马缨丹访花昆虫种类及访花行为

以马缨丹为研究对象,采用实地调查、图像采集、视频、鉴定等方法,探究其访花昆虫种类、访花行为、访花频率和日活动规律。结果表明,马缨丹共有访花昆虫3目8科13种,访花优势种为鳞翅目昆虫。主要访花昆虫有斐豹蛱蝶(Argynnis hyperbius)、素弄蝶(Suastus gremius)、菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)、东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)、蓝灰蝶(Everes argiades)及琉璃灰蝶(Kaniska canace)。访花频率最高的为东方蜜蜂,其次是菜粉蝶;斐豹蛱蝶停留时间较长,平均为22.59 s。访花昆虫的访花行为受温度影响,在10:00以前和17:00之后,温度较低,未见有昆虫访花行为。     

中国访花食蚜蝇物种与访花特征研究概况与探讨

本文对中国访花食蚜蝇物种种类、物种名变化、不同生境物种特征、访花时间、访花频率及访花行为等研究状况进行了综述,并从扩大研究区域、促进结实及绿色防控等方面提出了今后的研究方向。     

生态园访芍药花昆虫物种形态特征及访花行为

本文对山西省万柏林生态园内访芍药花昆虫进行调查,共鉴定出11种,隶属于双翅目食蚜蝇科、膜翅目蜜蜂科、隧蜂科、切叶蜂科和半翅目盲蝽科3个目5个科。其中,膜翅目的丰富度值为6,最高,占54. 55%。长尾管蚜蝇、短腹管蚜蝇和意大利蜜蜂的多度值较高。4—6月,意大利蜜蜂有3段时间访芍药花,是有效的传粉昆虫。5月22日,膜翅目的丰富度值最高,为6。双翅目多度值最多,为39。对11种访芍药昆虫的形态特征和访花行为进行了描述,相同科物种访花行为相似。     

千年桐访花昆虫初步调查研究

于2019年4月设置3个样地对千年桐盛花期的访花昆虫进行调查。调查结果,采集到访花昆虫33种,隶属8目22科,分别为膜翅目、缨翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、半翅目、革翅目和蜘蛛目昆虫,其中:鳞翅目的种类最多,为11种,膜翅目种类次之,为8种,双翅目种类位居第三,为5种;采集到的访花昆虫数量排序为:膜翅目缨翅目鞘翅目鳞翅目其他昆虫,膜翅目是千年桐花期访花传粉的优势昆虫;千年桐4目主要访花昆虫日活动规律为:在上、下午均出现出勤峰值时段,下午峰值高于上午,且出勤峰值时段不完全吻合。     

福建省油茶林主要传粉昆虫种类及访花行为

对福建省福州、泉州、龙岩、南平、宁德等地油茶林传粉昆虫及其访花行为进行了调查,结果表明:福建省油茶林中主要传粉昆虫有24种,分属于3目11科17属,其中膜翅目的昆虫种类最多,有11种;大分舌蜂是油茶最重要的传粉昆虫,其数量多,传粉效率高;传粉昆虫日活动时间在12∶00—14∶30出现高峰,昆虫个体数量平均占全天总数的70%左右;油茶传粉昆虫的访花行为因昆虫的访花目的不同而有较大差异,温度和光照是影响传粉昆虫数量、行为和频率的主要因素。     

宁夏银川地区金龟类昆虫区系及防治对策

宁夏银川地区为害苗木的金龟类昆虫共有3种12属19种。鳃金龟科有11种,占总种数的57.89%;丽金电科4属6种,占总种数的31.58%;花金龟科2属2种,占总种数的10.54%。银川地区不同的金龟种类其危害程度是有差异的。银川金龟类区系组成是以华北区系成分为主,共有14种,占总种数的73.68%。其次为古北东洋两界共有种组分,占总种数的21.05%。组分仅占总种数的5.26%。并提出了金龟类害虫的防治对策。     

油茶传粉昆虫种类、筑巢及访花行为的研究进展

传粉昆虫的授粉率低导致油茶低产。为保护和利用油茶传粉昆虫,提高油茶产量,本文综述了我国油茶传粉昆虫的种类,共5目33科130种;并比较了主要昆虫种类的筑巢和访花行为的差异。针对保护油茶传粉昆虫提出了若干建议,并展望今后可能的研究方向。     

