1BL/1RS易位对小麦贮藏蛋白组分含量和面团流变学特性的影响

利用1BL/1RS易位系后代研究1BL/1RS易位对贮藏蛋白组分含量和面团流变学特性的影响有助于指导小麦品质改良工作。选用师栾02-1/周麦16组合14份F6品系,于2012—2013年度分别种植在河南安阳和焦作,采用反相超高效液相色谱(RP-UPLC)和凝胶排阻超高效液相色谱(SE-UPLC)方法分析贮藏蛋白组分含量,并研究它们与面团流变学特性的关系。结果表明,拉伸仪延展性和最大抗延阻力、不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量和谷蛋白、醇溶蛋白等贮藏蛋白组分含量及其比例均受1BL/1RS易位有无类别和类内品系效应的显著影响,以类内品系效应较大;拉伸仪拉伸面积、谷蛋白含量及醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比值的类内品系效应显著且较大。易位系和非易位系的贮藏蛋白组分含量和面团流变学特性的相关系数达显著水平,在易位系中,不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量和拉伸面积(r=0.92,P0.001)、延展性(r=0.92,P0.001)、最大抗延阻力(r=0.80,P0.01)呈显著正相关,面团流变学特性较好的品系不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量均较高;在非易位系中,醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比值和拉伸面积(r=?0.91,P0.001)、最大抗延阻力(r=?0.88,P0.001)呈显著负相关,面团流变学特性较好的品系醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比值均较低。上述信息对以不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量和醇溶蛋白与谷蛋白含量比值为指标改良1BL/1RS易位系的面筋品质有重要意义。     

快速准确鉴定小麦1BL/1RS易位系新方法的研究

利用404份高代品系(试验Ⅰ)和175份山东省主栽品种及高代品系(试验Ⅱ),研究了1BL/1RS易位对小麦揉面参数的影响,探讨利用揉面特性鉴定1BL/1RS易位系的方法.结果表明,1BL/1RS易位导致小麦的揉面特性显著变劣,1BL/1RS易位系的揉面时间、峰值带宽及峰后1 min带宽显著低于非1BL/1RS易位系,而衰落角和带宽比(峰值带宽/峰后1 min带宽)显著高于非1BL/1RS易位系.易位系的揉面谱带的主要特征为峰后1 min谱带急剧衰落并变窄,带宽比显著增大.带宽比1.6可作为判断易位系的有效指标,即大于或等于1.6为1BL/1RS易位系,小于1.6为非1BL/1RS易位系,准确率达85.2%(试验Ⅰ)和96.8%(试验Ⅱ).因此,揉面图谱可作为快速有效鉴别1BL/1RS易位系的新方法.     

利用揉面特性鉴定小麦1BL/1RS易位系

1BL/1RS易位系曾广泛用于小麦农艺性状改良,但对加工品质有明显的负面影响。利用404份F₅至F₈高代品系(试验I)和175份山东省主栽品种及高代品系(试验II),研究1BL/1RS易位对小麦揉面参数的影响,分析不同高低分子量蛋白亚基(HWM/LWM-GS)背景下1BL/1RS的揉面特性,探讨利用揉面特性鉴定1BL/1RS易位系的方法。结果表明,1BL/1RS易位系的揉面时间、峰值带宽及峰后1 min带宽显著低于非1BL/1RS易位系,而衰落角和带宽比(峰值带宽/峰后1 min带宽)显著高于非1BL/1RS易位系,说明1BL/1RS易位导致小麦的揉面特性显著变劣。易位系的揉面谱带的主要特征为峰后1 min谱带急剧衰落并变窄,带宽比显著增大,而非1BL/1RS易位系的峰后谱带衰落、变窄平缓或者稳定时间较长,带宽比较小。带宽比1.6可作为判断易位系的有效指标,即大于或等于1.6为1BL/1RS易位系,小于1.6为非1BL/1RS易位系,准确率达85.2%(试验I)和96.8%(试验II)。尽管优质HWM-GS背景对Glu-B3j(1BL/1RS易位系)的揉面特性有一定正向补偿作用,但品质特性仍显著劣于其他Glu-B3位点,带宽比表现尤为突出。因此,揉面特性不仅能测定育种材料的面团流变学特性,而且还能有效鉴别1BL/1RS易位系。     

