2006-2009年间日本水产厅渔业调查船——开洋丸在西北太平洋公海连续四年进行底拖网渔场的海底环境调查

2004年以来,联合国为了应对绿色和平组织等提出的底拖网渔业破坏了公海深海海底脆弱的生态系,给稀少资源带来了严重的危害,应禁止在公海进行底拖网作业的要求,从而提出了在尚无区域性渔业管理组织的空白海区（公海）应采取切实可行的管理措施,加强对底拖网渔业管理的要求。     

渔业动态

美、俄、日、韩四国同意在西北太平洋建立公海底拖网渔业管理的框架由于各沿岸国的200海里专属经济水域的建立,致使公海水域变得狭窄。然而,海山等水域的渔业已成为远洋渔业中的重要渔场。如今,象西北太平洋天皇海山的四棘帆鱼那样的重要渔场也不少。联合国为了保护海山等的海洋生态系统于2004年11月间通过了禁止在公海进行深海渔业(包括底拖网)的破坏性渔业活动的决议。关心西北太平洋公海底拖渔业的美国、俄罗斯、日本、韩国四国为了寻求与联合国的合作在西北太平洋海区建立一个国际性的公海底拖网渔业管理的框架,于8月22~24日,在日本东京…     

日本水产厅的渔业调查船开洋丸近日将在西北太平洋公海天皇海山水域进行底拖网渔场的环境调查

据日本水产经济新闻社7月3日讯，水产厅的渔业调查船——开洋丸（2630GM，可从事拖网作业），将于7月上旬到8月15日在西北太平洋公海的天皇海山水域进行底拖网渔场的环境调查。在调查中除了使用底拖网外，还使用蟹笼和大型浮游生物网采集底栖生物以及浮游生物，同时还用深海照相机进行海底观察，实施为了收集科学基础数据的海底环境调查。这次开洋丸为什么要在西北太平洋公海天皇海山水域进行海底环境调查呢。     

日本悄然加大公海底拖网渔船作业

近年来,以绿色和平组织为首的国际民间环保组织,以自己的调查为依据,认为大型底拖网船作业,破坏了公海和深海脆弱的海底地理地貌和海底生物圈的平衡,同时给渔业资源可持续再生带来严重影响,因而多次上书联合国要求限制直到禁止底拖网作业。受此影响,不少国家在公海上的底拖网作业有所收敛（至少没有扩展）。     

关于北太平洋公海水域渔业管理的第七次多国间协议会在美国的西雅图召开

2004年时,以绿色和平组织为首的国际环保组织,为了保护脆弱的海底生态系,再次提出禁止在公海进行底拖网作业的要求,同时要求在联合国大会上通过禁止在公海进行底拖网     

白令公海狭鳕渔业资源保护与管理公约的启示

白令公海狭鳕渔业资源保护与管理公约的启示周应祺（上海水产大学，２０００９０）自１９９３年起，受到人们普遍关注的北太平洋狭鳍渔业的重点逐步转至白令公海。各国充分享受公海捕鱼自由的权利，年产量达１５０万吨以上。１９９４年４月，中、美、俄、日、韩、波等六国...     

我国部署实施2023年公海自主休渔措施

<正>近日,农业农村部印发通知,部署实施2023年公海自主休渔措施。自主休渔期间,我国所有鱿鱼钓、拖网、围网、敷网、罩网等远洋渔船(不含金枪鱼延绳钓、金枪鱼围网渔船)停止在休渔海域捕捞作业。今年,我国将继续在西南大西洋、北印度洋、东太平洋公海部分海域实施公海自主休渔措施。我国远洋渔业作业海域中,所有目前尚无国际区域性渔业组织管理的公海海域(或鱼种)均已纳入自主休渔范围。     

动态7则

1、联合国通过公海底拖网渔业决 议案 联合国近日通过公海底拖网渔业决议案。底拖网 渔业是以网具沿着海洋底部拖拉的捕鱼行为,拖网所 经的海底重要地形和生物栖息地经常遭受破坏,但大 部分的渔业国使用此渔法。新西兰外交部、渔业部及保 护部三部长表示,经该国代表努力与各国代表磋商,推 动保护公海生物多样性的策略取得共识。联合国大会 通过底拖网渔业决议案,以利于公海海洋生物的保护     

