公路建设过程中的水土流失特点及其防治研究

高速发展的公路建设,在带来巨大效益的同时,其对生态环境的破坏不容忽视。本文即是从公路建设过程中的水土流失成因、特点、危害进行总结,最终以分区的形式提出公路建设过程中水土保持措施,以期为公路建设过程中的水土保持服务。     

区域水土保持水土流失预测分析及实例研究

水利部对各类开发区提出推行区域水土保持评估的背景下,分析水土流失量预测方法及技术要点。以庆安开发区为例,分析东北黑土区水土流失量预测及土石方平衡估算,可以为同类区域水土保持评估水土流失量计算提供借鉴及参考。通过计算分析,得到2条结论:（1）在考虑最不利条件下,预测区域内土壤流失量结果中工业用地新增土壤流失量最大;（2）对于规划建设及在建区域,可以采用区域内已完成水土保持方案的已建项目为典型项目,类比推算区域土石方挖填量的方法。     

水土保持开发建设项目方案编制中常见问题分析

水土保持方案的编制和实施过程中,存在许多的问题和薄弱环节,笔者就水土保持方案编制中存在的名称不规范,水土流失预测不够科学等问题,探讨如何提高水土保持方案编制质量,增强水土保持方案的科学性、可操作性。     

浅析生态公益林保护存在的问题及对策

生态公益林是我国林业的重要组成部分,在改善自然环境、防风固沙及缓解水土流失等方面发挥着重要作用,而提高生态公益林保护和管理的工作质量,对生态公益林的建设和发展有着积极的促进作用。简单分析了目前生态公益林保护和管理工作中存在的问题,并提出相应的改进对策。     

吉林省黑土侵蚀区水土保持措施对土壤颗粒组成和速效养分影响分析

为了探索黑土区生态环境恢复与土壤质量修复途径,笔者在榆树大沟采用全坡段“S”型采集土壤样品方法,分析吉林省黑土侵蚀区水土保持措施对土壤颗粒组成和速效养分的影响。结果表明：目前水土保持措施下,生态修复措施II是短时期内吉林省黑土侵蚀区进行土壤肥力恢复较好的措施。各措施粘粒含量均不高于12.6%,土壤质地为壤土。速效养分含量受水土保持措施影响较大,各水土保持措施土壤养分含量总体不高。碱解氮含量与粉粒、粘粒含量均呈极显著负相关;速效钾含量与砂粒含量、粉粒含量呈极显著正相关,而与粘粒含量呈极显著负相关;速效磷含量与土壤颗粒组成之间无显著相关性。为遏制黑土退化的趋势和保障生态安全,应结合当前国家需求,在进行水土流失综合治理的同时积极利用当地丰富的秸秆资源进行土壤培肥。     

水电站工程水土流失预测存在的问题及对策

开发建设项目水土流失量预测是水土保持方案编制的依据和关键,针对水电站工程水土流失预测过程中出现的种种问题,如预测分区的混乱,预测面积不准确,预测时段划分不正确等,提出了相应的对策。给出了水土流失预测项目区划分图,对预测过程中流失系数的算法进行了分析,作者建议从侵蚀因子、选择类比法来或查阅相关水文资料确定流失系数。     

自然恢复条件下遂宁组紫色土母质生物多样性分析

提高生态系统的生物多样性可有效的控制水土流失。目前对水土保持林体系的高效空间配置与生物物种多样性的关系研究报道不多。该文对自然恢复条件下遂宁组母质生物多样性进行分析,结果表明：自然恢复条件下其植物群落生物多样性有较大提高,但群落丰富度和均匀度较差;乔木层、灌木层、草本层的优势种（先锋种）分别为柏木、马桑和豆薯。在遂宁组母质水土流失治理区营造水土保持林时,可采用柏木-马桑-豆薯复层混交林模式。     

矿区废弃地生态恢复和可持续发展研究

简述了中国矿区废弃地生态恢复的现状并对其进展缓慢的原因进行了系统的分析,通过对山东省菏泽市巨野县矿区废弃地生态恢复的研究,提出矿区废弃地的生态恢复应以可持续发展战略为指导,以改善生态环境和景观重建并控制水土流失为根本,根据各地区的发展规划,运用景观生态规划原理和恢复生态学原理,运用各种技术手段,结合矿区废弃地的具体情况,在生态恢复和尊重现实,尊重当地人民群众和政府经济利益的基础上发展诸如旅游业等产业,以求获得更大的生态效益、社会效益和经济效益。     

