水稻单片段替换系群体的建立及QTL分析

农作物大多数性状都是由多基因控制的数量性状，对数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci，QTL)进行鉴定和定位对作物遗传育种具有重要意义。单片段替换系(single segment substitlationulines，SSSI。)消除了遗传背景的干扰，是用于QTL分析的重要试验材料。本研究以6个水稻品种为供体，利用回交和微卫星标记辅助选择相结合的方法，建立了以华粳籼74为遗传背景的水稻单片段替换系群体，并选用其中的59个单片段替换系对水稻24个重要农艺性状的QTL进行了鉴定；还利用一个单片段替换系的次级分离群体对抽穗期基因Hd-3-1进行了定位。主要试验结果如下：1 对供体亲本苏御糯、IR64、IRAT261、成龙水晶米、Lemont和IAPAR9与华粳籼74之间的微卫星标记多态性进行了检测，6个供体亲本与华粳籼74之间的多态率分别为56．33％、34．93％、59．31％、33．19％、55．90％和56．55％。2 对回交的遗传效应进行了分析，在BC2F1和BC3F1单株中检出替换片段的平均数分别为8．93个和4．37个，在BC2F1和BC3F1单株中检出替换片段的平均长度分别为32．23cM和27．63cM，BG2F1和BC3F1受体亲本基因组的回复率分别为81．55％和92．32％。3 建立了118个以华粳籼74为遗传背景的单片段替换系，其中包括86个不同的单片段替换系。这些单片段替换系分布于水稻12条染色体上，10号染色体上的单片段替换系最多，有16个。单片段替换系中替换片段的平均长度为23．0cM，全部单片段替换系对水稻基因组的覆盖率为57．11％。4 利用59个单片段替换系对水稻24个重要农艺性状的QTL进行了鉴定，总共鉴定出了248个QTL，分别为25个抽穗期QTL、1个有效穗数QTL、13个穗颈长QTL、16个株高QTL、5个穗长QTL、7个倒一节间长QTL、8个倒二节间长QTL、4个倒三节间长QTL、7个倒四节间长QTL、12个剑叶长QTL、22个剑叶宽QTL、13个倒二叶长QTL、14个倒二叶宽QTL、4个倒三叶长QTL、12个倒三叶宽QTL、14个一次枝梗数QTL、2个二次枝梗数QTL、5个总粒数QTL、10个结实率QTL、6个着粒密度QTL、11个粒长QTL、13个粒宽QTL、11个粒形QTL、13个粒重QTL。5 利用替换作图法对一些QTL进行了定位，将其中22个QTL定位在10cM的区段以内。6 利用一个单片段替换系的次级分离群体，将完全显性早熟基因Hd-3-1定位在3号染色体短臂上，微卫星标记PSM304、PSM305和PSM306位于Hd-3-1靠近短臂末端的一侧，与Hd-3-1的遗传距离分别为2．4cM、2．7cM和3．3cM；RM569和RM231位于另一侧，与Hd-3-1的遗传距离分别为5．1cM和8．9cM。本研究建立了单片段替换系的构建和QTL鉴定的试验技术体系，为分子标记技术应用于作物遗传育种提供了新的思路和途径。     

水稻谷粒粒长显性主效QTL的遗传分析与定位

以小粒亲本博白B为轮回亲本与大粒亲本WFC杂交、连续回交,构建长粒近等基因系,发现了一个长粒对短粒显性的主效QTL。在BC2F1和BC3F2回交分离群体,粒长表现为长粒和短粒差异明显的两个组,分离比例分别符合1：1和3：1的遗传比率,表明了在BC3F2粒长主要由一个长粒显性主效QTL控制的。利用SSR标记技术,通过集团分离法和隐陛个体分析法,对BC3F2进行QTL定位,结果发现控制粒长QTL（暂定名GL2（t））位于第2染色体,与RM530连锁,遗传距离为4．1cM,是个尚未报道的粒长显性主效QTL。     

采用SSR标记辅助选育具有Xa22（t）的云南高原粳稻新种质

以高原粳稻新品种滇粳优1号为轮回亲本，携带Xa22（t）基因的云南地方稻种扎昌龙为供体亲本，回交后代BC3F1290个株行和BC3F2290个株行为供试材料，采用与Xa22（t）紧密连锁标记RM224及其它1l对SSR标记进行辅助选择。290株BC3F1个体在RM224位点上杂合基因型个体的比率为21．04％；其它11对SSR标记位点的轮回亲本纯合基因型个体比率平均为93．07％，但不同染色体标记位点上纯合基因型的比率不同。用云南高原粳稻上的白叶枯病优势菌株YH24对亲本、BC3F1单株和BC3F2株行接种鉴定，     

