环境条件对啮齿动物种群的影响

啮齿动物的种群调节理论一直是业内研究者争论的重点,在自然界中,种群数量变动的影响因素以及它们的相互作用极为复杂,越来越多的研究认为外在因素对种群变化起到关键作用。在查阅大量文献的基础上,对小型啮齿动物种群数量造成波动的外在因素进行了综述,概述了食物、降雨、降雪以及温度对不同种类啮齿动物种群的影响。     

天祝县“十二五”期间林草地鼠害调查报告

为全面掌握天祝县林草地啮齿动物区系组成,优势类群及优势种,啮齿动物种类分布,群落及其结构,优势种类基本特征,危害程度和损失估计,以及防治时期和防治指标等内容,天祝县林业局和天祝县草原站历时五年对全县林草地进行了一次全面的鼠害防控调查,此次调查将对天祝县今后鼠害防控工作具有十分重要的指导意义。     

碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成

2008-2011年,在实施“碌曲县草原鼠害综合防治——县级示范点建设”项目的过程中,对该县啮齿动物种类组成与分布情况进行了调查研究。已查明在碌曲县共有38种啮齿类动物,隶属于6科7亚科19属。碌曲县土地面积仅占甘南州土地面积的13.18%,但啮齿动物种数却占全州啮齿动物种数的74.51%,表明碌曲县的生境条件和鼠种类组成在甘南州具有一定的代表性。以草原啮齿动物（60.53%）和森林啮齿动物（26.32%）为主体是碌曲县啮齿动物种类组成的基本特征。     

啮齿动物应对植物次生代谢物的行为策略

植物次生代谢物与草食动物的相互关系研究是当今动物生态学研究的热点之一。本文着重阐述食草性啮齿动物对植物次生代谢物所采取的回避、膳食调控和食物混合等行为策略。回避行为是啮齿动物通过条件反射性学习(由食入植物次生代谢物后的不适感而引起的条件反射性拒食)和摄食前食物的加工而避免或减少植物次生代谢物对其的伤害作用;膳食调控通过单次采食量的调整而避免一次性采食过多次生代谢物而导致生理中毒,从而使啮齿动物能在复杂多样化的环境中生存,膳食调控包括单次进食量调控和两餐之间的间隔控制两方面的内容;食物混合意味着摄入植物化学物质的多样化,而化学物质的多样化有可能导致不同毒素的中和或毒性的降低,进而减轻动物对植物次生代谢物的敏感性。     

赤狐食性的研究进展

赤狐根据食物资源的可获得性来利用食物。环境气候条件影响食物的可获得性,同时对赤狐的食物组成和多样性产生影响。通过以往的研究表明,赤狐的食物主要有三大类:哺乳动物、无脊椎动物和植物,其中小型啮齿动物和兔形目动物占主要比例。随着地理环境因子和生物因子的变化,各食物组分所占比例也随之变化。小型啮齿动物和兔形目所占比例波动较小,其他食物(如鸟类、昆虫和植物)的变化明显。     

放牧制度对五趾跳鼠食性的影响

采用组织学鉴定法鉴定啮齿动物胃内含物,研究对栖息于短花针茅草原连续放牧区和轮牧区内的五趾跳鼠的食性.结果表明:1.五趾跳鼠是以植物性食物为主的杂食性啮齿动物,对植物性食物具有较强的择食性,放牧制度对该特性影响不显著;五趾跳鼠在短花针茅草原连续放牧区和轮牧区内的植物性食物组成相似度为0.71～0.88,采食频率最高的三种植物是冷蒿、无芒隐子草和木地肤.2.在植被条件较差时,连续放牧会促使五趾跳鼠更多地刨食植物根系,对草地的危害性增加.     