渔业PPMs与海洋生态系统

所有捕捞活动都会对海洋生态系统造成影响。渔业PPMs作为一项有贸易影响的环境措施应运而生并普遍存在,并成为GATT/WTO下诸多贸易争端的焦点。GATT/WTO争端解决机构在大量实践中逐渐的调整着自己的态度。国际立法也对负责任渔业行为中的渔业PPMs作了很多有益规定,如渔具选用、渔业管理措施等。但是如何科学完善渔业PPMs,保护海洋生态系统仍是一项长期和复杂的任务。     

在北太平洋公海将执行新的渔业条约

为缔结"有关北太平洋公海渔业资源的保护和管理条约",2011年2月27日～3月4日为期6天在加拿大的温哥华举行了第10次的北太平洋公海有关渔业国、地区间的协议会,出席协议会的有日本、美国、中国大陆、韩国、俄罗斯、加拿大和中国台湾的6国1地区的代表。     

Use of remote sensing tools to predict focal areas for sea turtle conservation in the south-western Atlantic

1. Fisheries bycatch of non-target species in the commercial fleet is a major source of anthropogenic injury and mortality for sea turtles and marine megafauna.
2. The Río de la Plata maritime front (RLPMF) and its adjacent international waters – comprising part of the Argentine and Uruguayan exclusive economic zones, is a highly important fishing ground in the south-western Atlantic Ocean as well as feeding and development grounds for sea turtles.
3. This paper analyses the distribution of the bottom and pelagic trawling fishery within the RLPMF using information from Vessel Satellite Monitoring System. With this information, areas of highest trawling intensity were defined and further evaluated their overlap with sea turtle habitat-use areas from available sea turtle satellite tracking information.
4. Results besides identifying high-susceptibility areas for sea turtle bycatch by the commercial trawler fleet along the RLPMF, provide predictive tools to identify vulnerable areas to interaction of sea turtles and the commercial fishing fleet.
5. Implementation of bycatch mitigation measures, such as reduced fishing effort areas by the Argentine and Uruguayan fisheries management agencies has the potential to benefit the fisheries as well as marine megafauna. Furthermore, there is a need for additional research on the impact that this fleet can have on sea turtles present in the area.

     

Fishing impacts and the degradation or loss of habitat structure

The wider effects of fishing on marine ecosystems have become the focus of growing concern among scientists, fisheries managers and the fishing industry. The present review examines the role of habitat structure and habitat heterogeneity in marine ecosystems, and the effects of fishing (i.e. trawling and dredging) on these two components of habitat complexity. Three examples from New Zealand and Australia are considered, where available evidence suggests that fishing has been associated with the degradation or loss of habitat structure through the removal of large epibenthic organisms, with concomitant effects on fish species which occupy these habitats. With ever-increasing demands on fish-stocks and the need for sustainable use of fisheries resources, new approaches to fisheries management are needed. Fisheries management needs to address the sustainability of fish-stocks while minimizing the direct and indirect impacts of fishing on other components of the ecosystem. Two long-term management tools for mitigating degradation or loss of habitat structure while maintaining healthy sustainable fisheries which are increasingly considered by fisheries scientists and managers are: (1) protective habitat management, which involves the designation of protected marine and coastal areas which are afforded some level of protection from fishing; and (2) habitat restoration, whereby important habitat and ecological functions are restored following the loss of habitat and/or resources. Nevertheless, the protection of marine and coastal areas, and habitat restoration should not be seen as solutions replacing conventional management approaches, but need to be components of an integrated programme of coastal zone and fisheries management. A number of recent international fisheries agreements have specifically identified the need to provide for habitat protection and restoration to ensure long-term sustainability of fisheries. The protection and restoration of habitat are also common components of fisheries management programs under national fisheries law and policy.     