1BL/1RS易位对小麦产量性状和白粉病抗性的影响及其QTL分析

用PH82-2/内乡188杂交后代240个F_5:6家系,按照α-lattice设计,分别种植在安阳、焦作和泰安,对产量和抗白粉病等性状进行了考察。利用SSR和蛋白标记对群体进行部分连锁作图,分析1BL/1RS易位对产量及其相关性状的遗传效应。结果表明,1BL/1RS易位系对产量、穗数/m²和抽穗期的影响不显著;易位系的千     

冬小麦品种的HMW-GS组成和1BL/1RS易位分布及其与品质性状的关系研究

研究了我国代表性冬小麦品种(系)高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)以及1BL/1RS易位的分布和组成,探讨了其对揉面仪特性等小麦加工品质性状的影响,结果表明:在Glu-A1位点,我国小麦品种中1亚基的频率为64.0%,N亚基为32.5%,2*亚基频率低,为3.5%;在Glu-B1位点,7 9亚基占56.8%,7 8亚基为26.4%,14 15亚基为10.7%,而20,13 16,7亚基的材料极少(频率分别为3.6%,1.5%和1%);在Glu-D1位点,2 12和4 12亚基合计占63.0%,而5 10亚基的比例偏低,为37.0%.1BL/1RS易位系的比例仍然偏高,为50.8%.HMW-GS组成及1BL/1RS易位对小麦加工品质影响较大,其中5 10亚基对小麦绝大多数加工品质指标起正向作用,而1BL/1RS易位对大多数品质指标起负向作用.因此,我国小麦品种5 10亚基的频率仍然偏低,1BL/1RS易位系频率仍然偏高,可能正是目前我国小麦生产中优质品种面筋强度不够,品质稳定性差的原因所在.根据SDS-PAGE麦谷蛋白电泳结果或分子标记进行优质高、低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基选择,提高5 10等优质亚基的比例,并根据醇溶蛋白电泳结果进行1BL/1RS易位筛选,降低1BL/1RS频率,应成为今后我国优质小麦育种的重要目标和手段之一.     

HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成及1BL/1RS易位对春小麦品质性状的影响

分析了221份春小麦品种（系）的HMW-GS、LMW-GS组成和1BL/1RS易位状况,并用其中104份品种（系）研究了HMW-GS和LMW-GS等位变异及1BL/1RS易位对品质性状的影响。结果表明,1、7+9、5+10、GluA3a和GluB3j分布较广,频率分别为57.5%、45.2%、63.8%、29.0%和42.5%。1BL/1RS易位系相当普遍,西北春麦区和东北春麦区频率分别为44.3     

1BL/1RS易位染色体在小麦育种中的应用效果分析

以来自周麦18/郑麦9023//周麦18回交组合的156个BC1F5品系(其中89个为1BL/1RS易位系,67个为非1BL/1RS易位系)为材料,研究1BL/1RS易位染色体在小麦育种中的应用效果。结果表明,在周麦18和郑麦9023遗传背景下,1BL/1RS对产量及其相关性状无显著正向作用,与SDS沉淀值呈显著负相关,与白粉病抗性无显著相关。说明来自"洛类"系统的1BL/1RS易位染色体在特定的遗传背景和生态条件下没有明显值得继续利用的价值。     

中国普通小麦品种醇溶蛋白组成分析

利用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)方法,鉴定分析了148份我国重要小麦品种和高代品系的醇溶蛋白组成。在ω-、γ-、β-和α-四个区中,共鉴定出48种不同的组成模式。其中ω-区29种,出现频率最高的模式是A6;γ-区9种,出现频率最高的模式是B;β-和α-区各5种,出现频率最高的模式分别是B和A。148个样品共表现出114种醇溶蛋白组成类型。在所分析的样品中,ω-区的A3、C、H、M和X几种模式是以前国内外未曾报道的。另外还发现,1 B L.RS易位系在中国小麦品种中出现的频率较高,为41.2%,这可能是中国小麦品种品质普遍较差的一个原因。这些研究结果将为小麦育种工作者有效利用小麦种质提供参考。     

