Experimental infections of bulls with Mycoplasma (M.) bovis and M. bovigenitalium

M. bovis or M. bovigenitalium species experimentally used in intrapreputial infection were re-isolated from 7 of 8 bulls. Clinically manifest diseases did not develop at all, though slight inflammatory lesions were recorded from the genital tract of 2 animals. Mycoplasma findings are discussed together with results obtained from spermatological and hematological investigations.     

Cysticercus bovis in New Zealand

Abstract

Extract

Cysticercus bovis, the intermediate stage of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata, has been reported once in New Zealand (Gilruth, 1908 Gilruth, J. A. 1908. Report of the Department of Agriculture, 201–201. Veterinary Division.  [Google Scholar]). This report referred to the occurrence of the condition in the muscular tissue of the heart of a bullock killed at the Invercargill Abattoir. There are no further reports of its having been found again in beef in this country. A number of segments from adult parasites from humans have been seen from time to time by the parasitology section of the Wallaceville Animal Research Centre (Whitten, pers. comm.). These human cases have occurred in immigrants to this country.     

Intracellular survival of virulent Mycobacterium bovis and M. bovis BCG in ferret macrophages

The intracellular survival of virulent Mycobacterium bovis and avirulent M. bovis BCG in ferret alveolar macrophages was investigated. In addition, the effects of endogenous and exogenous modulators of macrophage oxidative function on bacterial survival and growth in vitro were determined. Ferret macrophages limited the initial growth of BCG, while virulent M. bovis replicated within macrophages. Intracellular bacterial survival was unaffected by the addition of specific inhibitors of macrophage oxidative function. A T-cell supernatant (TCS), derived from mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte cultures, activated ferret macrophages for heightened oxidative burst performance. However, macrophages activated by TCS, bacterial LPS or a combination of both, failed to control infection, and actually enhanced the intracellular survival of M. bovis. These results are discussed in relation to the role of macrophages in mediating tuberculosis-related pathogenesis, with respect to the fact that ferrets are important wildlife vectors of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand.     

利用聚合酶链反应技术检测牛结核杆菌病的研究

应用聚合酶链反应（ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 技术检测牛结核分枝杆菌纯化 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ, 其敏感性为２５０ｆｇ 。所用引物序列对９种抗酸分枝杆菌 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 进行扩增, 经琼脂糖凝胶电泳证实, 只有人型结核分枝杆菌、牛型结核分枝杆菌产生了３１７ｂｐ 的特异性扩增带。将 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 法与皮内变态反应试验（ Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ） 检测方法比较; ５４ 份血样标本中 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 的阳性率为１ ％ , Ｐ Ｐ Ｄ 试验的阳性率为０ 。同时对奶样标本的检测与血样结果一致。结果表明, Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 在直接检测患牛血样、奶样标本中显示出快速、敏感、特异的优点。为今后牛结核病的检测工作提供了一条新的途径。     

牛分枝杆菌蛋白基因相互作用研究工具及其进展

目前有多种技术应用于结核分枝杆菌蛋白相互作用的研究：一是酵母双杂交技术,可以在生物体内验证2个蛋白的相互作用。二是构建分枝杆菌基因突变株,研究蛋白作用的机理,其基本策略为,基因敲除双链DNA的扩增;牛结核分枝杆菌/pJV53感受态细胞的制备;将基因敲除双链DNA片段转化至牛结核分枝杆菌细胞中;筛选、鉴定阳性菌落。三是通过GST pull-down试验检测已知蛋白和靶蛋白的相互作用。目前,研究牛分枝杆菌蛋白基因相互作用较多是RD1 区基因。研究表明,阐明分枝杆菌蛋白的作用机理有助于进一步研发高效的牛结核病诊断试剂和疫苗。     

Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle

Mycoplasma bovis is a pathogen causing respiratory disease, otitis media, arthritis, mastitis, and a variety of other diseases in cattle worldwide. It is increasingly recognized by the veterinary and livestock communities as having an important impact on the health, welfare, and productivity of dairy and beef cattle. M. bovis diseases can be difficult to diagnose and control because of inconsistent disease expression and response to treatments and vaccines, and large gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of these diseases. There are limited data on which to base evidence-based decisions for treatment and control, and the literature contains differing clinical biases and opinions. This document is intended for veterinarians dealing with cattle and is focused on the cattle production systems of North America. The goal of the consensus statement panel was to encourage an evidence-based approach to M. bovis problems. The scientific literature was critically reviewed, including peer-reviewed journal articles and reviews obtained by database searches using the terms "Mycoplasma bovis" or "mycoplasma + cattle." Where other data were lacking, conference proceedings were reviewed as a source of expert opinion.     

