Differences in leafminer (Phyllonorycter, Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) and aphid (Tuberculatus, Aphididae, Hemiptera) composition among Quercusdentata, Q. crispula, Q. serrata, and their hybrids

Leafminer (Phyllonorycter, Gracillariidae, Lepidoptera) and aphid (Tuberculatus, Aphididae, Hemiptera) composition were studied in three deciduous oak species, Quercus dentata, Q. crispula, and Q. serrata, and their hybrids in Tomakomai Experimental Forest of Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, northern Japan. Identification of trees in this forest was done mainly on the basis of discriminant analysis on leaf morphology with reference to trees in pure Q. dentata and Q. crispula stands and a Q. serrata stand mixed with Q. crispula. The results suggested that hybridization occurred in all combinations (i.e. Q. dentata–Q. crispula, Q. crispula–Q. serrata, and Q. serrata–Q. dentata) and the frequency of hybrids was approximately 10%. The composition of Phyllonorycter and Tuberculatus species differed between Q. dentata and Q. crispula or Q. serrata, but did not differ between Q. crispula and Q. serrata. Thus, Q. dentata could differ from Q. crispula and Q. serrata in chemical properties that determine herbivore host selection, survival, and performance, possibly reflecting eco-physiological differences or phylogenetic distances. The study insects were divided into three groups: species specialized to Q. dentata (three Phyllonorycter and one Tuberculatus species), those to Q. crispula and Q. serrata (six Phyllonorycter and two Tuberculatus species), and a species collected at least from Q. dentata and Q. crispula (one Tuberculatus species). Putative hybrid trees of Q. dentata and Q. crispula harbored both Q. dentata-specific and Q. crispula-specific insects.     

Cassine, an antimicrobial alkaloid from Senna racemosa

The leaves of Senna racemosa yielded the piperidine alkaloid cassine and an inositol methyl ether. Antimicrobial screening of the compounds revealed antibacterial activity of cassine with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2.5 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and 5.0 mg/ml for Candida albicans.     

优良阔叶树种——桤木的分布、生长与利用

通过引种栽培和原产地的生态环境及生长状况的调查,主要阐述了桤木的适生环境及在不同生态条件下的生长发育规律;总结了桤木的多种利用途径。桤木是一种适应性强、生长迅速和具有广泛用途的优良阔叶树种,值得进一步研究和引种推广。     

杉木、马尾松、甜槠等林分下土壤养分状况研究

对中等立地上杉木、马尾松,甜槠等林分的土壤养分状况进行了综合比较,结果表明：不同林分对土壤有机质及矿质养分的影响不尽相同,阔叶林能增加土壤有机质积累,改善土壤养分状部;马尾松林对提高土壤有效性Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量具有一定作用,特别是对提高有效Ｐ作用很大;杉木纯林不利于改善土壤养分状况及土壤理化性质;针阔混交林能改良土壤养分状况,尤其能较好地改良土壤有效性微量元素状况,防止地方衰退,有利于林业持续发展,另     

Chalcididae undLeucospidae

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

基于cpDNA rps16序列分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐的遗传关系

【目的】通过测序法分析兰考泡桐与白花泡桐和毛泡桐在叶绿体rps16序列上的遗传差异,旨在分析三者之间在叶绿体基因上的变化特点和规律,探讨其种间的遗传关系。【方法】选取兰考泡桐、白花泡桐和毛泡桐各15个样本,对其提取的DNA用PCR扩增获得特异片段,并将其纯化与测序。利用软件Clustal X 2.0对所得序列进行排序;运行MEGA 4软件,进行多序列比对,分析其序列特征,并计算出K2P遗传距离。【结果】(1)对获得的rps16序列进行测定分析,得兰考泡桐序列长度分别为932 933 bp;白花泡桐序列长度为932 bp;毛泡桐序列长度分别为916918 bp。对所得rps16序列进行排序后的长度为938 bp,平均GC含量为34.31%。3个种所代表的个体之间共有10个变异位点,占整个序列长度的1.07%。其中有9个变异位点属于碱基插入或缺失类型,占变异位点总数的90%,占整个序列长度的0.96%。有1个变异位点属于碱基替换类型,占整个变异位点总数的10%,占整个序列长度的0.11%。(2)整个rps16片段的序列共有10个变异位点,其中兰考泡桐与白花泡桐在总的变异位点上,具有一致的碱基位点9个,占总变异的90%。而兰考泡桐与毛泡桐相比,没有相同的碱基。【结论】根据三种泡桐的rps16序列的序列特征和变异位点的分析,表明在叶绿体遗传方面,兰考泡桐具有与白花泡桐更多相似的遗传物质,其亲缘关系较近。综上所述,推测兰考泡桐与白花泡桐可能来自同一母系遗传。     