放牧制度对五趾跳鼠食性的影响

采用组织学鉴定法鉴定啮齿动物胃内含物，研究对栖息于短花针茅草原连续放牧区和轮牧区内的五趾跳鼠的食性。结果表明：1．五趾跳鼠是以植物性食物为主的杂食性啮齿动物，对植物性食物具有较强的择食性，放牧制度对该特性影响不显著；五趾跳鼠在短花针茅草原连续放牧区和轮牧区内的植物性食物组成相似度为0．71～0．88，采食频率最高的三种植物是冷蒿、无芒隐子草和木地肤。2．在植被条件较差时，连续放牧会促使五趾跳鼠更多地刨食植物根系，对草地的危害性增加。     

阿坝县草地鼠害及防治对策

地处川西北草原的阿坝县天然草地广阔 ,草质优良 ,但啮齿动物危害日益严重。对该地啮齿动物种类 ,分布特点进行论述 ,根据危害程度估计损失 ,并提出了以生物生态防治为主的综合防治对策     

家畜放牧对草地啮齿动物影响的研究进展

本文综述了截止2015年国内外文献,分析了家畜放牧对啮齿动物的影响。放牧家畜的践踏和排泄物等引起土壤理化性质改变影响了啮齿类空间利用等,家畜采食影响了啮齿类食物资源及其丰度,采食还引起植物营养成分改变及次生防御化合物的产生,而植被高度变化导致了啮齿动物捕食风险的增加和生活史策略的改变。这些方面的影响与综合作用改变了啮齿动物的微栖息环境、分布、食性,以及领域、采食和挖掘等行为,繁殖和生活史特征;影响了啮齿动物的种群结构、种群数量消长及其调节过程;改变了啮齿动物的群落结构和种间相互作用,引起其群落演替。在综述上述各方面研究进展的基础上,提出放牧对啮齿动物影响的作用途径及其方式,放牧条件下草-畜-鼠耦合机制,不同放牧制度对啮齿动物的影响以及整合现代学科发展的相关探索是未来研究的重点。     

内蒙古贺兰山啮齿动物种类组成及海拔梯度分布研究

贺兰山独特的地势地貌和植被垂直分布特点,为啮齿类动物的群落结构和分布特征研究提供了良好条件。在2013年分春、夏、秋3个季节,采用铗日法对内蒙古贺兰山的啮齿动物种类组成和海拔梯度分布情况进行了细致研究。调查选取了8条典型沟道,共布设有效铗日18 748个,捕获啮齿动物235只,隶属2目5科11属13种。捕获种类最多的为哈拉乌沟(11种),最少的是雪岭子沟和甘树湾沟,各捕获2种。啮齿动物多样性垂直分布特点总体上呈现中间高两头低的趋势,符合"驼峰形"格局。     

牡丹江市周边农田啮齿动物种群数量及分布规律

为了解牡丹江市周边农田中啮齿动物种群数量和分布变化规律,以及对农业造成危害的主要害鼠种类及其生活习性,于2010年3-11月通过实地考察,利用夹日法、挖洞法、水灌烟熏法采集标本,结果表明,农田啮齿动物7种,隶属3目5科7属,黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）为主要优势种;啮齿动物的密度有2个高峰期,分别在6－7月和10月;黑线姬鼠和大仓鼠（Cricetulus triton）对农田危害最为严重,且有贮食行为。根据调查情况对害鼠提出防治措施,为预防鼠害提供科学依据。     

古尔班通古特沙漠区设立鹰架控制害鼠种群的效果评价及生态、经济效益分析

通过2008—2010年对草地"无鼠害示范区"进行调查监测,对其害鼠种群密度、猛禽和食核数量、牧草产量及生物量进行分析,探讨和分析生物控制鼠害的效果及其产生的生态和经济效益。结果表明,2008—2010年各监测月份的定点样方害鼠有效洞口数均呈明显的下降趋势,每千米目击猛禽数和食核数呈逐年上升趋势,3年内草地生物量增加27.7%,植被盖度增加43.8%,牧草高度增加22.9%;设立鹰架控制害鼠当年即挽回鲜牧草损失总量43 697.4 t,挽回经济损失773.948万元;年内草地生物量增加值为873.948万元。结果提示,在该地区设立鹰架,利用草地生态系统中食物链、食物网的自然结构因子,从生态学角度对害鼠进行防治,控制草地害鼠的种群数量及危害,能够保护草地生态环境,提高草地灭鼠效果,达到长期有效地控制害鼠数量的目的。     