冬小麦种质矮孟牛及其衍生后代1BL/1RS的分子和生化标记鉴定

本研究以小麦骨干亲本矮孟牛及其33个衍生品种(系)为材料,利用低分子量(LMW)麦谷蛋白Glu-B3位点的STS-PCR标记、醇溶蛋白Gli-B1位点的SSR标记和黑麦碱SEC-1b位点的STS-PCR标记进行复合PCR,检测1BL/IRS易位.结果表明,矮孟牛Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ和Ⅶ型含有1BL/1RS染色体,矮孟牛Ⅰ和Ⅲ型不含1BL/1RS;在矮孟牛的33个衍生后代中,25个含1BL/1RS,其余8个则不含1BL/1RS.利用A-PAGE技术对上述材料进行了黑麦碱蛋白的检测,结果与复合PCR一致,两种方法相结合能准确的检测1BL/1RS.     

小麦×玉米杂交双单倍体后代的HMW-GS组成和易位分析

为了提高优质小麦的育种效率,在早代明确高分子量谷蛋白亚基和醇溶蛋白的组成,增加育种的针对性,以1个小麦杂交组合的296个DH株系群体为试材,采用半粒SDS-PAGE法检测麦谷蛋白,且用A-PAGE检测了醇溶蛋白。结果表明:母本衡09-6324的HMW-GS构成为null、7+9、2+12,是有Sec-1特征带的1BL/1RS易位系品种,父本师栾02-1亚基组成1、7+9、5+10,是非1BL/1RS易位系品种。296个DH株系共鉴定出6种不同的HMW-GS类型,均为父母本表达亚基类型的再分配,无变异类型。与面包加工品质呈正相关的5+10亚基出现频率为35.13%。DH株系材料中1BL/1RS易位系类型的占54.05%,1、5+10优质亚基同时出现,且没有Sec-1表达的占15.20%,这些株系可作为新的面包小麦种质资源使用。采用半粒SDS-PAGE和A-PAGE法对育种早代的优异单株进行有效鉴定和选择,可以提高优质小麦育种效率。     

Phenotypic correlations, G × E interactions and broad sense heritability analysis of grain and flour quality characteristics in high latitude spring bread wheats from Kazakhstan and Siberia

Grain and flour samples of 42 high latitude spring bread wheat genotypes from Kazakhstan and Siberia evaluated in a multi-location trial were analyzed for grain concentrations of protein, zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), as well as flour quality characteristics. The genotypes showed high grain protein concentrations (14–19%), but low dough strength was a common feature for most of them. Significant positive correlations were found between grain protein and flour protein, gluten, gliadin, gli/glu ratio, Zn, and Fe contents. Grain protein was also correlated positively with hardness, sedimentation, farinograph dough development time (DDT), stability time and ash content. Grain Fe concentration was positively associated with sedimentation, stability time, water absorption and valorimeter value, suggesting that improvements in micronutrient concentrations in the grain parallels enhancement in gluten strength. Interestingly, glutenin content correlated negatively with the concentrations of grain and flour protein, gluten, and minerals; and also with gluten deformation index (IDK), DDT, and stability time. Conversely, gliadin content showed strong positive correlations with the concentrations of grain and flour protein, gluten, and minerals. Gliadin also correlated positively, but in lesser magnitude, with DDT, stability time and IDK. Environment and G×E interaction were important sources of variation for some quality characteristics. This was reflected in the low broad sense heritability (H) values for traits related to flour strength, such as sedimentation, IDK, stability time and gliadin content. Breeding strategies, including three testing locations at the advanced selection stages, are adequate for the enhancement of most of the quality traits, but faster improvement in flour strength could be achieved with a larger number of locations.     

