连作大豆化感作用研究进展

大豆连作导致产量和品质下降、病虫害加剧等障碍现象发生,研究连作大豆化感作用对揭示大豆连作障碍机理、克服大豆连作障碍具有重要的意义。该文对连作大豆根系分泌物、根茬腐解物、土壤有机化合物、土壤微生物和地上部淋洗液化感作用的研究进展进行了综述;提出了大豆化感作用未来的研究方向,以期为今后大豆化感作用研究提供参考。     

连作大豆化感作用研究

对连作大豆体系中化感物质的种类，来源途径，提取，分离，鉴定方法等进行了较详细的阐述，并介绍了有关于连作大豆化感作用的研究成果，以及今后研究应该注意的一些问题。     

吸附树脂提取的大豆根分泌物种类的GC-MS分析

采用GC—MS分析法，鉴定了XAD—4吸附树脂连续提取所获得的大豆根分泌物的种类，并研究了化感物质(邻苯二甲酸)对大豆幼苗生长的化感作用。结果表明：根分泌物连续捕获系统(XAD—4吸附树脂)获得的根分泌物种类丰富，主要是长链脂肪酸、苯甲酸及其衍生物，直链醇、烯醇、酚、酮、苯胺、酯和一些烃类及其衍生物等有机化合物，其中很多都被报道是化感物质。在一定浓度范围内，邻苯二甲酸对大豆幼苗生长具有显著的化感抑制作用。表明大豆根分泌物中存在抑制大豆幼苗生长的化感物质，由此可引发大豆连作障碍。     

浅析大豆连作障碍与生化互作的关系

浅析大豆连作障碍与生化互作的关系闫飞杨振明（中国人民解放军农牧大学·长春，１３００６２）大豆大面积重迎茬种植，导致了大豆连作障碍，对大豆连作障碍机制的探讨已进行了多年，主要原因一般认为有以下三点：①病虫害的危害；②营养失调；③来自植物体及土壤中的有毒...     

不同木薯品种主要根系分泌物提取与鉴定

本研究通过对木薯根系分泌物进行提取、分离与鉴定,探究不同木薯品种根系分泌物的差异,为筛选抗化感耐连作木薯新种质提供参考。以木薯组培苗琼脂培养基为试验材料,采用正交试验设计,结合GC-MS技术考察不同萃取材料和洗脱剂对木薯根系分泌物的提取和分离效果,选择最优方案测定‘新选048’‘南植199’和‘华南205’的根系分泌物。结果表明：（1）木薯根系分泌物水溶性物质提取的最优方案为：用去离子水超声提取捣碎的琼脂培养基30 min,固液分离后用XAD-2萃取、无水乙醇洗脱,浓缩后用GC-MS检测,成功鉴定出包括有机酸类、醇类、酯类、酮类、醛类等26种有机化合物。（2）醇溶性物质提取的最优方案为：用50%乙醇超声提取捣碎的琼脂培养基30 min,固液分离后用XAD-4萃取、无水乙醇洗脱,浓缩后用GC-MS检测,鉴定出包括有机酸类、醚类、酯类、酮类、醛类等15种有机化合物。（3）不同品种根系分泌物的水溶性和醇溶性成分均有差异。‘南植199’根系分泌物的主要水溶性物质有羟乙酸甲酯（相对含量为3.72%）、羟基丙酮（2.40%）、甲肼（1.79%）等,主要醇溶性物质有乙醇醛（18.89%）、羟基丙酮（2.47%）、甲酸（2.25%）等;‘新选048’的主要水溶性物质有甲酸（2.68%）、1,5-戊二醇（2.39%）、丙烯酸羟乙酯（2.01%）等,主要醇溶性物质有乙醇醛（17.00%）、甲酸（2.62%）、羟基丙酮（2.46%）等;‘华南205’的主要水溶性物质有甲酸（2.23%）、羟基丙酮（1.80%）、羟乙酸甲酯（1.43%）等,主要醇溶性物质有乙醇醛（16.58%）、甲酸（3.06%）、八氟戊醇（2.98%）等。不同木薯品种的根系分泌物种类和含量均有差异,从而导致其抗化感耐连作能力的差异,为筛选耐连作品种缓解木薯连作障碍成为可能。     

