耕作方式对三江平原玉米生长发育及水分利用影响

2018～2019年三江平原云山农场设置旋耕（RT）、隔行深松（GS）、深松（ST）、浅翻（CT）、深翻（SF）5种耕作方式,以旋耕（RT）为对照,研究不同耕作处理对玉米各生育期土壤水分变化、耗水量及产量和水分利用率的影响。结果表明,各耕作处理较旋耕处理相比能够改善土壤水分条件,受降雨量影响各耕作处理表现不同,2018年（生育期降雨量505.3 mm）,隔行深松、深松、浅翻和深翻4种耕作处理蓄水量分别提高3.67、2.87、2.23、2.68 mm;2019年（生育期降雨量833.6 mm）,深松处理土壤含水量和蓄水量最低,表现为浅翻>深翻>旋耕>隔行深松>深松。玉米干物质积累量和叶面积指数（LAI）呈“S”型曲线,各处理表现为深松>隔行深松>深翻>浅翻>旋耕,在大喇叭口期至灌浆期干物质积累量最大,深松处理平均比旋耕提前5 d到达干物质最快积累时间。4种耕作方式与旋耕相比均能改善耕层土壤水分状况,增加玉米干物质积累量和LAI,显著提高产量和水分利用率。

Effects of Tillage on Growth and Water Use of Maize in Sanjiang Plain

Five traditional tillage methods:rotary tillage(RT), interlaced subsoiling(GS), subsoiling(ST), shallow ploughing(CT) and deep ploughing(SF) were set up on Yunshan Farm in Sanjiang Plain from 2018 to 2019, and taking traditional tillage methods(RT) as a control, the effects of 4 tillage treatments on soil moisture changes, water consumption, yield and water use efficiency in each growth period of maize were studied. Compared with the rotary tillage treatment, each tillage treatment can improve soil moisture conditions, but the performance of each tillage treatment is different due to the influence of rainfall. In 2018(the rainfall during the growth period is 505.3 mm), interlaced deep loosening, deep loosening, shallow turning and deep turning. The water storage capacity of the four tillage treatments and the rotary tillage treatment were increased by 3.67, 2.87, 2.23, 2.68 mm, respectively. In 2019(the rainfall during the growth period was 833.6 mm), the subsoiling treatment had the lowest soil water content and water storage capacity, showing a shallow ploughing > deep ploughing >rotary tillage> interlaced subsoiling > subsoiling. The dry matter accumulation and leaf area index(LAI) of maize in an "S" curve, and the performance of each treatment was as follows:subsoiling>interlacing subsoiling>deep plowing>shallow plowing>rotary tillage, and dry matter accumulation was the fastest during the twelve-leaf stage to the filling stage, the subsoiling treatment reached the fastest accumulation time of dry matter 5 days earlier than rotary tillage on average. Compared with rotary tillage, the four farming methods can all improve the soil moisture status of the plough layer, increase the dry matter accumulation and LAI of maize, and significantly increase the yield and water use efficiency.