Effects of insect infestation on rodent‐mediated dispersal of Quercus aliena: results from field and enclosure experiments

Rodents influence plant establishment and regeneration by functioning as both seed predators and dispersers. However, these rodent–plant interactions can vary significantly due to various environmental conditions and the activity of other insect seed predators. Here, we use a combination of both field and enclosure (i.e. individual cage and semi‐natural enclosure) experiments, to determine whether rodents can distinguish sound seeds from those infested with insects. We also demonstrate how such responses to insects are influenced by food abundance and other environmental factors. We presented rodents with 2 kinds of Quercus aliena seeds (sound and insect‐infested seeds) in a subtropical forest in the Qinling Mountains, central China, from September to November of 2011 to 2013. The results showed that rodents preferred to hoard and eat sound seeds than infested seeds in the field and semi‐natural enclosure, while they preferred to eat infested seeds over sound seeds in the individual cages. In addition, both hoarding and eating decisions were influenced by food abundance. Rodents hoarded more sound seeds in years of high food abundance while they consumed more acorns in years of food shortage. Compared with field results, rodents reduced scatter‐hoarding behavior in semi‐natural enclosures and ate more insect‐infested seeds in smaller individual cages. These results further confirm that rodents distinguish infested seeds from non‐infested seeds but demonstrate that this behavior varies with conditions (i.e. environment and food abundance). We suggest that such interactions will influence the dispersal and natural regeneration of seeds as well as predation rates on insect larvae.     

Complex spatial patterns delay the discovery and location of food by rodents

Spatial patterns in heterogeneity are generally deemed a central causal factor influencing the physiology and behavior of animals in ecological systems. However, knowledge remains limited about how such patterns influence food discovery by animals. We inferred that spatial heterogeneity plays a key role in animal food discovery and location. To prove this inference, we tested food locating parameters by 2 rodent species, Apodemus agrarius and Lasiopodomys brandtii, in different heterogeneous environments. Our results showed that spatial heterogeneity significantly influenced the food locating time of rodents, with food locating time increasing with increasing spatial heterogeneity. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneity significantly influenced invalid excavations (digging in the wrong place). Finally, spatial heterogeneity significantly influenced the frequency that heterogeneous objects were explored. Supporting our inference, our results indicate that spatial heterogeneity significantly influences the foraging behavior of animals. Consequently, increased spatial heterogeneity will impair the food locating success of rodents. We believe that this work will broaden our understanding of plant–animal interactions.     

山西五台县草地啮齿类动物空间生态位宽度及重叠度研究

研究了山西五台县草地啮齿动物生态位宽度及重叠度。结果表明:啮齿动物区系含2目、5科、11属、14种,平均捕获率为6.05%,除山地草原类草地与山地草甸类草地之间啮齿动物数量差异不显著外,其余各类之间均达差异显著水平(︱t︱t0.05);研究区域14种啮齿动物的空间生态位宽度指数在0.000 2~0.826 4,其中,生态位宽度指数0.5的种数占总种数的35.71%,0.1~0.5的占42.86%,0.1的占21.43%;生态位重叠度指数在0.837 7~0.000 2,没有生态位完全重叠的种,却有一定数量生态位完全不重叠的种;重叠度较高的占28.89%,重叠度较低的占51.11%,重叠度最低的占20.00%。生态位宽度及重叠度指数较低表明研究区域内啮齿类动物种的生态位分化程度较大。     

Dietary patterns of two herbivorous rodents: Otomys unisulcatus and Parotomys brantsii in the Karoo

Differences and overlap in the diets of two sympatric, herbivorous rodents Otomys unisulcatus and Parotomys brantsii were investigated. Frequency of occurrence of plant species in the diets were compared with availability of the plants in the rodents' habitats. Both rodents are generalist herbivores, eating plants species in proportion to the availability in their habitats. Dietary patterns, diversity of diet and degree of overlap between rodent's diets are a function of food availability in the different habitats. It is suggested that these rodents separate niches on a spatial rather than trophic basis. Differences in dietary patterns are therefore not critical for niche separation but are the result of habitat segregation.     