大豆与玉米、小麦、高粱根系分泌物的比较分析

为研究大豆根系分泌物在大豆连作障碍中的作用,以二氯甲烷作为溶剂,提取培养28 d的大豆,小麦,玉米,高粱的根系分泌物,运用气质连用仪分离鉴定,找出大豆与其它3种作物根系分泌物的差异.结果表明:用该法鉴定出大豆根系分泌物成分77种,小麦97种,玉米84种,高粱80种.4种作物均鉴定出烷烃、醇、酸、酯、苯、酚、萘、酰胺、酮、醛类以及其他类化合物.将4种作物的根系分泌物进行比较,相同成分有丙三醇、2,4-戊二醇、邻苯二甲酸、乙苯、对二甲苯、苯乙烯、4-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、甲基酚和一部分烷烃等.二苯呋喃,芴,3-甲基-4-氧-戊酸,2-亚甲基-丁醛,3-羟摹-丁醛,己醛,9,10-二氢-11,12-乙酰-9,10-桥亚乙基总等是大豆根系分泌物中独有成分,其在大豆生长过程中的化感作用有待进一步研究.     

玉米根系分泌物缓解连作花生土壤酚酸类物质的 化感抑制作用

为探讨玉米//花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，采用二氯甲烷提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，添加到含有不同浓度的连作花生根系分泌物中主要的三种酚酸类物质（肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸）混合物的土壤中，研究了土壤微生态环境变化情况。结果表明，酚酸类物质对土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性及养分含量均存在化感抑制作用，且浓度越高，抑制作用越强（P＜0.05）。整个培养时期，添加玉米根系分泌物均增加了酚酸类物质处理土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量，以低浓度处理增幅较大，分别平均增加7.58%、6.73%、7.72%和4.90%；降低了酚酸类物质对土壤各指标的化感指数，其中低浓度酚酸类物质处理土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低21.57%、21.19%、 26.32%和20.95%。3次取样，酚酸类物质的化感作用呈先增强后降低的趋势，各处理在第10d达到最强；而玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。玉米根系分泌物可在一定程度上缓解酚酸类物质对土壤微生态环境的化感作用，为玉米//花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供了理论依据。     

不同生育期芝麻根系分泌物对连作障碍的响应及其自毒作用

为探讨芝麻根系分泌物中可能导致连作障碍的化感物质，以江西主栽品种金黄麻为材料，设置正茬与连作处理，研究芝麻现蕾期、盛花期和成熟期根系分泌物的组分变化与差异。结果表明：正茬芝麻根系分泌物对芝麻种子的发芽表现出“低促高抑”现象。正茬和连作芝麻在现蕾期、盛花期和成熟期的根系分泌物中鉴定出18～28种有机物。现蕾和盛花期芝麻根系分泌物均含有酯类、烃类、酸类、酚类、胺类、醇类和酮类物质，以反式-（2,3-二苯基环丙基）-苯亚砜甲酯相对丰度为最高；成熟期比现蕾和盛花期多醚类物质，以辛乙烯二醇单正十二烷基酯相对丰度为最高。酯类物质是芝麻根系分泌物的重要组分，尤其在现蕾期其总相对丰度达到75.12%（正茬）、52.96%（连作）。其中，邻苯二酸二异辛酯和辛乙烯二醇单正十二烷基酯的相对丰度在连作芝麻根系分泌物比正茬中高9.48和5.73个百分点。酸类物质在芝麻成熟期根系分泌物中含量最高，总相对丰度在正茬与连作芝麻根系分泌物中分别达17.53和42.71个百分点。其中，连作芝麻根系分泌物中棕榈酸、亚油酸和硬脂酸的相对丰度依次提高15.78、1.33和1.15个百分点；油酸、肉豆蔻酸仅在连作芝麻根系分泌物中检测到，相对丰度为10.66和1.62个百分点。与正茬相比，芥酸酰胺在现蕾期和盛花期的连作芝麻根系分泌物中相对丰度分别提高21.68和11.51个百分点；油酸酰胺相应提高2.16和7.44个百分点。综上，连作改变了芝麻根系分泌物组分。     