异质生境下访花昆虫对枣花生物学特性的适应性

【目的】枣树为虫媒花果树,探索枣花生物学特征与访枣花昆虫之间的适应性,辨析不同扰动生境下访花昆虫访花行为的差异,将有助于保护枣园中访花传粉昆虫,为枣树授粉受精率的提高奠定基础。【方法】以山西省太谷县小白乡的壶瓶枣为研究对象,分别用联苯胺-过氧化氢法、碘-碘化钾染色法、微量进样器法测定枣花的柱头可授性、花粉活力以及泌蜜量;采用目测法、网捕法及粘板法相结合,调查人类高扰动和低扰动2种枣园生境中访花昆虫的数量及行为,并进行统计分析。【结果】1)枣花花期分为蕾裂期、初开期、萼片展平期、花瓣雄蕊分离期、花瓣展平期、花瓣下垂期、雄蕊下垂期7个阶段。整个开花过程在24 h内完成。花药在开花当天中午12:00左右开裂,花粉活力在13:00左右达到最大,为68.35%;柱头在16:30发育成熟,柱头可授性在开花翌日13:00—15:00最强。枣花柱头可授性与花粉活力均为先上升后下降的趋势。2) 2个样地共采集到枣花访花昆虫3 090头,经鉴定隶属8目57科,共90种,包括膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、缨翅目、半翅目、脉翅目和啮虫目。其中膜翅目、双翅目、半翅目和鞘翅目昆虫科数最多,分别占总科数的33.33%、19.30%、15.79%和14.04%;双翅目、缨翅目、膜翅目昆虫个体数最多,分别占总个体数的36.47%、24.72%和18.71%。3)高扰动样地访花昆虫共计43种703头,低扰动样地访花昆虫共85种2 387头,2个样地的访花昆虫均为膜翅目种数最多;高扰动样地中缨翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为取食花朵的昆虫;低扰动样地双翅目个体数量显著高于其他目,优势访花昆虫为传粉昆虫,并且低扰动样地传粉型昆虫显著大于高扰动样地。4)枣花花蜜分泌时长约为12 h。低扰动样地13:00左右花蜜分泌量最多,访花昆虫在10:00—16:00数量最多,访花昆虫活动高峰期以及泌蜜量较多的时期与枣花花粉活力最强、柱头可授性最强的时间相一致;高扰动样地19:00—22:00花蜜分泌量最多,访花昆虫在7:00—10:00最多,昆虫访花多出现在清晨,错开了枣花花粉活力最强、柱头可授性最强的时间。【结论】低扰动样地访花昆虫种类及数量大于高扰动样地。高扰动样地优势访花昆虫为取食花朵的昆虫,低扰动样地优势访花昆虫为传粉昆虫,且传粉昆虫物种数和个体数均显著大于高扰动样地。高低扰动样地访花昆虫与枣花泌蜜特性相适应。     

环境友好型诱杀蛀果甲虫的新技术

首次提出利用高效低毒杀虫剂和微生物杀虫剂联用、利用诱饵法控制蛀果甲虫的一种新方法。利用绿僵菌和苦参碱作为生物杀虫剂,用诱饵诱集蛀果甲虫白星花金龟(Protaetia brevitarsis),在用药量极少的情况下,可以控制果园内白星花金龟的发生,在果实成熟期有效预防葡萄等多汁水果被甲虫蛀食。与不防治对照相比,葡萄园采用该新技术防治,果实受害率可以降低69.2%～100%。     

南京地区常见金龟子种类及防治方法

调查发现南京地区金龟子类昆虫有6科33种,其中28种是农林花卉等园艺作物的害虫.成虫取食危害叶、花、果等部位,或造成减产,或影响景观;幼虫危害地下根、茎等部位,可造成黑莓、越橘5 a生以上果树全株枯死,严重时可造成果园绝产甚至毁园.在对各种金龟子发生规律、危害习性深入调查和观察的基础上,分析认为深绿丽金龟、华脊鳃金龟、暗黑鳃金龟、江南大黑鳃金龟、墨绿彩丽金龟、斑喙丽金龟等6种为本地主要危害种类,铜绿丽金龟、琉璃弧丽金龟、棉花弧丽金龟、小青花金龟、白星花金龟等12,种为本地次要危害种类,中华弧丽金龟、褐锈花金龟等9种为轻微危害种类,并且提出了相应的可持续防治技术措施.     

Repellent and attractive effects of herbs on insects in pear orchards intercropped with aromatic plants

There is increasing interest in the use of vegetation such as aromatic plants as intercrops to biologically control insect pests in agroecosystems and orchard ecosystems. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the repellent effects of aromatic plants on orchard pests (e.g., scarabaeid pests) can lead to improved application of intercropping cultivation practices in orchards. We tested eight intercropping treatments, each containing a different species of aromatic plant, in a pear orchard, along with a natural grass treatment and a clean tillage (control) treatment. The results showed that intercropping reduced the annual cumulative number and abundance of scarab beetles relative to the control. The annual dynamics of scarab populations were also significantly altered where intercrops were used. However, with the exception of Ichneunmonidae, the natural parasites of scarabs showed no preference for the aromatic plants. A correlation analysis indicated that the reduction in some of the scarab beetle species was related to the abundance of certain specific natural enemy species. In addition, the diversity, evenness and degree of dominance of natural enemy species may have contributed to the decrease in scarab populations. This study shows that intercropped aromatic plants can be applied to control the scarab beetles in orchard ecosystems, but that effects vary across aromatic plant species.     