Glu-1位点缺失对小麦麦谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布及面团特性的影响

以Glu-1位点正常和部分缺失的小麦品系为材料,探讨HMW-GS和LMW-GS组成与谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性的关系,为利用HMW-GS缺失系改良小麦品质提供理论依据。在20个供试硬白冬麦品系中,1个品系为Glu-A1位点缺失,5个品系为Glu-D1缺失,3个品系为Glu-A1和Glu-D1双缺失。所有品系的蛋白质含量皆较高(13.39%~14.12%),品系间无显著差异,缺失系与非缺失系间也无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了高分子量谷蛋白/低分子量谷蛋白比(HMW/LMW)、不溶性谷蛋白大聚体的含量和百分比。谷蛋白/醇溶蛋白比(GLU/GLI)在基因型间变幅较小,且在缺失系和非缺失系间无显著差异。Glu-1位点缺失显著降低了面团弹性,但显著提高了面团的延展性。部分Glu-1位点缺失系仍具有较高的面团强度和突出的延展性,谷蛋白聚合体粒度分布和面团特性受谷蛋白亚基组成和表达量的共同影响。研究结果表明,利用Glu-1位点亚基缺失可能是改善面筋延展性,提高食品加工品质的方法之一。     

Development and characteristics of ω-gliadin-free wheat genotypes

Omega gliadin proteins are one of the most allergenic components of wheat gluten. Proteins of the ω-5 subgroup are recognized as main allergens causing wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis—the most dangerous, life-threatening IgE mediated food allergy. A set of wheat genotypes lacking all ω-gliadins has been developed by cumulating inactive gene variants in three gliadin coding loci (Gli A1, Gli B1 and Gli D1), using traditional plant breeding methods. Endosperm proteins of ω-gliadin-free genotypes were compared to a control genotype containing all ω-gliadins by A-PAGE, SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. A considerable decrease (about 30 %) of gliadin immunoreactivity as a consequence of ω-gliadin elimination was demonstrated by ELISA, using sera of ten patients allergic to gluten. Preliminary evaluation of the technological properties of the ω-gliadin-free genotype by the SDS sedimentation test suggests that elimination of all ω-gliadins may also significantly improve wheat bread making quality.     

强筋小麦磨粉各出粉点的面粉品质特性研究

采用布勒实验磨制粉,测定6个强筋小麦品种不同出粉点面粉的品质特性。结果表明,不同出粉点面粉的品质特性具有明显差异及变化规律。三道心磨粉的灰分含量、蛋白质含量、面糊色泽a*值和b*值、破损淀粉含量、面团形成时间和吸水率随出粉点后移均呈升高或增加趋势;而湿面筋含量、面糊色泽L*值、面团稳定时间、延伸性和最大抗延阻力随出粉点后移而降低。三道皮磨粉的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、破损淀粉含量、面团吸水率、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延伸性随出粉点后移呈上升趋势;而面团拉伸参数和面包烘焙品质均高于心磨粉和统粉。不同出粉点的蛋白质与湿面筋含量呈极显著正相关(r=0.81**);灰分含量与面糊色泽的L*值呈极显著负相关(r=－0.89**);破损淀粉含量与吸水率呈极显著正相关(r=0.86**)。研究表明,通过对各出粉点取舍及混配,能够克服我国强筋小麦某些指标缺陷,以满足面包专用粉各项指标要求。     

小麦粉面包烘烤品质指标典型相关分析

本研究于1986年在郑州进行.试验选用50个小麦品种(系),对测定的13项面包烘烤品质指标分组进行了典型相关分析.结果表明:面粉粉质、拉伸品质和蛋白质数量等指标组间普遍存在着显著或极显著的典型相关;能较好地反映粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值和HMW麦谷蛋白亚基组成得分的粉质仪指标是断裂时间和稳定时间,拉伸仪指标是延伸性.拉伸仪指标与蛋白质数量等指标间关联程度的大小,因拉伸时间的长短而异.粉质仪与拉伸仪指标组间的典型相关主要由断裂时间、形成时间、稳定时间和延伸性所决定.     

Bread-Making Quality Indices in Triticum aestivum Progenies. Implications in Breeding for Better Bread Wheat

Bread-making quality indices (dough strength and dough mixing stability) in relation to flour protein content, glutenin/gliadin ratio, and high-molecular-weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin have been investigated in Triticum aestivum progenies during a three year agronomic trial. Dough strength (W) proved to be a fairly stable characteristic, slightly but positively correlated with flour protein content. High could be associated with a high glutenin/gliadin ratio as well as with the presence of specific HMW. subunits of glutenin, while high protein content tended to favour a balanced dough tenacity-extensibility ratio (P/L = 0.4—0.6). Satisfactory values of dough-mixing stability were frequently observed in association with good expression of W showing that the two quality traits may coexist without much difficulty in the same genotype. From the plant breeding standpoint the data suggest feasible to obtain high dough strength by concentrating in a genotype the HMW subunits of glutenin known to have a beneficial effect on W. However, very high W may present unfavourable P/L ratios. This possibility is enhanced when the flour has a low protein content which often occurs in high yielding genotypes.     

