民间茶俗和茶礼仪的分析

中国的茶在世界上历史悠久。茶不仅有着严格的茶礼仪,也具有特色的茶风俗。汉族同胞热情好客,直到现在友人来家作客,都会以一杯清香宜人的茶水来招待。在历史中,不同时代、不同民族、不同地区都会有不同的饮茶文化。作为中华民族智慧与文明的结晶的象征,茶俗也是我国重要的非物质文化遗产。本文就茶俗文化和茶礼仪的特点作为切入点,浅要论述了茶俗与茶礼仪。     

我国婚嫁茶俗研究及茶礼产品设计

随着茶文化的发展,茶俗活动逐渐与婚俗文化结合在一起,形成了独具中国特色的婚嫁茶俗文化。婚嫁茶俗的形成和发展,不仅推动了我国民俗文化的发展,更让茶礼产品成为缔结婚姻、馈赠亲朋的物质内容,也让我国社会开始关注茶礼产品设计。本文以婚嫁茶俗的形成为切入点,探究其形成的根本原因,并由此探究如何提高我国茶礼品设计水平,旨在为茶叶产品的发展提供启示。     

听茶谜 观茶俗

三峡茶谜是三峡茶文化的重要组成部分,它包括有关茶的谜语和谜歌两部分内容。参与三峡茶谜活动,有助于考察三峡地区传统茶俗,从而加深人们对三峡茶俗的印象。     

杭州茶俗略考

杭州茶文化历史悠久,而杭州茶俗文化更是渗透到人们日常生活中的民俗文化。所谓＂千里不同风,百里不同俗＂,杭州特有的历史、文化、地理环境成就了杭州茶俗这一独特的地方民俗,其内容丰富,各有特色。     

娄中蛮茶俗浅析

武陵源因山美而名扬天下，娄江水因武陵源而灵气四溢。武陵人因茶俗奇特而更显神气。著名诗人梁上泉领略武陵茶俗后曾留下“茶比美酒还醉人”之佳句。明万历年慈利县志亦有“娄中蛮茶俗奇特”之记载。可见以武陵源为中心地带的茶俗颇具特色，值得研究。     

赣南茶文化与茶俗对当地采茶歌舞的助推作用

本文从茶文化和茶俗的角度对赣南采茶歌舞的发展进行了梳理,从中寻觅到了中国茶文化的发展历程,从茶叶到茶道,再到茶歌、茶舞等。其中,茶道和茶艺是赣南采茶歌舞发展的土壤和基础,赣南采茶歌舞对当地的茶文化与茶俗发展起到了积极的传承和发展作用。     

浅谈茶诗中的宋代茶俗及其文化意蕴

茶起源于中国,因此中国是茶的发源地,并且茶在人们的日常饮食中占据重要地位,且影响深远,茶在文学和史学上的地位得天独厚,不可替代。随着茶的发展,相关的茶文学和茶文化也日渐鼎盛,诗人往往通过对茶的认识,表现在文学作品中,同时寄托着深深的感触和哲学思考,因此茶文化有独特的文学性和感染力。本文对茶诗中的宋代茶俗及其文化意蕴进行探讨。     

近代茶俗与行业经济问题研究

将目光放置在我们的身边也不难发现,现阶段许多网吧冠名为"网咖",便是将咖啡、品茗等项目纳入到传统网吧行业之中,这样就能拓展网吧的使用价值,甚至在某些地方改变了网吧的运营生态。为此,茶俗与文化行业经济相联系也容易理解了。二者相联系的途径包括:聚焦文化行业的商业化模式、综合提炼茶俗显性隐性元素、建立适度的商业化接轨模式、实施中应不破坏茶俗文化性。     

从中西文化对比视角看《大地》中的茶与人

本文从中西文化对比的视角分析茶与人的关系,通过对比《大地》与《儿子与情人》、《傲慢与偏见》、《呼啸山庄》等相关作品中茶文化的差异,具体从茶与人的地位、茶与情、中西方人的茶俗等三个方面进行分析。     

满目皆为茶——中国茶叶博物馆基本陈列掠影

中国茶叶博物馆是我国唯一以茶与茶化为专题的国家级博物馆，她的主体陈列极具特色，打破了传统的以时间为序列的展示方法，陈列大楼设置了茶史、茶萃、茶事、茶具、茶俗、茶缘等6个相对独立而又相互联系的展示空间，从不同的角度对茶化进行诠释。现对茶博陈列大楼的茶化主题展示作如下介绍。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.