西安市主城区景观格局演变对地表径流的影响

[目的] 探究景观格局演变和地表径流变化的时空相关性,为有效缓解城市内涝,保障城市生态安全提供理论支撑。[方法] 以2000—2019年遥感影像为数据集,提取西安市主城区景观格局空间分布图,结合实际土地利用数据进行修正。利用SCS模型、景观格局指数、ArcGIS和皮尔逊相关性分析方法,研究西安市主城区景观格局动态变化与地表径流变化间的关系。[结果] ①2000—2019年研究区景观格局呈现出高连通高聚集,斑块形状规则化,均质稳定化,景观蔓延度下降等的发展趋势。同期,研究区地表径流深度逐年增加,但径流深度增加量随时间动态变化呈下降趋势,其中2000—2005,2005—2010,2010—2015,2015—2019年分别增加了4.99,4.95,3.55和3.33 mm,说明景观格局对地表径流量的滞留作用逐渐增大。②景观格局指数变化率与地表径流量年增长率呈显著相关性。其中建设用地等人工景观指数变化率和地表径流量年增长率呈显著正相关,相反绿地、耕地、水域等自然景观指数变化率与地表径流量年增长率呈负相关关系。③借助城市生态廊道及生态节点构建内涝防治生态系统,并对城市不透水面高度集中的地区进行拆分,增设城市绿色基础设施,构建源头减排的内涝防治景观格局。[结论] 景观格局演变对地表径流变化具有显著影响,景观格局优化能有效促进城市良性水循环,减缓内涝的发生。     

长江中游城市群空间格局演变及优化研究——基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的方法

运用Landsat系列卫星同期影像数据和聚类分析方法对夜间灯光数据进行了校正,继而使用基于辅助数据的比较法确定提取城镇建成区面积的阈值,在此基础之上选取了景观总面积、斑块密度和景观形状指数等总共8个典型景观格局指标,进而运用景观格局分析软件FRAG-STATS 4.2对体现1992—2013年共22年间长江中游城市群城镇发展空间格局演变的8个景观格局指标进行了计算。计算结果表明:在1992—2013年这22年间,长江中游城市群城镇化快速扩展,城镇建成区面积增幅达到7.02倍,斑块数量增幅为2.35倍,斑块密度的增加也较为明显,同时景观形状复杂度逐渐上升,中小城市不断壮大,同时也出现了较多的新兴小城镇,具体的,总边界长度和平均边界密度的年均增长速度分别为18.86%和18.87%,最大斑块指数和聚集度指数两个指标在整体上呈现出逐年下降的特征,但是在整体上所有的景观总面积、最大板块指数和平均边界密度等8个指标的演变过程均体现出一定的波动和无序化的特征。     

宁夏中部干旱带农业景观格局变化研究

选择宁夏中部干旱带为研究区域,基于RS和GIS技术,运用人机交互目视解译方法对1987年、1996年、2005年和2011年的遥感影像进行解译分类,获得宁夏中部干旱带1987—2011年的农业景观解译分类专题图,采用Fragstats软件栅格版进行研究区农业景观格局指数的计算,在此基础上分析了研究区农业景观格局的变化特征。结果表明:研究区各类农业景观变化较明显,1987—1996年间,各景观类型斑块数增加,平均斑块面积减小,斑块密度变大,破碎化明显,而在2005年之后,朝着改善的方向发展。景观聚集度整体持续下降,表明景观中各种类型的斑块在空间的分布出现了均衡化,多样性和均匀性指数整体平稳增加,反映出研究区不同类型的农业景观的分配相对均匀,景观的异质性增加。     

杭州市区土地利用景观格局演变及驱动力分析

基于遥感影像应用景观生态学及相关定量分析方法,剖析了杭州市区1991—2005年来的快速城市化阶段的土地利用景观格局演变特征,并引入典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)方法进行驱动力机制分析。研究表明:①杭州市近15年来土地利用景观结构发生了较大的变化,主要表现为农业景观与水体景观大量减少,并成为建设景观增加的主要来源,其中农业景观占建设景观来源的43.85%;②景观水平格局特征表现为斑块总数的增加、景观多样性的上升、景观破碎化程度呈现上升趋势、斑块优势在下降,说明大斑块对整个景观的控制作用随土地利用变化呈减弱趋势;③CCA排序结果清晰展现了杭州市8个区的景观格局指数与驱动因子的相互关系及空间特征。     

赣州市生境质量和景观格局间时空非平稳性关联

在城市化的高速推进造成景观破碎、威胁生境质量的大背景下,赣州市较好地实现了经济发展与生态保护并行。为探明赣州市景观格局对生境质量的驱动机理,回答“怎样的景观格局有利于生态保护”这一问题,该研究以赣州市为研究区,对其2000—2020年的生境质量进行空间测度并分析其时空跃迁动态特征;分析其景观格局演变特征,并基于时空地理加权回归模型（geographically and temporally weighted regression,GTWR）探明二者关联机制。结果表明：赣州市生境质量呈现“四周高,中部低”的空间分布特征,2000—2020年整体均处于较高水平,呈现积极协同进步的空间动态特征;赣州市景观格局维持在较稳定状态,人造地表扩张优先占用非林非水地类,且与水域增量存在空间伴随;生境质量与景观格局间关联呈现显著的时空非平稳性特征;散布与并列指数（interspersion juxtaposition index ,IJI）显示人造地表、林地和水域交错分布可能降低人造地表对生境质量的负向影响。该研究以提升生境质量为目标,探明了10 km×10 km格网尺度下赣州市各景观格局指数的最优驱动阈值区间,人造地表总面积占比全域应控制在0.68%之内,最大斑块占林地总面积比不宜低于9.8%,且林地总面积占比全域应控制在7.8%之内,斑块IJI指数应大于20%,草地和水域斑块IJI指数应控制在60%内以及超出13%。研究结果可为对国土空间规划和其他区域的生态管理决策提供参考。     