Evaluation of beetle capture in traps as compared with manual capture on flowers in a long-term investigation in a beech forest

Beetle samples captured by traps were compared with those captured manually on flowers in a beech forest in Central Japan. Plastic traps (Sankei Chemical Co., Ltd.) equipped with benzyl acetate were set up from the 2nd of June to the 8th of September 1994, and all beetles captured were collected every week. Beetles were also captured on wild flowers blooming along the forest road. The traps captured 21,650 individuals of 169 species in 37 families. On the other hand, 971 individuals of 77 species in 19 families were captured on the flowers. All of the families and 57 (74%) species of the beetles captured on the flowers were also captured by the traps; all of the species with more than five individuals captured on the flowers were also trapped, except for one species. The present trap system is considered to be useful for faunal monitoring of flower-visiting Coleoptera, because the beetle fauna found on wild flowers was virtually covered by the trap capture. A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995).     

Evaluation of cold resistance of ornamental species for planting as urban rooftop greening

Rooftop gardening or green roof establishment, one of the methods of afforestation for urban greening, has many benefits for the environment, the economy and urban landscapes. Various environmental stresses including heat, strong wind, sunshine and cold prevent most plants from growing well in extensive green roof systems. For the establishment of urban rooftop gardening in Beijing, we evaluated 13 ornamental plant species [Berberis thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, Euonymus fortune (Turcz.) Hand., Viburnum dilatatum Thunb., Cotinus coggygria Scop., Swida alba Opiz., Weigela florida (Bunge.) A. DC., Jasminum nudiflorum Lindl., Euonymus japonicus Thunb., Euonymus japonicus ‘Cuzhi’, Buddleja davidii Franch., Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., Ligustrum lucidum Ait. and Spiraea salicifolia L.] for greening of flat rooftops. We obtained three indices concerning cold resistance, i.e., electrical conductivity of leaves, amounts of soluble sugars and amounts of free proline, providing a theoretical basis for selection of plants fit for roof and balcony greening. The results show that the six species P. fortuneana (Maxim.) Li., B. thunbergii ‘Atropurea Nana’, J. nudiflorum Lindl., E. fortune (Turcz.) Hand., E. japonicus Thunb. and E. japonicus ‘Cuzhi’ are excellent plants for rooftop gardening, judging from their strong ability in cold resistance. Plants such as L. lucidum Ait., C. coggygria Scop. and W. florida (Bunge) A. DC. showed a medium ability in cold resistance. However, these species can be used in roof and balcony greening after intensive management or acclimatization of variety. The ability to resist cold of plants such as W. florida (Bunge) A. DC., S. salicifolia L., V. rhytidophyllum and S. alba Opiz. (Cornus alba L.) was found to be rather weak. Therefore, cold-proof measures are recommended when using these species.     

西江中下游优良阔叶树种试验初报

在西江中下游,对32个阔叶树种进行造林生长比较试验,4年生林木调查结果表明:不同树种间的造林保存率存在着明显的差别,除幌伞枫、秋枫、凤凰木、小叶杜英、木棉、鸭脚木保存率较低外,其余树种保存率都较高,达93%以上;树种间树高、胸径、冠幅生长量差异均达到极显著水平,且各性状之间的相关均达到极显著水平,西南桦、红胶木、黎蒴、红荷木、红椎、荷木、锥栗、仪花、樟树、火力楠、蒲桃在树高、胸径、冠幅生长上都表现较好,青梅、小叶杜英、腊肠树、猫尾木、秋枫、木菠萝都表现较差。在生长量差异极显著的基础上,结合这32种阔叶树种的生物学特性及生态学特性进行综合评价分析,进行速生阔叶树种的选择、水土保持林、水源涵养林造林树种的选择以及低产林、残次林林分改造树种的选择。     

贵州植物的新记录种

通过对贵州境内采集的植物标本鉴定和相关文献检索,报道了贵州的10个新记录种,其中1个新记录种为新记录属。它们是勿忘草Myosotis silvatica Ehrh.ex Hoffm.、短小蛇根草Ophiorrhiza pumila Champ.ex Benth.、细叶亚婆潮Hedyotis auricularia L.var.mina W.C.Ko、多刺山黄皮Fagerlindia depauperata(Drake)Tirveng、短梗乌饭Vaccinium brevipedicellatum C.Y.Wu ex Fang et Z.H.Pan、林生越橘Vaccinium sciaphilum C.Y.Wu、变叶树参Dendropanax proteus(Champ.)Benth.、滇赤杨叶Alniphyllum eberhardtii Guill、滇黄堇Corydalis yunnanensis Franch.、矮小山麦冬Liriope minor(Maxim.)Makino,新记录属为勿忘草属。     