全杀威对蚕的病原体消毒效果研究

全杀威(又名90蚕用消毒净)是有机氯的复合散剂。400倍水溶液对家蚕病毒多角体,800倍液对家蚕病原真菌,1600倍液对家蚕病原细菌和微粒子孢子有明显的消毒效果。是广谱性高效消毒药剂。250倍液可用于蚕室、蚕具消毒;800倍液用于叶面消毒。使用时以现配现用为好。     

Novel genotypes of Anaplasma bovis, "Candidatus Midichloria" sp. and Ignatzschineria sp. in the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni

Bovine anaplasmosis, caused by Anaplasma marginale, is a vector-borne disease that is enzootic in many parts of the USA. Although Dermacentor andersoni, a major vector of A. marginale, occurs in Canada, the Canadian cattle herds are currently considered free of bovine anaplasmosis. There have been two outbreaks of the disease in the province of Saskatchewan, but these have been linked to the importation of infected animals. However, the distribution of bovine anaplasmosis may alter with range expansion of the vectors. The aim of the present study was to use molecular techniques to determine if Anaplasma were present in D. andersoni at a locality near its northeastern distributional limit in Saskatchewan. Nested PCR analyses of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene were conducted on the total genomic DNA of 105 individual ticks. Single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing of the 11 PCR-positive amplicons revealed the presence of three species of bacteria, none of which have been previously reported in D. andersoni. Although no ticks were infected with A. marginale, a novel genotype of A. bovis was detected in eight individuals. This discovery represents the first report of A. bovis in Canada. The potential implications of this finding with respect to animal health and anaplasmosis surveillance in Canada are discussed. The other two bacterial species detected were genetically similar to "Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii" and Ignatzschineria larvae, the latter of which has been associated with human disease in Europe. Further investigations are needed to determine the prevalence, reservoir hosts, and pathogenicity of the Canadian genotype of A. bovis.     

牛结核病抗体胶体金快速检测技术的建立和应用

为了建立一种快速检测牛分支杆菌抗体的新方法用于诊断牛结核病,利用胶体金免疫层析技术原理,用原核诱导表达的牛分支杆菌抗原蛋白MPB83和MPB70分别作为胶体金标记抗原和检测线上的捕获抗原,制备牛结核抗体检测试纸条.结果表明,粒径为40 nm的胶体金制备的试纸条敏感性最高,胶体金最佳标记pH为6.0,MPB83抗原最适标记量为每毫升胶体金6.5 μg,MPB70抗原的最适包被浓度为3.0 mg/mL,抗MPB83蛋白IgG的最佳包被浓度为2.5 mg/mL,交叉试验证明试纸条不与牛的其他非相关疾病的阳性血清反应,具有较高的特异性.比较试验证明其敏感性显著高于韩国进口试纸条.在上述试验条件下生产了一批胶体金试纸条进行临床样品检测,并与细菌分离培养、结核菌素皮内变态反应(TST)和韩国试纸条比较.本试纸条与牛分支杆菌分离培养的符合率为85%,与TST的符合率为79.73%,与韩国试纸条的符合率为98.75%.快速检测牛结核抗体的免疫层析试纸条具有敏感、特异、简便、快速的特点,适用于对牛结核病进行普查和检疫,也可作为TST的辅助诊断方法,在牛结核病根除计划中具有良好的应用前景.     