三种酚酸类物质在花生连作障碍中的生态效应分析

      为阐明酚酸类物质在花生连作障碍形成过程中的作用机理,本研究排除田间因素的干扰,通过室内模拟培养法,研究了4种不同浓度的肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸及其混合物对土壤的生态效应。结果表明,当酚酸类物质的初始含量较低（15 mg·kg-1干土）时,各处理土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物活性、酶活性（脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶）及养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾）均略高于对照,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;当其初始含量达到或高于30 mg·kg-1干土时,各指标均降低,且随浓度增加降幅增大,以3种酚酸类物质混合物的化感抑制作用相对最强。总体来看,随培养时间的延长,酚酸类物质的化感抑制作用呈先增强后减弱的趋势。其中,对羟基苯甲酸在处理第7d化感抑制作用达到最强,而肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和3种酚酸类物质混合物的最强化感作用是在处理第15 d。推测酚酸类物质的累积与连作花生土壤微生态环境的劣化有着直接关系,是花生连作障碍形成的重要因素之一。     

大豆连作土壤有机化合物对大豆根腐病菌生长的影响

采用田间试验、生物模拟试验及化学分析等方法,研究了大豆连作土壤有机化合物(糖、氨基酸、有机酸)对大豆根腐病菌的影响.结果表明:轮作、连作大豆土壤糖组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长多表现出低浓度促进高浓度抑制的规律,低浓度糖组分对粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌生长的促进作用,连作显著高于轮作.轮作、连作土壤氨基酸组分对半裸镰孢菌、粉红粘帚菌、尖镰孢菌的生长多表现出显著的促进作用.轮作、连作土壤有机酸组分对上述三种病原菌生长多表现出显著促进作用,但连作高浓度有机酸组分能显著抑制粉红粘帚菌生长.上述结果表明,大豆连作土壤有机化合物与根腐病发生存在极密切关系,它们是根腐病严重发生的重要物质诱因.     

A comparison of univariate and multivariate methods to analyze G×E interaction

Twenty-two different methods (parametric, nonparametric and multivariate) used for analysing genotype×environment (G×E) interaction were compared by applying them to two sets of experimental data (15 faba bean cultivars×12 environments and 11 pea cultivars×16 environments). A principal components analysis was performed on the rank correlation matrix arising from the application of each method. The 22 methods can be categorized, in both sets of experimental data, in three groups: (1) those which are mostly associated with yield level and show little or no correlation with stability parameters; (2) those in which both yield level and stability of performance are considered simultaneously to reduce the effect of G×E interaction; and (3) those methods which only measure stability. This analysis also separated those methods based on an agronomic concept of stability from those which are based on a biological one, as well as distinguishing between `dynamic' and `static' stability-based methods.     

Comparative study of direct and indirect evaluations of frost tolerance in barley

The aim of this paper was to compare different field, laboratory and physiological methods for the evaluation of frost tolerance in barley; as well as to show both the possibilities and limitations of these individual methods and approaches. The tolerances of 39 barley cultivars and breeding lines were evaluated by four direct methods (based on the exposure of plants to frost) and three indirect (based on diagnostic traits and markers). The direct methods included the evaluation of: (1) field survival after five winters 1999–2004; (2) winter survival in a provocation pot test under natural conditions; (3) lethal temperature (LT50) of plants taken from a field in winter; and (4) LT50 of plants grown and hardened in a growth chamber. The indirect methods were based upon: (1) endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA); (2) water content (WC); (3) osmotic potential (OP) of the plants cultivated and hardened in growth chambers. All four direct methods correlated well with one another, and resulted in similar sequences of frost tolerance of the tested barley cultivars and lines. While it was only possible to distinguish individual barley cultivars based on field survival after the 2002/2003 winter, by using the provocation method it was possible to distinguish between barley cultivars after all of the winters. Moreover, the average winter survival of barley from multi-year pot tests was in correlation with the minimal LT50, evaluated in plants hardened in both the field or in growth chambers. From indirect indicators, the levels of ABA increased slightly, while WC and OP clearly decreased in all cultivars during cold hardening. No correlation was observed between LT50 and the ABA content. A significant correlation between LT50 and WC, and between LT50 and OP was found, but only after 1 or more weeks of cold acclimation of the plants had been completed, since both the duration and the rate of decline of these parameters differed in individual cultivars during the cold hardening. The LT50-values of barley cultivars not only accurately characterized their field tolerance to frost, but also were indicative of changes associated with the induction of frost tolerance in plants under the given conditions, when comparing the direct and indirect methods.     