AMF对林下植被修复及水土保持作用研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能和地球上80%以上植物根系形成互利共生体，在耕地资源保护、植被多样性恢复、土地荒漠化治理、土壤侵蚀防治及养分循环利用等领域发挥着重要作用。南方红壤区林下侵蚀劣地近地表植被覆盖度低，加上人类活动对森林植被的破坏和强降雨较集中导致林下水土流失严重，不仅降低林地生产力，也给生态环境带来严重的危害，阻碍了中国林业和社会经济的可持续发展。林下接种AMF能够促进植被恢复、改善土壤质量，进而提高土壤抗侵蚀能力，减少水土流失。文章概述了南方林下侵蚀劣地中AMF对植被的修复效应及水土保持作用研究进展，展望了未来AMF在林下植被修复及水土保持研究中的方向，旨在为林下侵蚀劣地植被修复和减少水土流失提供理论依据。     

农业生态环境敏感性地域分布及整治对策

农业生态环境日益恶化,越来越引起社会各界的关注。有效的综合整治农业生态环境,已经成为科学界面临的一个挑战。中国农业主要面临的生态环境问题是水土流失、盐渍化和酸雨,三种农业生态环境在空间上存在着相关性。对于三种生态环境问题,提出的控制对策如下：盐渍化的治理对策为合理用水、施肥,种植合适的耐盐作物;酸沉降治理对策为种植抗酸作物和采用化学调控方法降低降对作物的损害;水土流失使用生态恢复工程和生态重建工程进行治理。     

Towards Development of Eco-Agriculture of Rainwater-Harvesting for Supplemental Irrigation in the Semi-Arid Loess Plateau of China

The semi-arid Loess Plateau is a central zone of Chinese rain-fed farming. Drought and soil erosion are the two major obstacles to restrict economic development in this semi-arid Loess Plateau. The traditional conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture have been developed for several decades, which have reduced water and soil loss and improved rainwater utilization efficiency to a certain extent. However, its regulative role in rainwater is very much limited, and problems of agriculture production, such as severe seasonal drought and water shortage, low agriculture productivity, fragile ecological environment, and low yield-invest ratio, are still going on. Supplemental irrigation of harvested rainwater is an important form of rainfall regulation and utilization on the basis of sophisticated technologies and theories of conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture, which not only promotes fulfilling rainfall harvesting in spatial location like the conservation agriculture and runoff agriculture measure but also gets at true rainfall harvesting in time distribution by principle of superposition and also decreases invalid evaporation for rainfall runoff. Agriculture productivity will be highly increased by using rainwater harvesting for supplemental irrigation. It not only brings about the integration of ecological reconstruction with economic development, but also provides a new approach to the agriculture sustainable development and overcomes two of the biggest obstacles (drought and soil erosion). It is suggested that this technology will become a strategic measure and comprehensive development model in semi-arid Loess Plateau of China.     

Prediction Model of Soil Erosion Amount in Highway Engineering during Construction Period in Mountainous Area

The highway project in mountainous area will lead to serious soil erosion,due to its long road line and large volume of the work.While the program of water and soil conservation is drawn up,the prediction of the amount of soil erosion is needed. The whole amount of soil erosion comprises primary and new soil erosion amount. The primary soil erosion amount may be predicted by the method of average erosion modulus or universal soil loss equation.The new soil erosion amount is made up of erosion amount due to disturbed earth surface and discarded soil.Finally, the prediction model of soil erosion amount about a specific highway project during its construction period in mountainous area is analyzed.     

江宁小流域主要植被类型土壤抗蚀性研究

摘要：以江宁小流域主要植被类型的土壤层为研究对象,从土壤水力侵蚀的主要过程着手,选取土壤入渗初渗率、稳渗率、土壤总空隙度、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量、>0.5mm水稳性团聚体含量、土壤水稳性指数、土壤抗冲指数、土壤抗剪切强度8个可以综合表征土壤抗蚀性的指标作为评价该区域土壤抗蚀性优劣的指标。采用计算简捷的Topsis法作为评价方法,并通过主成分法确定了各评价指标的权重。对江宁小流域主要植被类型土壤抗蚀性评价结果表明：马尾松林土壤抗蚀性最强;其次为杉木林、栎林;再次为毛竹林、灌木林、茶园;草地土壤抗蚀性较差;裸地土壤抗蚀性最差。     