Habitat associations of saproxylic beetles in the southeastern United States: A comparison of forest types,tree species and wood postures

Saproxylic beetles are highly sensitive to forest management practices that reduce the abundance and variety of dead wood. However, this diverse fauna continues to receive little attention in the southeastern United States even though this region supports some of the most diverse, productive and intensively managed forests in North America. In this replicated three-way factorial experiment, we investigated the habitat associations of saproxylic beetles on the coastal plain of South Carolina. The factors of interest were forest type (upland pine-dominated vs. bottomland hardwood), tree species (Quercus nigra L., Pinus taeda L. and Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and wood posture (standing and downed dead wood, i.e., snags and logs). Wood samples were taken at four positions along each log and snag (lower bole, middle bole, upper bole and crown) ∼11 months after the trees were killed and placed in rearing bags to collect emerging beetles. Overall, 33,457 specimens from 52 families and ≥250 species emerged. Based on an analysis of covariance, with surface area and bark coverage as covariates, saproxylic beetle species richness differed significantly between forest types as well as between wood postures. There were no significant interactions. Species richness was significantly higher in the upland pine-dominated stand than the bottomland hardwood forest, possibly due to higher light exposure and temperature in upland forests. Although L. styraciflua yielded more beetle species (152) than either Q. nigra (122) or P. taeda (125), there were no significant differences in species richness among tree species. There were also no relationships evident between relative tree abundance and observed or expected beetle species richness. Significantly more beetle species emerged from logs than from snags. However snags had a distinct fauna including several potential canopy specialists. Our results suggest that conservation practices that retain or create entire snags as opposed to high stumps or logs alone will most greatly benefit saproxylic beetles in southeastern forests.     

《东北草本植物志》第1卷补正(Ⅲ)

本节涉及东北蕨类植物1科8属14种3变种,考证了文献与名称,讨论了与其近亲分类单位的区别特征,订正了一些错误,补充记载了一些类群,提出了1个命名新等级。     

三种槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系

为了研究槭树叶的组织结构与抗虫性的关系,采用石蜡切片的方法,对复叶槭、五角枫和挪威槭3种槭树叶的组织结构进行了比较研究。数据分析结果表明:3种槭树科植物的叶片总厚度、叶片表皮气孔密度和栅栏组织密度的大小排列顺序均为:复叶槭<五角枫<挪威槭,方差分析结果表明这3项指标均差异显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是一致的。而叶柄木质部与韧皮部厚度比值大小排列顺序为:挪威槭<五角枫<复叶槭,方差分析结果表明此指标差异极显著,且大小排列顺序与植物的抗虫性顺序是相反的。此外,3种槭树科植物叶片表皮及主脉韧皮部中的内含物与植物的抗虫性也可能存在某种联系。     

Physiological basis of seasonal trend in leaf photosynthesis of five evergreen broad-leaved species in a temperate deciduous forest

The physiological basis of photosynthesis during winter was investigated in saplings of five evergreen broad-leaved species (Camellia japonica L., Cleyera japonica Thunb., Photinia glabra (Thunb.) Maxim., Castanopsis cuspidata (Thunb.) Schottky and Quercus glauca Thunb.) co-occurring under deciduous canopy trees in a temperate forest. We focused on temperature dependence of photosynthetic rate and capacity as important physiological parameters that determine light-saturated rates of net photosynthesis at low temperatures during winter. Under controlled temperature conditions, maximum rates of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylation and electron transport (Vcmax) and Jmax, respectively) increased exponentially with increasing leaf temperature. The temperature dependence of photosynthetic rate did not differ among species. In the field, photosynthetic capacity, determined as Vcmax and Jmax at a common temperature of 25 degrees C (Vcmax(25) and Jmax(25)), increased until autumn and then decreased in species-specific patterns. Values of Vcmax(25) and Jmax(25) differed among species during winter. There was a positive correlation of Vcmax(25) with area-based nitrogen concentration among leaves during winter in Camellia and Photinia. Interspecific differences in Vcmax(25) were responsible for interspecific differences in light-saturated rates of net photosynthesis during winter.     

湖南植物地理分布新记录

报道了湖南植物区系中植物地理分布新纪录2属(亚菊属、琉璃繁缕属),16个新纪录种(鳞茎堇菜、红毛虎耳草、光叶荛花、浙江山梅花、元宝槭、锐角槭、纳雍槭、紫花槭、茶条槭、亮叶槭、疏花槭、多花亚菊、朝鲜附地菜、华东菝葜、丝叶苔草、宽叶苔草),1个亚种(枫叶槭),3个变种(南川长柄槭、钝角三峡槭、三裂飞蛾槭),1个变型(蓝花琉璃繁缕),隶属于10个科.