《瑶溪二十四景诗》的山水园林文化机理

古人崇尚自然山水,从对自然山水的喜爱、感悟,发展成对中国传统文化影响深远的山水文化观。《瑶溪二十四景诗》正是受传统山水文化观影响的清代文人刘彤以诗文描述的瑶溪二十四处景色。对景诗的赏析,能感受到瑶溪蕴含的人居环境山水文化,更能为现代“诗文造园”带来启发。现代诗文造园者往往更需要具备学识广博的才能,通晓山水园林文化意境的特点,因地制宜、巧用心思,精细设计施工,才能创作出与环境相融,并能引人共鸣的优秀园林作品。     

云南方竹属一新种——乌蒙山方竹

描述了产自云南彝良的竹类植物一新种——乌蒙山方竹。该种形态接近永善方竹和筇竹，秆环隆起成脊似筇竹，节内环生气生根刺又似永善方竹；叶大小界于永善方竹和筇竹之间，正面颜色深绿似永善方竹，背面颜色灰绿色似筇竹；笋期居方竹与筇竹出笋期之间，为每年11月至次年4月。     

火炬松、湿地松、晚松组培繁殖的研究

本试验以火炬松、湿地松、晚松成熟种子的胚为材料，在附加有细胞分裂素（ＢＡＰ）的ＧＤ改良基本培养基（总盐分含量为０．２１％；总含氮量为１８６ｍｇ／Ｌ）经３￣４周培养，在胚或子叶及下胚轴上出现膨大肉眼可见的暗绿色愈伤组织及小芽，其分化率达７５％￣８５％。培养基中的细胞分裂素（ＢＡＰ）浓度对三种松种不定芽的分化具有很大影响，一般以３￣５ｍｇ／Ｌ为好，在继代培养基中，活性炭对于嫩梢的生长具有良好的效果。当     

应用昆虫病原线虫防治天牛和木蠹蛾的研究

林木蛀干害虫生活在树皮和木质部内,这种场所温度稳定、湿度较大、又不受紫外光的直按照射,为昆虫病原线虫的寄生和繁殖提供了良好的环境。为了进一步扩大病原微生物在林木害虫上的应用,1986—1987年进行了线虫对天牛和木蠹蛾的毒杀和防治试验。     

Allelopathy assessments for the environmental biosafety of the salt-tolerant transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis, genotypes codA12-5B, codA 12-5C, and codA 20C

Allelopathy tests were conducted on salt-tolerant transgenic eucalyptus trees conferring bacterial codA gene in the designated net-house conditions under Type II use (contained use) of the Japanese law on environmental biosafety aiming for Type I (field use) application. Three transgenic and corresponding nontransgenic genotypes were employed for four different tests: (1) sandwich bioassay; (2) soil germination method; (3) gas chromatography (GC) for volatile substances from the plants; and (4) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on phenolic compounds from fresh leaves, which are the primary allelopathic substances on the species. The simple approaches, the bioassays, indicated no significant difference between the transgenic and nongenetically modified genotypes. There was no qualitative difference between the transgenic and nontransgenic lines by GC or HPLC. Absence of any quantitative difference was suggested by repetitive examination and subsequent analysis of variance assessments with the chromatographic methods and bioassays. Moreover, it was also indicated that bioassays should be the primary assessment method for allelopathy in considering the simplicity, speed, low cost, and reproducibility of these methods. Overall, substantial equivalence was considered on the three transgenic genotypes with codA gene when compared with the nontransgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis lines. The experiments supported the application to isolated field testing of the transgenic Eucalyptus camaldulensis genotypes as the first case and experience in Japanese regulatory approval processes Type I Use for the deliberate release to the environment.     

