中国尖胸沫蝉科族的系统发育及一新族的建立(同翅目:沫蝉总科)

本文应用Kluge and Farris的Wagner数量分析法对我国尖胸沫蝉科(Aphrophoridae)的铲头沫蝉族Cloviini,象沫蝉族Philagrini,尖胸沫蝉族Aphrophorini,长沫蝉族Phil-aenini及棘茎沫蝉族,新族Capnodistini trib.nov.之间的系统发育关系进行了分析,结果推得两个明显的组群,即(Cloviini+Philagrini)+(Aphrophorini)和(Philaenini+Capnodistini trid.nov.),它们互为姐妹群关系,共同形成一个全系分支(holophyleticClade)。文中建立一新族棘茎沫蝉族Capnodistini trib.nov.该族定义为触角檐具檐沟,阳茎有6～8条棘刺,其模式属指定为Capnodistes Breddin 1903。     

白纹象沫蝉线粒体基因组及系统发育分析

【目的】分析白纹象沫蝉(半翅目：尖胸沫蝉科)的线粒体基因组结构和沫蝉总科的系统发育关系,为更好地理解沫蝉总科的进化关系提供依据。【方法】利用高通量测序技术分析了白纹象沫蝉的线粒体基因组结构,并基于沫蝉总科已有的线粒体基因组数据采用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建了系统发育关系。【结果】白纹象沫蝉线粒体基因组全长为15 091 bp(GenBank序列号：OQ682615),包含37个基因(13个蛋白质编码基因、2个核糖体RNA基因和22个转运RNA基因)和一段非编码控制区;13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子均为ATN;3个蛋白质编码基因cox2、cox3和nad4具有不完整的终止密码子T,其余10个蛋白质编码基因具有完整的终止密码子TAA或TAG;除trnS1因缺少DHU臂而无法构成稳定的三叶草结构外,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构;rrnL基因的全长为1 217 bp, AT含量为80.7%;rrnS基因的全长为775 bp, AT含量为80.5%。最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建的系统发育树基本一致,均显示尖胸沫蝉科为非单系群。【结论】本研究获得了象沫蝉属昆虫第一条线粒体基因组全序列;尖胸...     

稻沫蝉的发生及防治技术探讨

稻沫蝉属同翅目沫蝉科。在豫西地区为害逐年加重,已成为秋粮特别是玉米生产的重要害虫。针对稻沫蝉的发生规律,总结研究出其为害特点、生长的形态特征、防治方法。     

稻沫蝉的发生及防治技术探讨

稻沫蝉属同翅目沫蝉科。在豫西地区为害逐年加重,已成为秋粮特别是玉米生产的重要害虫。针对稻沫蝉的发生规律,总结研究出其为害特点、生长的形态特征、防治方法。     

茧蜂雄性外生殖器研究进展

茧蜂的雄性外生殖器可用于鉴别近缘种.收集近60年的茧蜂雄性外生殖器研究成果,研究茧蜂科28个亚科,114属256种的雄性外生殖器的形态结构,提出茧蜂科和亚科内雄性外生殖器的类型,可以分为两大分支.明确茧蜂各亚科雄性外生殖器的各种特征的特征性状即祖征和衍征是嵌镶式存在的,原始的类群如矛茧蜂亚科Doryctinae和圆口类Cyclostome虽有许多原始特征,但在某一或某些特征上常常出现特化,即处于相对的衍征状态.各亚科雄性外生殖器的祖征和衍征性状分布的不均衡也受平行现象Parallelisms的影响.     

稻赤斑黑沫蝉和刘氏长头沫蝉的特征特性

稻赤斑黑沫蝉在大别山区岳西县海拔 40 0m以下地区广泛分布 ,局部地区危害严重。刘氏长头沫蝉是近年在该县发现危害水稻的一种新害虫。 2种沫蝉属同翅目沫蝉科 ,每年均发生 1代 ,以卵越冬 ,若虫在田边的杂草中吐沫围住身体 ,成虫刺吸稻叶汁液 ,使稻叶变成红黄色造成减产。抓住若虫期防治 ,能起到事半功倍的效果     

稻赤斑黑沫蝉的发生特点与综合防冶技术

稻赤斑黑沫蝉别名赤斑沫蝉、稻沫蝉,俗称雷火虫、吹泡虫,为同翅目沫蝉科稻赤斑黑沫蝉属害虫,是许昌市近年来新发展起来的玉米害虫.     