试论草业系统工程结构

草业系统工程的结构是有关草业发展的战略问题。重点阐述了下述意见:1.草业与农林三者鼎立,不同于以往的农林牧提法。一字之差,不仅提高了草业在大农业上的地位,而且扭转了只重有实利可图的畜,而把其基础第一性的草业抛于脑后的逐利忘本、置草原退化荒废于不顾的思想根源。种草才能获得畜牧业的合理持续发展。2.在振兴草业的诸项大纲中栽培草本最受重视。不仅项目较多,而且那些与人、畜应用有共轭关系的受到特别强调。因为这是提高草地畜牧业产值的一条重要途径。3.把灌木(灌丛)纳入草业合乎草地类型和家畜食性的实际,是扩大草业资源、保护草原的战略措施。同时,把混牧林和林产品采食的现有习惯看作草和林的结合与联系,而不必勉强划归草业。     

Interactions between rodents and weeds in a lowland rice agro‐ecosystem: the need for an integrated approach to management

Rodents and weeds are important pests to rice crops in Southeast Asia. The interaction between these 2 major pests is poorly documented. In temperate cereal systems, seeds of grass weeds can be an important food source for rodents and weed cover along crop margins provides important refuge for rodents. In 2012 and 2013, a replicated study (n = 4) in Bago, Myanmar compared 4 treatments (rodents and weeds; no rodents and weeds; rodents and no weeds; no rodents and no weeds) each of 0.25 ha in transplanted rice. Weeds were managed with hand weeding in the wet season, and hand weeding and herbicides in the dry season. Plastic fences were installed to exclude rodents. We examined the weed cover and relative abundance of weed species, rodent damage, rodent population dynamics and rice yield loss caused by rodents and weeds. The dominant rodent species was Bandicota bengalensis. In the dry season, Cyperus difformis was dominant at the tillering stage and Echinochloa crus‐galli was the dominant weed species at the booting stage. In the wet season E. crus‐galli was a dominant weed throughout the season. Damage by rodents was higher in the dry season. There were larger economic benefits for best weed management and effective rodent control in the dry season (258 US$/ha) than in the wet season (30 US$/ha). Concurrent control of weeds in and around rice fields combined with coordinated community trapping of rodents during the early tillering stage and ripening stage of rice are recommended management options.     

Food of the Black-Backed Jackal: A Preliminary Report

A study was made of the food habits of the black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas by analysis of stomach contents. Two hundred and one stomachs were collected between May 1961 and May 1963, most being obtained in the Transvaal. Percentage occurrence and percentage by volume were calculated for the various foods found in 185 stomachs. Vegetable food (excluding grass) occurred in 18 · 9 per cent of the stomachs, vertebrates in 84 · 9 per cent and invertebrates in 47 · 6 per cent. The most frequent food groups were insects (45 · 5 per cent), rodents and birds (both 32 · 4 per cent), carrion (27 · 0 per cent), hoofed domestic stock (17 · 3 per cent), wild vegetable food (16 · 2 per cent), hares (15 · 7 per cent) and antelope (9 · 7 per cent). A large variety of foods was found in individual stomachs.

Volumetrically, vegetable food amounted to 4 · 5 per cent of the diet, animal food made up 95 · 5 per cent, vertebrates 54 · 2 per cent and invertebrates 8 · 2 per cent. By volume, the major food groups were carrion (28 · 7 per cent), domestic stock (18 · 5 per cent), antelope (9 · 7 per cent), hares (9 · 4 per cent), rodents (9 · 0 per cent), insects (8 · 0 per cent) and birds (4 · 5 per cent).

One hundred and five stomachs from male jackals contained an average of 171 · 6 cc. of food while 90 females gave an average of 129 · 3 cc. The average food volume for all stomachs was 150 · 7 cc. Average food volumes were greater in spring and summer than for the autumn-winter period, suggesting a lesser availability of food from March to August. The merits of the two analysis methods used are discussed and the difficulty in identifying carrion is emphasised. Further investigation is necessary for an understanding of the ecological significance of the jackal’s diet and its economic importance to the sheep farmer. The black-backed jackal is a highly omnivorous feeder; although a confirmed sheep-killer at times, it also feeds on many harmful pest species.