牛结核胶体金免疫层析快速诊断方法的建立及初步应用

建立一种快速检测牛结核抗体的方法,用以诊断牛结核病。根据胶体金免疫层析技术原理,用兔抗牛血清蛋白和大肠埃希菌表达的牛分支杆菌MPB70-83-ESAT-6蛋白分别作为胶体金标记抗原和检测线上的捕获杭原,制备牛结核抗体检测试纸条。结果表明,MPB70-83-ESAT-6抗原的最适包被浓度为2.5mg/mL;研制的试纸条不与牛的其他疾病的阳性血清反应,具有较高的特异性;该试纸条的最高检出稀释度为1∶640;试纸条与TST的符合率为80%。该试纸条具有敏感、特异、简便、快速的特点,适用于对牛结核病进行普查和检疫,具有良好的应用前景。     

Experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle: effect of dose of M. bovis and pregnancy on immune responses and distribution of lesions

Groups of 18-month-old cattle were inoculated intratracheally with 5 x 10(5) colony forming units (high dose) or 500 colony forming units (low dose) of Mycobacterium bovis to determine an appropriate dose to induce lesions similar to those seen in the natural disease. An additional group of 21-28 weeks pregnant cattle were inoculated with the high dose of M. bovis to determine if pregnancy increased the susceptibility of cattle to M. bovis infection. By 23-24 weeks after challenge, the high dose of M. bovis had induced extensive lung lesions, and tuberculous lesions were observed in the lymph nodes of the head, neck, and thoracic and abdominal cavities. In contrast, the low dose of M. bovis induced predominantly small lesions (< 1 cm diameter) which were localised to the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes. The lesions induced by the low dose were similar to those seen in the natural disease in cattle. The majority of the high dose group cattle produced strong antibody responses to M. bovis culture filtrate, while only one low dose animal produced a detectable response. All of the M. bovis-inoculated cattle produced strong cellular immune responses to bovine PPD (skin test and interferon-gamma responses). Pregnancy did not appear to affect the susceptibility to M. bovis infection, and immune responses of the cattle in this group at the end of the study were similar to those in the high dose non-pregnant group. However, from the first test after calving, the interferon-gamma responses of peripheral blood cultures to bovine PPD were low compared with the responses prior to calving.     

Experimental Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle: Effect of dose of M. bovis and pregnancy on immune responses and distribution of lesions

Groups of l8-month-old cattle were inoculated intratracheally with 5 X 10⁵ colony forming units (high dose) or 500 colony forming units (low dose) of Mycobacterium bovis to determine an appropriate dose to induce lesions similar to those seen in the natural disease. An additional group of 21–28 weeks pregnant cattle were inoculated with the high dose of M. bovis to determine if pregnancy increased the susceptibility of cattle to M. bovis infection. By 23–24 weeks after challenge, the high dose of M. bovis had induced extensive lung lesions, and tuberculous lesions were observed in the lymph nodes of the head, neck, and thoracic and abdominal cavities. In contrast, the low dose of M. bovis induced predominantly small lesions (< 1 cm diameter) which were localised to the lungs and pulmonary lymph nodes. The lesions induced by the low dose were similar to those seen in the natural disease in cattle. The majority of the high dose group cattle produced strong antibody responses to M. bovis culture filtrate, while only one low dose animal produced a detectable response. All of the M. bovis-inoculated cattle produced strong cellular immune responses to bovine PPD (skin test and interferon-γ responses). Pregnancy did not appear to affect the susceptibility to M. bovis infection, and immune responses of the cattle in this group at the end of the study were similar to those in the high dose non-pregnant group. However, from the first test after calving, the interferon-y responses of peripheral blood cultures to bovine PPD were low compared with the responses prior to calving.     

Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity and associated risk factors in cattle from Western Uganda

Purpose

A cross-sectional study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis skin positivity and associated risk factors in cattle in western Uganda.

Methods

Herds were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. The comparative cervical intradermal tuberculin test (CCT) was used to determine cattle tuberculosis status using US Department of Agriculture protocols. Risk factor data were collected from cattle owners through questionnaires collected by in-person interviews. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to measure the association between risk factors and herd CCT reactor prevalence.

Results

A total of 525 cattle from 63 herds were screened for M. bovis infection. Of the 525 cattle tested, 2.1 % were CCT reactors and 15.43 % were CCT suspects. Of herds tested, 14.28 % had at least 1 CCT reactor. Using a private water source for cattle and not introducing new cattle into the farm were associated with lower prevalence of M. bovis skin positivity. The herd-level prevalence of M. bovis reactors in Kashaari County of Mbarara District was 14.5 %, and the individual cattle prevalence was low (2.1 %).