基于USLE模型的滹沱河上游黄土区土壤侵蚀空间特征研究

滹沱河是山西省面积较大的支流之一,研究滹沱河上游的土壤侵蚀对于建立山西省生态修复体系具有重要意义。以忻州市滹沱河上游为研究区,以遥感影像数据、数字高程模型数据、降雨数据、土壤类型数据为基础,利用GIS、RS技术,结合美国通用水土流失方程(USLE)估算滹沱河上游流域的土壤侵蚀模数。结果表明：（1）2015年滹沱河上游的土壤平均侵蚀模数为2538.9 t/(km ²·a),整体属于中等侵蚀水平。土壤侵蚀类型主要为微度侵蚀、极强烈和剧烈侵蚀;（2）随着高程海拔的升高,土壤侵蚀强度加大,土壤侵蚀面积减少,高程与土壤侵蚀强度呈正相关关系,与侵蚀面积呈负相关关系。剧烈侵蚀在各个高程带均有分布,在[500,1000)高程带中,微度侵蚀的面积范围最大;（3）研究区在0—5°带的土壤侵蚀面积分布最大;（4）牧草地的土壤侵蚀分布范围最广,其次分别为耕地>林地>园地>城镇村及工矿用地>水域及水利设施用地>其他土地。研究结论可为政府制定土壤侵蚀治理的技术方法、治理方案以及治理工程类型、规模及布局等提出科学依据。     

砒砂岩研究进展及利用前景

砒砂岩是一种发育不充分的特殊泥岩、泥沙岩。砒砂岩地区是黄河流域能源基地的核心区,同时也是生态环境最脆弱、水土流失最严重的区域。本文从砒砂岩区生态建设的需求出发,基于砒砂岩自身特性,回顾了砒砂岩区水土流失特征及治理途径,结合“资源利用、变害为宝”的新观点,总结了砒砂岩作为改性建筑材料、复配成土材料及矿区修复材料的新用途,并提出了砒砂岩作为非矿产资源和旅游资源的潜力。这将为砒砂岩地区生态建设提供新的思路,对实现砒砂岩的资源利用具有重要意义。     

东北黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟研究现状及进展

侵蚀沟造成了东北黑土区坡耕地大量的土壤流失,开展有关黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的研究对于土壤流失防治、耕地保护以及生态恢复具有重要意义。目前,在黑土区坡耕地侵蚀沟的发生发展的影响因素、预测、防治措施等方面进行了相关的研究。本文对当前的研究进行了深入的讨论和总结,指出当前对黑土区侵蚀沟分级分类缺乏细致标准的分类依据,对黑土区侵蚀沟影响因子的研究不够全面,对侵蚀沟治理的经济、生态效益以及各种治理措施的效果差异缺乏有效的定量评价。针对现有研究不足,提出了开展黑土区侵蚀沟分类分级体系的标准化,加强土壤、植物、工程措施和耕作措施等因子对侵蚀沟影响研究以及进行侵蚀沟治理措施效果的定量评价将是今后研究重点。     

Relationship Between Watershed Landscape Pattern Change and Runoff-Sediment in Wind-Water Erosion Crisscross Region

This paper selected the typical wind-water erosion crisscross region Xiliugou watershed for research to reveal the impact of the landscape pattern change of the underlying surface in wind-water erosion crisscross region where soil erosion is most serious on rainfall and runoff as well as erosion and sediment.Based on the Landsat TM image data and measured data of runoff-sediment in that watershed,the paper analyzed the characteristics of watershed landscape pattern change and runoff-sediment and explored the relationship between landscape index and runoff-sediment yield by means of GIS and Fragstats.The results were included as follows.(1)Grassland was the dominant landscape.In terms of the number of patches and area change rate,from 1985 to 2010,cultivated land,forest land and construction land were most stable,followed by unused land.Unused land,grassland and cultivated land experienced the most dramatic conversion and maximally affected by human activities.(2)The inter-annual difference between annual runoff and annual sediment load was significant.Compared with the annual sediment load,the trend of decreasing runoff was more obvious.The correlation coefficient of runoff-sediment was 0.67,representing a significant correlation.(3)There was a significant correlation between the landscape index and runoff-sediment.The runoff was negatively correlated with the largest patch index,patch cohesion index,aggregation index and contagion index,but positively correlated with landscape morphology index and landscape division index.And the sediment was negatively correlated with the contagion index,aggregation index and plaque cohesion index,but positively correlated with other landscape indexes.The results indicate that with the increase of the largest patch index,patch cohesion index and aggregation index,the rainfall infiltration capacity increase obviously and the soil erosion reduce significantly.Therefore,increasing the largest patch index,patch cohesion and aggregation index of the watershed landscape can enhance the function of water storage and soil conservation as well as ecological optimization in the windwater erosion crisscross region.The results can provide theoretical support for the ecological environment construction and comprehensive utilization of water and soil resources.