certainly be a major part of this.     

Germplasm enhancement with wild tuber-bearing species: introgression of PVY resistance and high dry matter content fromSolanum berthaultii, S. gourlayi, S. tarijense andS. vernei

Summary The narrow genetic base of the cultivated potato is a severe constraint for potato breeding. Wild tuber-bearing species constitute an important source of genes for resistance to diseases and pests as well as abiotic factors. Seven interspecific hybrid populations were generated from crosses between diploidTuberosum clones and four wild species:Solanum berthaultii, S. gourlayi, S. tarijense andS. vernei, and evaluated in a field experiment in Burgos (Spain) as a way to broaden the genetic base of the cultivated potato. Good tuberization ability and great variability for yield within the different families were detected. Hybridization with the wild species resulted in high levels of PVY resistance inS. berthaultii andS. vernei hybrids and a large increase of dry matter content in all populations except theS. berthaultii hybrids.     

Relationships Between Internal Brown Spot and Skin Roughness in Potato Tubers Under Field Conditions

Internal brown spot (IBS) is a physiological disorder of potato tubers consisting in the appearance of punctiform and/or enlarged rust-coloured necrosis in parenchymal tissues. The IBS disorder leads to important economic impact and yield depreciation since quality, sensory and processing features of tubers may be highly compromised. Nowadays, the causes of IBS are still debated; however, the combination of several genetic, nutritional and environmental factors seems to have a relevant role in modulation of symptoms. In the current work, IBS occurrences together with skin roughness were monitored in potato tubers of different cultivars harvested in 2 years of field trials under different field conditions (environment, irrigation rate). All three IBS-susceptible cultivars used, Luminella, Majestic and Ricciona di Napoli, showed significant IBS incidence. Importantly, incidence and severity increased with tuber size. Ricciona di Napoli was the cultivar most affected by both IBS and skin roughness. Findings showed a strong positive correlation between IBS and skin roughness, suggesting that suboptimal growth conditions may have affected both physiological disorders. The association between IBS and potato skin roughness may provide new insights for the implementation of non-destructive IBS detection in potatoes.     

马铃薯高垄双行整薯覆膜栽培技术研究

在平肥地与坡地条件下对不同垄形、株穴距、密度马铃薯生长发育和产量表现进行了研究。研究结果表明,植株田间配置方式对马铃薯生长发育没有显著影响,可选择便于农事操作的配置方式。坡地比平肥地更适宜较高的种植密度。整薯做种薯栽培是马铃薯高产的关键措施,在平肥地上可提高块茎产量16%以上,坡地上提高20%以上。     

Genetic variation in the response of andigena potatoes to inorganic fertilizers

Summary Tuber yield, dry matter and true protein content were studied in 24 andigena potato genotypes. Their performance and response differed greatly and significantly when grown at three levels of inorganic N, P and K fertilizer application. In general, tuber yield and protein content increased with increased fertilizer level, whereas dry matter content initially decreased but then increased significantly with fertilizer additions. For all three characteristics, genotype x fertilizer interaction was significant, and although there was a wide genetic variability for relative responsiveness of different genotypes, no significant undesirable association was detected for performance. The genotypes JEX/A 674, 706 and 744 are most promising and could be used for wide-scale cultivation and for breeding.     

Growth and yield studies of potatoes developed in a semi-arid region 1. Yield response of several varieties grown as a double crop

Summary The yielding capacity of European potato varieties was tested in the spring and the autumn. The environmental characteristics for the spring crop (February–June) are increasing day length and temperature from planting to harvest, with the opposite for the autumn crops (August–December). In the spring crop, using imported seed tubers of about 5–6 months' chronological age, the stem density of different varieties varied between 120 000 and 240 000 per ha, and the weekly yield rates (total yield/growth period) were 2.6 and 4.7 t/ha. In the autumn crop, when local seed tubers of 3 months' chronological age were planted, the stem density was 2–3 times lower and the weekly yield rates were between 1.6 and 3.9 t/ha. Two groups of potato varieties were selected according to their yield performance as being suitable: a) for the spring crop cvs. Up-to-Date, Désirée and ZPC 71E207; and b) suitable for the autumn crop cvs. Désirée, Draga, Gulliver, Spunta, Ropta A3802, ZPC 71E277, and Cardinal. The variability in yield response of theS. tuberosum varieties to the high temperatures and short photoperiods of the semi-arid environment is discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 280-E, 1980 series.     