覆盖野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系的构建及其米质相关数量性状基因座位的鉴定

染色体片段替换系（CSSL）是基因组水平快速初步定位数量性状基因位点（QTL）的良好材料，而水稻的品质性状是多基因控制的数量性状，因此可用替换系鉴定控制水稻品质性状的QTL。郝伟等利用分子标记辅助选择技术（MAS）构建了由133个株系组成的以“特青”（籼稻品种）为轮回亲本，以海南的一种普通野生稻（外观品质较好）为供体亲本，覆盖绝大部分野生稻基因组的染色体片段替换系。利用这套替换系，初步定位了控制稻米外观和理化品质性状的15个QTL，为今后水稻品质性状QTL的克隆以及稻米品质相关性状的改良提供了依据。     

利用4个姊妹近等基因系群体定位水稻粒重和粒形QTL

粒重是决定水稻产量的三要素之一。利用世界上粒重最大的品种之一SLG-1(供体亲本)与小粒品种日本晴(Nipponbare,轮回亲本)杂交,在各回交世代选择粒重较大单株与日本晴回交,构建水稻粒重和粒形的姊妹近等基因系(SNILs)。对获得的73株BC4F1单株进行粒重频率分布统计,选择粒重频率分布在4个峰值处的代表性单株,自交获得4个BC4F2SNILs群体。利用BSA法(分离群体分组混合分析法),从均匀分布在水稻染色体上的1513对SSR标记中筛选出与粒重和粒形相关的多态性标记19对,以LOD≥2.5作为选择阈值,对粒重、粒长、粒宽和粒厚进行QTL扫描,共检测到6个区域的12个QTL,贡献率从7.22%到53.38%。这些QTL所在区域包含已克隆的粒长GS3和粒宽GW2,也包含没有精细定位的第2染色体的RM6318～RM1367、第3染色体的RM5477～RM6417和第6染色体的RM3370～RM1161等3个区域控制粒重和粒形的5个QTL。其中第3染色体上RM5477～RM6417区间存在粒形贡献率较大的新的QTL。构建含有这些粒重QTL的姊妹近等基因系,为进一步精细定位或克隆新的粒重或粒形QTL奠定了基础。     

采用SSR标记辅助选育具有Xa22(t)的云南高原粳稻新种质

以高原粳稻新品种滇粳优1号为轮回亲本,携带Xa22(t)基因的云南地方稻种扎昌龙为供体亲本,回交后代BC3F1290株和BC3F2290个株行为供试材料,采用与Xa22(t)紧密连锁标记RM224及其它11对SSR．标记进行辅助选择。290株BC3F1个体在RM224位点上杂合基因型个体的比率为21．04％;其它11对SSR．标记位点的轮回亲本纯合基因型个体比率平均为93．07％,但不同染色体标记位点上纯合基因型的比率不同。用云南高原粳稻上的白叶枯病优势菌株YH24对亲本、BC3F1单株和BC3F2株行接种鉴定,BC3F1中RM224位点上杂合基因型的61个植株表现为抗至中抗,RM224位点上滇粳优1号纯合基因型单株都表现为感病;由RM224位点杂合基因型BC3F1单株衍生的61个BC3F2代株行表现为抗、感分离。     

玉米第10染色体大刍草单片段代换系的构建及穗长QTL分析

为了构建玉米第10染色体大刍草单片段代换系群体并进行穗长QTL的筛选。以玉米野生近缘种墨西哥类玉米为供体亲本,以玉米自交系郑58为受体亲本和轮回亲本连续进行多代回交。利用BC_7F_1至BC_9F_1连续回交群体,选用45对在供体和受体亲本间有明显多态性差异的引物进行SSR分子标记辅助选择,构建以墨西哥类玉米为供体亲本的玉米第10染色体单片段导入系群体。对穗长性状QTL在第10染色体上位置进行初步定位。经过连续多代回交和SSR标记跟踪检测,获得了以郑58为遗传背景的墨西哥类玉米导入系群体,共检测到单片段代换系材料107份,代换片段平均长度为25.52~45.97 c M,总长度为944.15~1 884.74 c M,对第10染色体覆盖率为70.38%~89.65%。在BC_9F_1回交群体中鉴定了4个来自墨西哥类玉米并位于第10染色体的穗长QTL,初步定位于umc2528、phi054、bnlg1360和umc1877标记附近。结果表明,利用大刍草作为供体亲本可以获得大量玉米第10染色体单片段代换系材料,为优良QTL性状的发掘和筛选奠定了材料基础,拓宽了玉米新品种选育的种质资源范围。     