Molecular analyses of genetic variability in soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.)

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) is commercially an important plant much valued for its fruits commonly known as soap nut as well as for the seed oil used as a feed-stock for biodiesel production. Molecular polymorphism, determined, using three single primer amplification reaction (SPAR) methods (RAPD, DAMD and ISSR) is used to assess the genetic variability in 69 accessions of S. mukorossi Gaertn., encompassing different geographical regions in India. Cumulative band data generated using the three SPAR methods resulted in 82.49% polymorphism across all genotypes of S. mukorossi Gaertn. UPGMA tree showed two major clusters that were in accordance with the geographical diversity. The intra-population genetic diversity (0.16), Shannon information index (0.24) and polymorphic loci (45.62%) were highest in AS population, while the corresponding lowest values were recorded in HP population. The inter-population average distance ranged from 0.05 (GA and HP) to 0.26 (AP and HP). Based on these distances, the UPGMA tree for the populations was computed, which showed the presence of two major clusters. Cluster I contained all the populations from Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (GA and KU) and cluster II grouped the populations from North Eastern region (AS, AP, MG). The present study showed that SPAR methods are informative and useful to unravel the diversity among different populations of the soap nut plants and is a prelude for further utilization of promising and genetically divergent materials in the breeding programmes.     

Influence of crop establishment methods on yield,economics and water productivity of rice cultivars under upland and lowland production ecologies of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field study on assessment of crop establishment methods on yield, economics and water productivity of rice cultivars under upland and lowland production ecologies was conducted during wet seasons (June–November) of 2012 and 2013 in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. The experiment was laid-out in a split-plot design (SPD) and replicated four times. The main-plot treatments included three crop establishment methods, viz. dry direct-seeded rice (DSR), system of rice intensification (SRI) and puddled transplanted rice (PTR). In sub-plots, five rice cultivars of different groups like aromatic (Improved Pusa Basmati 1 and Pusa Sugandh 5), inbreds (PNR 381 and Pusa 834) and hybrid (Arize 6444) were taken for their evaluations. These two sets of treatments were laid-out simultaneously in two production ecologies, upland and lowland during both years. In general, lowland ecology was found favourable for rice growth and yield and resulted in 13.2% higher grain yield as compared to upland ecology. Rice grown with SRI method produced 19.4 and 7.0% higher grain yield in 2012 and 20.6 and 7.1% higher in 2013, over DSR and PTR. However, PTR yielded 13.1 and 14.5% higher grain over DSR during 2012 and 2013, respectively. On an average, Arize 6444 produced 26.4, 26.9, 28.9 and 54.7% higher grain yield as compared to PS 5, P 834, PNR 381 and IPB1, respectively. Further, the interaction of production ecologies × crop establishment methods revealed that, in upland ecology, SRI recorded significantly higher grain yield as compared to PTR and DSR, but in lowland, grain yield resulting from SRI was similar to the yield obtained with PTR and significantly higher than DSR. The latter two methods (PTR and DSR) yielded alike in lowland ecology in both study years. The production ecologies × crop establishment methods × cultivars interaction on grain yield showed that the growing of Arize 6444 cultivar using SRI method in upland ecology resulted in the higher grain yield (8.87 t/ha). But the cost of production was also highest in SRI followed by PTR and DSR across production ecologies and cultivars. Cultivation of hybrid (Arize 6444) involved higher cost of production than all other cultivars. Irrespective of crop establishment methods and cultivars, gross returns, net returns and B:C ratio were significantly higher in lowland compared to upland ecology. Owing to higher grain yield, SRI method fetched significantly higher gross returns and net returns over PTR and DSR. Average increase in net return with Arize 6444 was 68.8, 41.0, 37.7 and 33.1% over IPB 1, PNR 381, P 834 and PS 5, respectively. There was a saving of 30.7% water in SRI and 19.9% in DSR over PTR under upland ecology. Similarly in lowland ecology, water saving of 30.2% was observed in SRI and 21.2% in DSR over PTR. Due to higher yield and saving on water, SRI returned significantly higher total water productivity (TWP) (5.9 kg/ha-mm) as compared to DSR (3.5 kg/ha-mm) and PTR (3.6 kg/ha-mm) under upland ecology. In lowland ecology, also SRI (6.2 kg/ha-mm) resulted in higher TWP as compared to other two methods. However, DSR gave significantly higher TWP as compared to PTR. Among cultivars, hybrid Arize 6444 recorded the highest TWP in both upland and lowland production ecologies across crop establishment methods. Hence, growing of hybrid Arize 6444 with SRI method can enhance rice productivity and water-use efficiency in lowland and upland production ecologies of Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains and in other similar regions.     