Pest intensity-crop loss relationships for the leafminer fly Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties

Quantifying the relationship between plant injury and yield loss is a critical component for decision making in integrated pest management (IPM). The effects of foliar injury during different growth stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), caused by natural populations of the leafminer fly Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) on potato yield, and the economic injury level for potato varieties with different maturity times were studied in the Cañete valley on the central coast of Peru. Field experiments were carried out during the potato cropping season (July–November) in the years 2005, 2007 and 2008 using early, middle-late and late potato varieties. Insecticides with different control efficiencies or the use of varying numbers of insecticide applications obtained various levels of leafminer fly infestation intensities. Leafminer fly infestation caused foliar injury in all potato varieties resulting in yield losses, which varied, according to the seasonal adult flight activity in each year of evaluation, between 22% in 2007 (2508 adults/trap/season) and 51% in 2005 (3147 adults/trap/season). Foliar injury increased with the development and growth of the potato plant, with the highest injury registered at the end of the cropping period. Early varieties showed higher foliar injury and yield loss than late potato varieties with the exception of Maria Tambeña, which is considered partially resistant to leafminer fly infestation. Yield losses increased linearly by each percentage of foliar injury in all potato varieties. Critical point and multiple point models made it possible to identify the potato growth stage at which leafminer infestation had the greatest effect on yield. Pest infestation-crop loss relationships indicated that the accumulated foliar injury up to the growth stages of flowering and berry formation produced the highest yield losses in the different potato varieties. Economic injury levels varied according to control costs and commodity values in each potato variety (Desiree: 21–28%, Revolucion: 34–47%, Canchan: 31–40%, Maria Tambeña: 40–53%, Tomasa: 55–74%, and Yungay: 40–54% of foliar injury). Potato varieties can tolerate considerable levels of foliar injury by the leafminer fly before control measures are needed. The use of the economic injury levels is suggested as a decision support tool for managing the leafminer fly at reduced pest management costs.     

马铃薯大棚套黑膜覆盖栽培技术

马铃薯已成为长乐市冬季农业生产的主要作物,但由于栽培技术与管理水平差异,年际气候变化较大,产量和品质也大不相同。马铃薯大棚套黑膜覆盖栽培技术通过构建温室大棚覆盖塑料无滴膜,起垄播种后覆盖黑色地膜,膜下铺设灌溉和施肥用的滴灌带等方法,为马铃薯生长发育提供了一个相对稳定的生态环境,可有效地提高马铃薯的产量和品质,且比露地栽培提早一个多月上市,稳定增加农户种植效益。     

施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响

钾素对马铃薯的生长发育、结薯、薯块膨大和干物质的积累具有十分重要的作用。凉山州马铃薯主产区土壤普遍缺钾少磷,试验选用马铃薯品种凉薯97,研究在凉山州不同地区不同海拔高度施用硫酸钾对马铃薯生物性状的影响,结果表明:马铃薯施用一定量的硫酸钾能适当延长生育期、显著增产、增加薯块干物质和淀粉含量。667 m2施用硫酸钾15 kg的平均全生育期比对照增加2 d;667 m2施用硫酸钾10 kg的平均产量最高,达到1 819 kg,较对照高28.26%,差异达极显著水平;施用硫酸钾对提高干物质、淀粉含量有一定的作用,综合考虑产量、品质、效益等因素,667 m2硫酸钾施用量以5.0～10.0 kg为宜。