脱脂和重组对面粉理化特性和烘焙品质的影响

选用3个筋力不同的小麦品种（系）,通过比较其采用脱脂面粉、重组面粉和原面粉,研究了小麦脂类对面团揉混特性和面包加工品质的影响。结果表明,（1）3个品种（系）面粉脱脂前后蛋白质含量、沉淀值和灰分含量无显著性差异,但脱脂后面粉白度显著提高。（2）脱脂后3个品种（系）揉混仪峰高和峰宽增大,衰落角变小。（3）面粉脱脂后面包加工品质有所改善,其作用大小与蛋白质的质量和蛋白质间的互作有关。脱脂面粉加入起酥油对面包品质无明显改善作用,起酥油是通过面粉脂类对面包品质产生作用的。     

麦长管蚜（Sitobion avenae F.）危害对春小麦面粉品质性状及面团流变学特性的影响

选用2个抗麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae F.)小麦材料及4个感蚜材料, 利用人工接种方法研究了该蚜虫危害对小麦面粉品质的影响。结果表明, 蚜虫取食对面粉颗粒度没有显著影响, 但可引起小麦面粉灰分含量显著增加, 蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、面团筋力、膨胀指数、面团延伸性、面团弹性、弹性指数显著降低, 从而降低面粉品质。抗蚜小麦04-9284、C272及感蚜硬质小麦甘春20部分品质指标不发生变化或变化程度低于其他3个感蚜软质小麦。5个软质小麦蚜量高峰值与膨胀指数、面团弹性、SDS沉降值、面团筋力和蛋白质含量品质的降低幅度呈正相关, 相关系数分别为0.9968、0.9619、0.9310、0.9108和0.8886, 均达显著水平; 与灰分含量、面团延伸性和弹性指数相关性不显著。甘肃兰州拉面专用品种甘春20在高密度蚜虫危害后, 面粉品质下降, 但依然符合该专用粉的最适品质要求。     

Quality effect of wheat-rye (1R) translocation in 'Pavon 76'

A growing interest exists in using wheat for producing both hard and soft wheat products. It would be desirable if 1RS translocations in hard wheat could produce flour suitable for soft wheat products. The objective of this study was to test the effects of centric translocations of chromosome 1 from different rye sources for end‐use quality. The quality influences of the 1RS and 1RL translocations and 1R substitutions from different rye sources were studied in a set of hard spring wheat ‘Pavon 76’(CIMMYT) lines in three environments in Georgia. The protein concentration of the 1RL translocations was the highest while the 1RS translocations showed no difference in protein concentration compared with that of controls. The 1RS translocations increased alkaline water retention capacity while the 1RL translocations reduced it. T1DSAE1RL was preferred for soft wheat products over other genotypes.     

Quality evaluation of D-zone omega gliadins in wheat

One-hundred and eighty-one wheat cultivars and breeding lines of diverse origin, together with 409 and 540 Swedish spring and winter wheat breeding lines, respectively, were analysed by electrophoretical methods for D-zone omega gliadins. Correlations were calculated between the D-zone omega gliadin and high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit patterns, with Zeleny volume or specific Zeleny volume. The results showed that simultaneous screening of D-zone omega gliadins and HMW subunits of glutenin was possible, and that the variation in Zeleny volume was attributed approximately equally between these protein groups. Both protein patterns can be used as parameters when breeding for bread-making quality. Positive relationships were found between gliadins d7 and d2 d4, and the specific Zeleny volume. Gliadins d11 d12 and the null allele of chromosome IB showed indications of negative relationships. Common D-zone omega gliadin patterns in the Swedish winter-wheat breeding lines were d2d4 and d11 d12 (67% of the lines), and the null allele of chromosome IB and d11 d12 (in 25%). Greater variation was documented in the spring breeding lines than in the winter lines.