Origins of the bottom trawling controversy in the British Isles: 19th century witness testimonies reveal evidence of early fishery declines

Bottom trawling (nets towed along the seabed) spread around the British Isles from the 1820s, yet the collection of national fisheries statistics did not begin until 1886. Consequently, analysis of the impacts of trawling on fish stocks and habitats during this early period is difficult, yet without this information, we risk underestimating the extent of changes that have occurred as a result of trawling activities. We examined witness testimonies recorded during two Royal Commissions of Enquiry (1863–66 and 1883–85). These enquiries interviewed hundreds of fishers about the early effects of sail trawling and the changes they were witnessing to fish stocks, habitats and fishing practises during this time. We converted all quantitative statements of perceived change in fish stocks and fishing practices to relative change. Witnesses from the north‐east of England interviewed during 1863 revealed an average perceived decline in whitefish of 64% during their careers, which many blamed upon trawling. Between 1867 and 1892, trawl‐landing records from the same location suggest that this trajectory continued, with fish availability declining by 66% during the period. Fishers adapted to these declines by increasing distances travelled to fishing grounds and increasing gear size and quantity. However, inshore declines continued and by the early 1880s even trawl owners were calling for closures of territorial waters to trawling in order to protect fish nursery and spawning grounds. Until now, these testimonies have been largely forgotten, yet they reveal that alterations to near‐shore habitats as a result of trawling began long before official data collection was initiated.     

Keeping watch on the unwatchable: technological solutions for the problems generated by ecosystem-based management

Ecosystem‐based management is an emerging paradigm influencing the management of commercial fisheries. Increasingly, developed nations are adopting explicit legislation and policy governing the assessment and management of their fisheries against criteria of ecological sustainability. Yet the ability to evaluate ecosystem impacts of fisheries is compromised by a general lack of understanding of marine ecosystem function (beyond the population level) and a lack of robust and practical indicators for ecosystem health and management. Recent technological advances can assist in developing criteria, including structural analyses of seafloor communities potentially impacted by fishing gears (e.g. demersal trawling). Similarly, advances in fishing gear technology, including improved selectivity and the development of gears which have a more benign environmental impact, can mitigate some of the ecological impacts of fishing. Such technological advances are summarized in the context of contemporary fisheries management.     

日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管制实践

通过文献研究,对日本资源管理型渔业体系下的典型作业方式管理措施进行梳理,以期对我国典型作业方式准入制度的构建和完善提供参考。对围网、底拖网、刺网和流网、定置网及鱿钓等5种日本渔业主要作业方式的管理措施体系进行了分类和介绍,认为日本的渔业管理通过不同层级的权限许可,根据海洋渔业资源的自然属性差异采取区域化的管理模式,并以恢复渔业资源为目标,逐步推进从总可捕量管理制度向捕捞努力量控制制度的转变。     

Empowering high seas governance with satellite vessel tracking data

Between 1950 and 1989, marine fisheries catch in the open‐ocean and deep‐sea beyond 200 nautical miles from shore increased by a factor of more than 10. While high seas catches have since plateaued, fishing effort continues to increase linearly. The combination of increasing effort and illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing has led to overfishing of target stocks and declines in biodiversity. To improve management, there have been numerous calls to increase monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS). However, MCS has been unevenly implemented, undermining efforts to sustainably use high seas and straddling stocks and protect associated species and ecosystems. The United Nations General Assembly is currently negotiating a new international treaty for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). The new treaty offers an excellent opportunity to address discrepancies in how MCS is applied across regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs). This paper identifies ways that automatic identification system (AIS) data can inform MCS on the high seas and thereby enhance conservation and management of biodiversity beyond national jurisdictions. AIS data can be used to (i) identify gaps in governance to underpin the importance of a holistic scope for the new agreement; (ii) monitor area‐based management tools; and (iii) increase the capacity of countries and RFMOs to manage via the technology transfer. Any new BBNJ treaty should emphasize MCS and the role of electronic monitoring including the use of AIS data, as well as government–industry–civil society partnerships to ensure critically important technology transfer and capacity building.     

Multi‐decadal climate and fishing predictors of abundance for U.S. South Atlantic coastal fishes and invertebrates