基于景观安全格局理论的寿城自然保护区人类活动用地评价

[目的]探究生态安全用地格局对维持区域生态系统平衡的重要作用,为广西壮族自治区寿城自然保护区的发展建设决策提供一定的依据。[方法]基于景观安全格局理论与MCR模型,借助GIS平台和Fragstats 4.2软件,采用人机交互式遥感图像解译方法获取寿城自然保护区2013年、2017年两期土地利用类型数据,从景观格局演变、安全格局构建两方面对寿城自然保护区进行研究。[结果]寿城自然保护区土地利用类型斑块空间分布上趋于分散,斑块破碎化程度增加,斑块边缘形状趋于复杂;划分了2013年、2017年人类活动的发展核心区、发展过渡区、发展调整区、发展限制区4种人类活动用地类型,并针对不同类型的人类活动用地提出相应的建议与优化方案。[结论]人类活动对寿城自然保护区的景观变化有重要影响,人类活动用地面积在发展核心区、过渡区、优化区均有增加趋势,在生态功能最强的限制区内有所下降。     

渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲地表温度时空变化特征研究

采用单窗算法,利用1989年和2011年两期Landsat数据对渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲的地表温度进行反演,并与实时陆面地表温度进行对比检验,其反演精确度分别为94.9%和95.9%。在此基础上,分析了不同时期渭干河—库车河三角洲绿洲地表温度分布格局,并将反演的地表温度划分为6个等级:低温区9.9~13.9℃,次低温区13.9~19.9℃,中温区19.9~25.9℃,次高温区25.9~31.9℃,高温区31.9~37.9℃和极高温区37.9~41.9℃。通过两期图像的反演可以得出:（1）从时间尺度上来看:1989年的温度低于2011年,比2011年多一个低温区;2011年比1989年多出高温区和极高温区两个温度段,1989年和2011年的最低温和最高温的温度差分别为5.13℃和13.51℃;（2）从空间尺度上来看,各温度区间的分布范围发生了巨大变化;（3）由于戈壁、沙漠在日照下增温比绿洲快得多,因此,绿洲的温度基本符合中心低,四周高的“冷岛”现象。此研究对进一步理解渭干河—库车河土壤—植被—大气系统能量交换状况具有重要意义。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区土地利用景观格局变化分析——以延河流域为例

为了给黄土丘陵沟壑区土地资源的合理利用和生态环境的改善提供依据,以延河流域为研究对象,应用GIS技术和景观格局指数分析方法,对研究区1978—2010年的土地利用景观结构特征、斑块特征和空间格局的变化规律进行了系统分析。结果表明:（1）延河流域各景观类型的变化幅度表现为:耕地 > 林地 > 草地 > 建设用地 > 水域,研究区1978—1990年变化速率最快的景观类型是草地,1990—2000年是林地,2000—2010年是建设用地,由以耕地为主导的景观结构转变为林地—草地复合的景观结构;（2）研究区破碎度较高的景观类型是耕地和草地,斑块形状也较复杂,主要是受地形地貌因素的影响。林地、建设用地和水域受人类活动的干扰强烈,斑块分布趋于集中化,破碎度较小,形状较为简单;（3）32年来,延河流域土地利用景观格局经历了“耕地主导—相对平衡—林草主导”的变化过程,向着集中化和简单化的方向发展,抗干扰能力降低,不利于景观的稳定性,但有利于生态环境的改善。     

银川市景观格局动态变化研究

应用遥感和GIS技术对城市化过程中城市景观格局及其动态过程进行研究,可以更好地认识研究区的空间特征及其景观要素的演替。选取2001年和2005年的银川市CBERS图像,提取研究区两个时期的景观类型,并选取斑块面积、斑块数量、景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数和景观破碎度指数等景观生态指标,对研究区的景观格局进行了分析。结果表明:在研究时段内景观斑块类型没有发生变化,景观多样性指数和均匀度指数增加,优势度指数和破碎度指数有所减小,研究区的景观类型分布更趋均衡化;建筑用地、耕地和林地面积增加,尤其建筑用地面积增加较快,水体和未利用土地的数量减少,水体的斑块数量减少较多。说明银川市在研究时段内各土地利用类型的比例和空间分布格局都有较大变化。     

松嫩平原西部土地整理区景观格局指数的粒度效应研究

以松嫩平原西部大安市土地整理项目区为研究区,基于大安市土地整理前（2008年）1∶10 000土地利用现状图和土地整理后（2014年）项目区1∶10 000土地整理规划设计图,运用GIS技术绘制研究区土地整理景观类型图。运用Fragstats软件分别计算2种不同空间幅度土地整理区整理前后的景观格局指数,选取10个能综合反映土地整理景观格局特征的景观指数,在5～300 m之间的21个粒度范围内分析景观格局指数的粒度效应,并使用数学模型对景观格局指数随粒度增加的变化趋势进行曲线拟合。结果表明:景观格局指数随粒度增加呈现单调上升或下降、先上升后下降和无规律变化3种变化趋势;不同空间幅度下部分景观格局指数粒度效应的转折点存在差异,土地整理前后部分景观格局指数随粒度增加而变化的敏感性不同;斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数等8个指数能用数学模型很好的拟合,斑块面积方差和Shannon多样性指数拟合效果并不理想,斑块数量、斑块密度、最大斑块指数、斑块面积方差和景观形状指数整理后的拟合效果优于整理前;大安市土地整理项目区景观格局分析的适宜粒度为15～35 m。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.