稻赤斑黑沫蝉的发生特点与综合防治技术

稻赤斑黑沫蝉别名赤斑沫蝉、稻沫蝉,俗称雷火虫、吹泡虫,为同翅目沫蝉科稻赤斑黑沫蝉属害虫,是许昌市近年来新发展起来的玉米害虫。它危害严重,造成产量损失一般在50％左右,最高可达80％以上。为控制其为害,笔者对赤斑黑沫蝉的发生原因和防治技术进行了调查分析和研究探讨。     

赤斑黑沫蝉发生与防治的初步研究

赤斑黑沫蝉发生与防治的初步研究张让君，冯德润（湖南省湘潭市岳塘区植保植检站４１１１００）（湖南省湘潭市岳塘区霞城乡植保站４１１１００）赤斑黑沫蝉Ｃａｌｌｉｔｅｔｔｉｘｖｅｒｓｉｃｏｌｏｒ（Ｆａｂｒｉｃｉｕｓ），属同翅目，沫蝉科，１９８８年在湘潭市岳塘...     

贵州省8个自然保护区沫蝉科昆虫的相似性

为贵州省8个自然保护区沫蝉科昆虫分类及多样性保护提供参考,利用Jaccard相似性系数对贵州省茂兰、梵净山、赤水、雷公山、习水、麻阳河、宽阔水以及大沙河8个自然保护区的沫蝉科昆虫种类进行了相似性分析。结果表明:贵州茂兰等8个保护区共有沫蝉科昆虫42种,其中含12个贵州新纪录种。以大沙河和习水的相似性系数最高,为0.53;其次是大沙河和雷公山的相似性系数,为0.52;相似性系数最低的是雷公山与赤水,仅为0.13。     

First fossil lamprey: a record from the Pennsylvanian of Illinois

A fossil record of lampreys has previously been unknown. A new genus demonstrates the presence of this group in the Pennsylvanian. The body outline, parts of the head skeleton, rasping tongue mechanism, gill basket, and other internal organs are preserved. The fossils are very similar in structure to modern forms. The absence of hagfish characters in the fossil supports the view that the common ancestor of lampreys and hagfishes lived prior to the Pennsylvanian.     

Molecular Phylogeny of the ＂True Citrus Fruit Trees＂ Group （Aurantioideae,Rutaceae） as Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Sequence

The genus Citrus L.has a long controversial taxonomy history,and a well-resolved molecular phylogeny of the "true citrus fruit trees" group in the future will provide new information for advancing breeding techniques and developing better conservation strategies.In the present study,three cpDNA fragments(TrnL-TrnF,PsbH-PetB,and TrnS-TrnG)of 30 genotypes chosen from the six genera of the "true citrus fruit trees" group were analyzed.A molecular phylogenetic tree of the "true citrus fruit trees" group was reconstructed based on plastid DNA sequences.The results confirmed that the "true citrus fruit trees" group was monophyletic,and thereby the group was divided into genera as previously suggested based on morphological characters.The cpDNA data also suggested that Poncirus might be the first genus separated from the other five genera in the group.The genus Fortunella were of hybrid origin and Citrus might be as its putative paternal parent.The genera Microcitrus,Eremocitrus,and Clymenia were possibly monophyletic and their common ancestor might branch out from Citrus.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationships within the Citrus genus were discussed.     

豇豆属内栽培种分类的再研究

 通过豇豆属、菜豆属6个豆种的148份材料的20个重要形态性状的观察，过氧化物酶、酯酶同工酶的比较分析，应用数值分类法对豇豆属栽培种的分类及亲缘关系进行了研究。 6个豆种的形态聚类为黑吉豆、绿豆、饭豆类群；豇豆类群；菜豆类群；过氧化物酶酶谱聚类为绿豆、黑吉豆、饭豆类群；小豆类群；豇豆类群；菜豆类群。酯酶酶带扫描峰聚类为小豆、饭豆类群、绿豆、黑吉豆类群；豇豆类群和菜豆类群。 据上述结果认为：⑴将绿豆、黑吉豆、饭豆、小豆从菜豆属划出更符合生物自身的自然属性；⑵绿豆等4个豆种与豇豆种在许多性状、同工酶表现上存在较大差异，是否将其归入豇豆属值得重新考虑；⑶绿豆与黑吉豆、小豆与饭豆间的亲缘关系最近，而饭豆与绿豆、黑吉豆较小豆与之具有更近的亲缘关系。     

Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain

We describe a partial skeleton with facial cranium of Pierolapithecus catalaunicus gen. et sp. nov., a new Middle Miocene (12.5 to 13 million years ago) ape from Barranc de Can Vila 1 (Barcelona, Spain). It is the first known individual of this age that combines well-preserved cranial, dental, and postcranial material. The thorax, lumbar region, and wrist provide evidence of modern ape-like orthograde body design, and the facial morphology includes the basic derived great ape features. The new skeleton reveals that early great apes retained primitive monkeylike characters associated with a derived body structure that permits upright postures of the trunk. Pierolapithecus, hence, does not fit the theoretical model that predicts that all characters shared by extant great apes were present in their last common ancestor, but instead points to a large amount of homoplasy in ape evolution. The overall pattern suggests that Pierolapithecus is probably close to the last common ancestor of great apes and humans.     