野生稻染色体片段代换系构建及其效应分析

通过回交程序结合分子标记辅助选择构建了一套染色体片段来源于马来西亚普通野生稻的珍汕97B染色体片段代换系。该套染色体片段代换系由105份材料构成,每系含有一个或少数几个导入片段,所有导入片段相互衔接覆盖野生稻全基因组。染色体片段代换系的平均背景回复率为94.6%,平均导入片段长度为41.7cM。利用该群体以及相同亲本的高世代BC3F3群体,共定位到40个QTL影响抽穗期、株高、SPAD值、有效穗数和穗长等农艺性状。该套野生稻染色体片段代换系为发掘和利用野生资源中的优良基因提供重要材料基础。     

越光/9311染色体片段置换系的构建及稻米黏滞性谱特征值QTL分析

研究以籼稻品种9311为受体亲本,粳稻品种越光为供体亲本构建染色体片段置换系(CSSLs)并对RVA谱特征值进行QTL定位,为稻米蒸煮食味品质的遗传改良创造理想条件。研究利用612对SSR标记对亲本(越光和9311)进行多态性筛选,使用检测出的多态性引物对染色体片段置换系株系进行鉴定。共鉴定出138个株系,并构成染色体片段置换系。该染色体片段置换系的水稻全基因组覆盖率达到89%,置换系群体中超过80%的株系携带的供体亲本染色体片段数少于5个,其中单片段置换系为51个,比例为36.95%。利用该群体共定位到位于6条不同染色体上9个区域的10个QTL,表型贡献率范围为8.85%~42.65%,其中q BDV-1、q PT-4.1、q PT-4.2和q CSV-3等4个QTL为首次报道。q HPV-2位于第2染色体上标记RM341与RM525之间,q BDV-2位于第2染色体RM341与RM1385标记之间,与该染色体上支链淀粉合成有关基因等位。本研究构建的CSSLs及定位的控制RVA谱特征值相关QTL,为稻米蒸煮食味品质的研究创造了有利条件。     

作物染色体导入系的构建及其应用

染色体导入系,也称染色体片段代换系、回交重组自交系或近等基因系,是借助分子辅助选择方法,通过回交和自交,从供体中导入一个或几个小的染色体片段进入轮回亲本.相对于传统的遗传群体,导入系群体大大降低了供体材料的遗传背景的干扰,提高了QTL分析的灵敏度和准确性,是QTL鉴定、精细定位、互作分析、图位克隆、性状改良及杂种优势利用和基因表达分析的理想的实验材料.本文就染色体导入系的研究情况进行了详细的综述.     

锌、锰对棉花吸收氮、磷养分的影响及机理研究

较高或较低浓度的土壤锌、锰影响棉花对氮、磷养分的吸收、而合适的土壤锌、锰浓度能促进棉花根系和地上部对氮、磷的吸收和积累。提高植株及茎、叶、蕾、铃中氮、磷的含量,对棉花的生产发育,产量及产量构成因素都表现出明显的促进作用,通过水培试验研究发明,锌、锰在一定浓度条件下所表现的促进作用,主要是提高了棉花植株的根系活力,增加棉株叶片的叶绿素含量,调节棉株体内的酶活性,从而增加了棉花对营养物质的吸收、运输和代谢、提高了氮、磷的利用率、增加棉花的产量。     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

Synthesis of somatic hybrids (RCBB) by fusing heat-tolerant Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) with Brassica nigra (BB)

Brassica carinata (BBCC), a potential oilseed crop for dry land agriculture, is sensitive to high temperatures during germination and early stages of growth, which thereby restricts the possibility of using the residual soil moisture available after the rainy season for its cultivation. To overcome this problem, a three‐genome hybrid, RCBB, was synthesized using Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) as donor sources for the desired heat tolerance. Protoplasts of RC hybrids obtained through sexual crosses between R. sativus (female) and B. oleracea (male) were fused with protoplasts of Brassica nigra (BB) to produce RCBB somatic hybrids. The hybrid colonies regenerated with an average frequency of 7.6%. Twelve out of 36 hybrids grown to maturity were characterized for their nuclear and organelle genomes. While all the hybrids showed the presence of B. nigra chloroplasts, 10 of the hybrids showed B. nigra‐specific mitochondria and two had Raphanus‐spedfic mitochondria. The somatic hybrids could be backcrossed to B. carinata.     