Use of Quorum Sensing Inhibition Strategies to Control Microfouling

Interfering with the quorum sensing bacterial communication systems has been proposed as a promising strategy to control bacterial biofilm formation, a key process in biofouling development. Appropriate in vitro biofilm-forming bacteria models are needed to establish screening methods for innovative anti-biofilm and anti-microfouling compounds. Four marine strains, two Pseudoalteromonas spp. and two Vibrio spp., were selected and studied with regard to their biofilm-forming capacity and sensitivity to quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Biofilm experiments were performed using two biofilm cultivation and quantification methods: the xCELLigence^® system, which allows online monitoring of biofilm formation, and the active attachment model, which allows refreshment of the culture medium to obtain a strong biofilm that can be quantified with standard staining methods. Although all selected strains produced acyl-homoserine-lactone (AHL) QS signals, only the P. flavipulchra biofilm, measured with both quantification systems, was significantly reduced with the addition of the AHL-lactonase Aii20J without a significant effect on planktonic growth. Two-species biofilms containing P. flavipulchra were also affected by the addition of Aii20J, indicating an influence on the target bacterial strain as well as an indirect effect on the co-cultured bacterium. The use of xCELLigence^® is proposed as a time-saving method to quantify biofilm formation and search for eco-friendly anti-microfouling compounds based on quorum sensing inhibition (QSI) strategies. The results obtained from these two in vitro biofilm formation methods revealed important differences in the response of biosensor bacteria to culture medium and conditions, indicating that several strains should be used simultaneously for screening purposes and the cultivation conditions should be carefully optimized for each specific purpose.     

Effect of extraction methods on characteristic and composition of Indonesian cashew nut shell liquid

Long chain phenols contained in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) are found to have important pharmaceutical applications, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, urease inhibitory and lipoxygenase activities, and also are well known in coating and resin industry. The impact of different extraction methods on CNSL yield, selectivity towards preferable compounds, composition and characteristic of extracts was investigated. Four different methods employed in extracting CNSL from CNS were: supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) extraction (40 °C, 300 bar, 4 h), subcritical water (SCW) extraction (140 °C, 22 bar, 1 h), soxhlet extraction (solvent boiling point, atmospheric pressure, 30 h), and two-step extraction, which comprises a solvent extraction followed by a SCW extraction. Characteristic of the extracts differed significantly. Methanol and two-step extraction resulted in darker and more turbid extracts, while n-hexane and SC-CO₂ extracts were clearer and lighter in color. GC-FID/MS chromatograms showed differences in compositions of the extracts obtained by different methods. Two-step extraction yielded extracts that contain 81.17-82.98% total long chain phenols (around 50% based on dry CNS) with monounsaturated cardanol as the major compound, producing higher amount of total phenols than other methods. SCW extraction showed high selectivity towards monounsaturated cardanol and stigmasterol, while high concentration of monounsaturated anacardic acid and cardol appeared in SC-CO₂ extract.     