阿勒泰地区柳尖胸沫蝉综合防治技术研究

阿勒泰地区天然河谷林柳尖胸沫蝉发生呈逐年上升趋势,为有效防治该虫害,阿勒泰地区野生动植物保护办公室和阿勒泰地区林业有害生物防治检疫局通过对柳尖胸沫蝉生活习性的观察和研究,结合多年防治试验,提出了综合防治柳尖胸沫蝉的最佳时间和方法。     

Female preference predates the evolution of the sword in swordtail fish

The study of female preferences and the evolution of male traits has until recently centered on genetic coevolutionary mechanisms. An alternative mechanism posits that a preference results from a preestablished bias in the female information-processing system arising from sources independent of sexual selection. Male traits then arise that are selected by this preexisting preference. The genus Xiphophorus consists of swordless platyfish and swordtails. Swordlessness is the primitive state. In this study, female platyfish, X. maculatus, were found to prefer conspecific males with artificial swords over those without swords, despite evidence that the common ancestor of platyfish and swordtails was swordless. These results suggest that the evolution of the sword in the swordtail clade was a consequence of selection arising from a preexisting bias.     

Archosaurian reptiles: a new hypothesis on their origins

The characteristics of the first archosaurs, the proterosuchian thecodonts, show that neither of the supposed common ancestors of archosaurs and lepidosaurs could actually be an ancestor of archosaurs. Instead, the evidence seems to indicate that the archosaurian ancestors are probably in the ophiacodont-varanopsid group of the pelycosaurian synapsids. In particular, the Varanopsidae are strongly indicative of proterosuchian relationships, as they have evolved some characters which are elsewhere found only in archosaurs. Archosaurs and lepidosaurs apparently have different origins; the former come from the pelycosaurs, and the latter come from the captorhinomorph cotylosaurs through the Millerettiformes.     

African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA.

The proposal that all mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) types in contemporary humans stem from a common ancestor present in an African population some 200,000 years ago has attracted much attention. To study this proposal further, two hypervariable segments of mtDNA were sequenced from 189 people of diverse geographic origin, including 121 native Africans. Geographic specificity was observed in that identical mtDNA types are shared within but not between populations. A tree relating these mtDNA sequences to one another and to a chimpanzee sequence has many deep branches leading exclusively to African mtDNAs. An African origin for human mtDNA is supported by two statistical tests. With the use of the chimpanzee and human sequences to calibrate the rate of mtDNA evolution, the age of the common human mtDNA ancestor is placed between 166,000 and 249,000 years. These results thus support and extend the African origin hypothesis of human mtDNA evolution.     

Modern turtle origins: the oldest known cryptodire

The discovery of a turtle in the Early Jurassic(185 million years before present) Kayenta Formation of northeastern Arizona provides significant evidence about the origin of modern turtles. This new taxon possesses many of the primitive features expected in the hypothetical common ancestor of pleurodires and cryptodires, the two groups of modern turtles. It is identified as the oldest known cryptodire because of the presence of a distinctive cryptodiran jaw mechanism consisting of a trochlea over the otic chamber that redirects the line of action of the adductor muscle. Aquatic habits appear to have developed very early in turtle evolution. Kayentachelys extends the known record of cryptodires back at least 45 million years and documents a very early stage in the evolution of modern turtles.     

几种十字花科蔬菜的同功酶研究

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对芸苔属的白菜,芥菜及萝卜属的不同萝卜品种的过氧化物酶同功酶及酯酶同功酶进行了研究。白菜与萝卜,芥菜与萝卜不同属间的过氧化物酶同功酶及酯酶同功酶酶谱中有相似的酶带。但同一属内白菜与芥菜,或者同一属内不同萝卜品种间相似的酶带更多。供试验的七个萝卜品种的酯酶同功酶酶带有5—9条。试将所观察的萝卜不同品种的酯酶酶谱中的酶带,归纳为四种类型。根据所获得的同功酶酶谱,可以帮助进一步分析芸苔属及萝卜属的遗传多型性、亲缘关系及其品种地理群分布。