N-(1-萘乙酰基)-N'-(4-氨替吡啉基)硫脲(NAT)对小麦生理活性影响的初步研究

以新合成的NAT配制成不同浓度(0.1、1.0、10.50mg·L~(-1))的水溶液,对小麦进行漫种、水培幼苗和大田灌浆期叶面喷洒处理,以与NAT相同浓度的NAA作对比,研究了喷后一定时期小麦叶片生理活性和收割时籽粒千粒重。结果表明,NAT使小麦在不同生长发育时期叶片中的叶绿素含量均增加;幼苗叶片呼吸速率下降;幼苗期低浓度处理NR活性增高,高浓度显著抑制,灌浆期则随处理浓度的升高而显著增加;籽粒千粒重明显高于对照。不论对叶片生理活性还是对籽粒千粒重的影响,NAT的总体效果均明显优于NAA,其中以1 mg·L~(-1)左右浓度的NAT处理效果最佳。     

香菇新品种L934和L937的培育

用香菇Ｌ８６７与Ｃｒ０４两品种单核菌丝体配对杂交，培育出Ｌ９３４；用香菇Ｌ３３与Ｃｒ０４两品种单核菌丝体配对杂交，培育出Ｌ９３７。拮抗实验和酯酶同工酶实验完全证实与它们与杂交亲本的不同，从而确认Ｌ９３４和Ｌ９３７为两个各自独立的香菇新品种。     

Utilization of flow cytometry for festulolium breeding (Lolium multiflorum (2x) × Festuca arundinacea (6x))

Festulolium is a hybrid between Festuca and Lolium species that has valuable agronomic traits from both grass species. The purpose of our breeding program is to produce hexaploid festulolium that introduces tolerance to summer depression into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by crossing it with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). However, we found the DNA ploidy of hexaploids was not stable and was reduced in successive generations. We aimed to find out how to obtain stable high-ploidy festulolium. F1 hybrids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea were produced. The F3 generation was produced from putative hexaploid F2 individuals by open pollination. The F4 to F6 generations were obtained by polycrossing. The DNA ploidy levels of F2 to F6 individuals were estimated by flow cytometry. Cytological characteristics of the F5 and F6 individuals were investigated by FISH and GISH. The DNA ploidy level of hexaploid festulolium was reduced and stabilized at almost the same level as a tetraploid. Seed fertility was inversely correlated with an increase in ploidy level. GISH revealed no preferential Lolium transmission. FISH with a telomere probe revealed that counting the exact number of chromosomes in festulolium was difficult. DNA ploidy level was strongly correlated with the number of chromosomes.     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

Origin and evolution of teosinte (Zea mexicana (Schrad.) Kuntze)

Summary The tripartite hypothesis postulates that cultivated maize was derived from a wild podcorn which was once indigenous to the lowlands of South America; that this wild Z. mays is now extinct; that Z. mexicana (teosinte) originated from natural hybridization of Z. mays and a species of Tripsacum after cultivated maize was introduced into Central America; and that most modern races of maize resulted from introgression of primitive maize with teosinte, Tripsacum, or both. This hypothesis has been criticized primarily on the basis that it involves too many theories for the available facts.The basic question that needs to be answered is whether maize was domesticated from a wild Z. mays or from Z. mexicana. The oldest known archaeological remains suggest that a wild Z. mays existed before Z. mexicana came on the scene. This question can only be settled by further archaeological research.Accepting the assumption that a species of Zea which is distinctly different from Z. mexicana gave rise to maize, however, does not necessarily lead to accepting a hybrid origin for teosinte. Judging from present day breeding behaviour, Z. mays and Z. mexicina are conspecific and only distantly related to Tripsacum. This cytogenetic similarity could be explained on the basis of extensive introgression between teosinte and maize. Introgression of germplasm from teosinte into maize is obvious wherever these taxa are sympatric. This pattern of a crop absorbing genes of its wild progenitor across a weedy race, is commonly encountered in all other cereals. Should this not be true in maize, it certainly will be a rare exception.The assumption that teosinte originated as a hybrid between domesticated Z. mays and a species of Tripsacum remains an intriguing possibility. However, after weighing the pros and cons of the available morphological and genetical evidence, the level of confidence with which this hypothesis can be excepted appears rather low.     

Inheritance of seed size in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary The inheritance of seed weight in cowpea was examined in a field planting of the parents, reciprocal F₁s, F₂s and backcrosses to both parents of a cross between TVu 1977-OD (small seeded) and ACC 70002 (large).Seed weight was inherited quantitatively and small seed was partially domiminant to large seed size. Gene action was predominantly additive but dominance and additive × additive epistatic effects were also significant.Broad and narrow sense heritabilities were 85.1±5.3% and 75.4±18.6% respectively. The minimum number of loci involved in the inheritance of seed size was eight, and each gene pair contributed up to 1.02 g increase to seed weight. The estimate of genetic advance from F₂ to F₃ generations with 5% selection intensity was 3.58 g.International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Semi-Arid Food Grain Research and Development Project/National Cowpea Improvement Program, B.P. 1783, Ouagadougou, Upper Volta.Department of Primary Industries, Hermitage Research Station, Warwick 4370, Queensland, Australia.International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, P.O. 502 324, A.P., India.     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜的捕食作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。