Conclusions

Using communal sources of drinking water for cattle and introducing new cattle on the farm were farm management practices associated with increased risk of M. bovis exposure in cattle. Despite the low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB), there is a need to educate the populace on the possibility of human infection with zoonotic TB and for educating farmers on practices to reduce the risk of acquiring M. bovis in the Mbarara District.     

利用TB_PCR试剂盒对牛结核病的检测

应用聚合酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术制备的ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ试剂盒对来自新疆６个牛场的２３８份血样、奶样、口腔分泌物标本中结核分枝杆菌进行检测,结果显示：ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ试剂盒对４０份奶样样本进行检测,７头为阳性,阳性检出率１７．５％。ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ试剂盒对１７８份血样标本的检测,２３头牛为阳性,阳性检出率为１２．９２％。ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ试剂盒对２０份口腔分泌物标本中结核分歧杆菌检测结果均为阴性。本试验中共计检测６个牛场的２３８份不同标本的ＰＣＲ阳性牛共计２７头,阳性检出率为３．０２％。将ＰＣＲ和传统的ＰＰＤ检测方法的结果比较显示ＰＰＤ检出阳性率高于ＰＣＲ,ＰＰＤ检出阳性牛３９头,检出阳性率６．７％。本试验对口腔分泌物标本的检测结果不理想。总之,ＴＢ－ＰＣＲ试剂盒在检测牛结核病不同标本中显示出快速、特异等优点。为今后牛结核病的检测     

牛支原体耐药性研究进展

在对国内外牛支原体的耐药性研究进展做以综述的基础上,对近年来支原体的耐药机制进行了概述,以期为养牛业生产中牛支原体病的防治和耐药机制的研究提供参考.     

3种分支杆菌多重PCR快速检测方法的建立

本试验旨在构建一种以不同分支杆菌特异片段为目的基因的多重PCR检测方法。采用GenBank公布的结核分支杆菌RD10序列、牛分支杆菌moaB3序列、鸟分支杆菌16-23SrDNA序列设计并合成特异性引物,扩增产物条带分别为954bp、297bp、119bp。结果显示,三段目的基因都有很高的特异性,对比菌株均无扩增产物出现。对倍比稀释的模板质粒进行检测,该方法的最低检出量为103 copies/μL的DNA模板,该方法特异、敏感、重复性好。首次应用的moaB3基因所得扩增效果良好,成功区分出牛分支杆菌。此多重PCR方法可用于结核分支杆菌、牛分支杆菌、鸟分支杆菌的鉴别和牛结核病的快速临床检测。     

“灭蚕蝇1号”防治柞蚕饰腹寄蝇病应用方法再试验

通过对"灭蚕蝇1号"防治柞蚕饰腹寄蝇病应用技术方法的重新试验,结果初步表明,不同时期用药,防效差异显著,其中老眠起2日龄用药效果最高,校正防效为57.9%;不同使用浓度防效差异显著,0.25%质量分数的防效最高,为68.5%;从增加用药次数的试验效果看,4龄期用药,并不能提高防效。生产中使用"灭蚕蝇1号"防治柞蚕饰腹寄蝇病可采用二次用药法,即5龄起蚕2～3d进行第1次喷药,5龄起蚕6～7d进行第2次喷药。     

Moraxella bovis hemolysin

Moraxella bovis hemolysin was readily filterable through polycarbonate membrane filters, but not through nitrocellulose filters. The hemolysin was filterable through polycarbonate filters with pore diameters of greater than or equal to 0.015 micron (APD). Of the hemolytic activity of cell-free filtrates, 74% could be pelleted by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 X g for 2 1/2 hours. Hemolytic activity could be demonstrated in preparations of outer membrane fragments isolated from log-phase cultures. Hemolysin in M bovis broth cultures reached a maximum concentration in late logarithmic phase (4.5 hours after inoculation) and declined thereafter. Hemolysin was inactivated by heat, trypsin, formalin, and lyophilization.