黑甜玉米花青素提取方法研究及应用

本研究以甜玉米为材料,分别对化学、超声波、微波、酶法4种花青素提取方法进行优化,综合比较发现,微波提取方法的花青素吸光度值最大(1.072),花青素含量达到560 mg/kg,提取效果最佳,酶法辅助提取的方法不佳.对黑甜玉米杂交组合BS634×SP5029和W55×SD-4鲜子粒花青素组分分析发现,BS634×SP50...     

全程深施肥对水稻产量形成及稻米品质的影响

以超级稻东农423为试验材料,设全程深施肥、全层施肥、表层施肥及无肥4个处理,研究水稻生长发育的动态变化,包括分蘖消长、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量动态变化,并对产量及其构成因素、稻米蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量和味度值进行了比较。结果表明：1）全程深施肥方法能够促使水稻生育前期平稳生长,后期优势生长,延长有效分蘖期,增加有效分蘖数,提高叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和干物质积累量;2）各处理的产量和稻米蛋白质含量间均达极显著水平,并呈现全程深施＞全层施＞表施＞无肥的趋势;各处理的直链淀粉含量、味度值之间均达极显著水平,并呈现无肥＞表施＞全层施＞全程深施的趋势;3）全程深施肥能够提高水稻的产量、穗数、每穗粒数和蛋白质含量,却降低了结实率、千粒重、稻米直链淀粉含量及味度值。     

Effect of blanching on the content of antinutritional factors in selected vegetables

The effect of blanching on the antinutritional content was studied in cabbage, turnip, collard, sweetpotato and peanut leaves. All the vegetables contained various amounts of phytic acid, tannic acid and/or oxalic acid. Tannic acid was found in largest amounts ranging from 1266.00 mg/100 g in cabbage to 491.00 mg/100 g in sweetpotato. Phytic acid content ranged from 0.31 mg/100 g in sweetpotato to 3.97 mg/100 g in collard. Oxalic acid was in trace amounts in cabbage and turnip; but high concentrations were found in sweetpotato (469.67 mg/100 g) and peanut greens (407.00 mg/100 g). Levels of both tannic acid and phytic acid were significantly (p<0.05) reduced by conventional and microwave blanching methods while oxalic acid levels were not significantly (p<0.05) reduced in most of the treatments by either of the blanching methods. In general, blanching is recommended as an effective method for reducing the antinutritional factors in green vegetables, however, further investigation on the heating times for both conventional and microwave blanching methods has been suggested.     

耕作方式对三江平原玉米生长发育及水分利用影响

2018～2019年三江平原云山农场设置旋耕（RT）、隔行深松（GS）、深松（ST）、浅翻（CT）、深翻（SF）5种耕作方式，以旋耕（RT）为对照，研究不同耕作处理对玉米各生育期土壤水分变化、耗水量及产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明，各耕作处理较旋耕处理相比能够改善土壤水分条件，受降雨量影响各耕作处理表现不同，2018年（生育期降雨量505.3 mm），隔行深松、深松、浅翻和深翻4种耕作处理蓄水量分别提高3.67、2.87、2.23、2.68 mm；2019年（生育期降雨量833.6 mm），深松处理土壤含水量和蓄水量最低，表现为浅翻>深翻>旋耕>隔行深松>深松。玉米干物质积累量和叶面积指数（LAI）呈“S”型曲线，各处理表现为深松>隔行深松>深翻>浅翻>旋耕，在大喇叭口期至灌浆期干物质积累量最大，深松处理平均比旋耕提前5 d到达干物质最快积累时间。4种耕作方式与旋耕相比均能改善耕层土壤水分状况，增加玉米干物质积累量和LAI，显著提高产量和水分利用率。