Abundance of marine stocks fluctuates in response to both internal processes (e.g., density dependence) and exogenous drivers, including the physical environment, fishing, and trophodynamic interactions. In the United States, research investigating ecosystem drivers has been focused in data‐rich systems, primarily in the North Atlantic and North Pacific. To develop a more holistic understanding of important ecosystem drivers in the Southeast U.S. continental shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, we applied generalized linear and dynamic linear modeling to investigate the effects of climate and fishing covariates on the relative abundance trends of 71 demersal fish and invertebrate species sampled by a coastal trawl survey during 1990–2013. For the assemblage as a whole, fishing effects predominated over climate effects. In particular, changes in trawling effort within the penaeid shrimp fishery governed abundance trends of bony fishes, invertebrates, and elasmobranchs, a likely result of temporal changes in bycatch mortality. Changes in trawling intensity induced changes in overall community composition and appear to have altered trophic interactions among particular species. Among climate indices investigated, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Western Bermuda High Index were most prevalent in well‐supported dynamic linear models. Observed annual abundance trends were synchronous among some taxonomically related species, highlighting similar responses to exogenous influences based on life history. This study strengthens the foundation for generating hypotheses and advancing ecosystem‐based fisheries research within the region.     

Distribution and intensity of bottom trawl fisheries in the Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem and its relationship with marine fronts

Trawling is a major concern worldwide and there is considerable debate about its impact on marine ecosystems. The Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (PSLME) is an important fishing area in the Southwest Atlantic where bottom trawling is the dominant fishing method. We investigated the distribution of bottom trawl fishing within this region, defining the areas of highest trawling intensity (hotspots) and evaluating their relationship with marine fronts. We focused on the three main oceanographic fronts, the shelf‐break front, the southern Patagonia front and the mid‐shelf front. To estimate fishing effort and trawled areas, we used VMS data from 2006 to 2012. Despite being almost a fully trawlable shelf, we found that the spatial distribution of trawling activity is patchy and trawling hotspots were small, comprising annually <5% of the shelf extension or <7% of the total trawlable area. Contrary to what is believed worldwide, our findings suggest that over the PSLME the magnitude of habitat effects as a result of bottom trawling is relatively small. Regarding the three frontal systems studied, only the shelf‐break front showed a positive relationship with trawl fishing activity. Although trawling hotspots did not overlap with marine fronts, the shelf‐break front receives more trawling effort than expected. We hypothesize that this pattern is due to aggregation of species near or at the front taking advantage of the opportunities provided by this area.     

Transform high seas management to build climate resilience in marine seafood supply

Climate change is projected to redistribute fisheries resources, resulting in tropical regions suffering decreases in seafood production. While sustainably managing marine ecosystems contributes to building climate resilience, these solutions require transformation of ocean governance. Recent studies and international initiatives suggest that conserving high seas biodiversity and fish stocks will have ecological and economic benefits; however, implications for seafood security under climate change have not been examined. Here, we apply global‐scale mechanistic species distribution models to 30 major straddling fish stocks to show that transforming high seas fisheries governance could increase resilience to climate change impacts. By closing the high seas to fishing or cooperatively managing its fisheries, we project that catches in exclusive economic zones (EEZs) would likely increase by around 10% by 2050 relative to 2000 under climate change (representative concentration pathway 4.5 and 8.5), compensating for the expected losses (around ?6%) from ‘business‐as‐usual’. Specifically, high seas closure increases the resilience of fish stocks, as indicated by a mean species abundance index, by 30% in EEZs. We suggest that improving high seas fisheries governance would increase the resilience of coastal countries to climate change.     

当代海洋捕捞的发展现状和展望

海洋捕捞事关国际粮食安全和海洋生态系统健康。得益于科学技术的进步, 当代海洋捕捞发展迅速, 但依然面临着渔业资源衰退、海洋底栖环境破坏、兼捕与抛弃、废弃渔具引起的幽灵捕捞和塑料污染、气候变化、区域发展不平横等系列问题。本文综述了国内外为缓解上述问题在海洋捕捞管理、技术创新、最佳实践探索等方面的工作进展, 并提出了如下发展建议: (1) 应进一步加强生态友好型渔具渔法、高效节能技术、废弃渔具回收利用技术、生物可降解材料等方面的基础和应用研究; (2) 开展减少兼捕、降低底拖网对底栖环境的影响、海洋捕捞高效节能、减少废弃渔具流向海洋等方面最佳实践的探索; (3) 加强激励机制的研究和应用, 加强对废弃渔具回收产业的政策扶持, 完善海洋捕捞管理体系和废弃渔具管理体系建设, 增强治理能力; (4) 加强国家或地区间渔业合作, 分享管理知识, 促进区域间平衡发展。(5) 加强气候变化应对策略的探索研究。立足长远、多措并举, 促进海洋捕捞可持续发展。