紫竹和灰金竹在西藏拉萨的引种栽培试验

紫竹（Phyllostachys nigra）和灰金竹（Ph.nigra var.henonis）是重要的观赏竹种，为丰富西藏的城市绿化树种种类，在拉萨市开展了紫竹和灰金竹引种栽培试验。试验采用3因素（基质、复合肥和生根粉）3水平的正交试验设计，分析不同因素和水平对引种竹种生长的影响。结果表明：引种自云南昆明的紫竹和灰金竹在西藏拉萨栽植2年后，2个竹种的成活率分别达到68.0%和47.0%，发笋率分别为36.8%和35.8%，显示出紫竹在拉萨的适应性要强于灰金竹；在各因素中，复合肥对于紫竹成活率影响最大，而生根粉对灰金竹成活率影响最大。各因素对于2个竹种生长指标影响程度的排序是一致的，即基质>生根粉浓度>复合肥施肥量；3因素最优水平组合均为：以牛粪为基质、复合肥施用量为10 g/丛、用0.02%的生根粉溶液浸泡竹篼。研究结果为紫竹和灰金竹在西藏拉萨市等高寒地区的引种及苗木繁育提供了重要的技术依据。     

The effect of Tuber melanosporum Vitt. mycorrhization on growth, nutrition, and water relations of Quercus petraea Liebl., Quercus faginea Lamk., and Pinus halepensis Mill. seedlings

Mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal Quercus faginea Lamk., Quercus petraea Liebl., and Pinus halepensis Mill. one-year-old seedlings inoculated with Tuber melanosporum Vitt. have been analyzed with the purpose of studying the influence of mycorrhization on their growth, water relations, and mineral nutrition. The mycorrhization improved Q. petraea and P. halepensis seedling growth. In addition, the mycorrhization created an elastic adjustment in P. halepensis, although it did not cause any osmotic adjustment. Additionally, the mycorrhization increased phosphorus uptake in Q. faginea and P. halepensis, content of all nutrients in P. halepensis, and N content in Q. petraea.     

Massenauftreten der HaubennetzspinneTheridion ovatum Clerck(Theridiidae, Arachnoidea) an Lindenjungpflanzen

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Lipotropha dorci n. sp.(Neogregarinida, Parasite des Larves deDorcus parallel ipipedus L.(Coleopt. Scarab.)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

木麻黄根瘤内生菌的分离、培养和回接*

从福建、广东、海南岛的木麻黄根瘤中分离到16株内生菌，它们都具有Frankia菌的典型形态特征。回接鉴定表明，除4株不侵染原寄主植物外，其余12株均具有侵染能力，但各菌株的侵染能力不同，这些菌株在培养基上的培养特征有一定的差异，实验菌株在BAP培养基上生长最好，在Jan B10m,Qmold等培养基上生长较差。     

Effect of drought on diameter increment of Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, and Arbutus unedo in a holm oak forest of NE Spain

The present study was carried out to elucidate the drought growth responses of Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L., Arbutus unedo L., and other accompanying woody species of the Mediterranean holm oak forest. We submitted holm oak forest stands in Prades mountains (NE Spain) to a 2-year experimental drought. We reduced soil water availability about 15% by plastic strips and funnels that partially excluded rain throughfall and by ditch interception of water runoff. Mean stem diameter increment showed a great variation depending on the species. A. unedo had larger growth rates than Q. ilex and P. latifolia, but it was also the species that experimented the highest growth reduction in the drought plots (77%), suggesting a higher drought sensitivity than Q. ilex (55%) and P. latifolia (no drought effect). The growth reduction was specially marked in the larger trees. Aboveground stand biomass increment, estimated from stem diameter by allometric relationships, was 1.9 Mg ha⁻¹ per year in the control plots. The 15% reduction in the upper soil moisture produced 42% reduction in this biomass increment. In the drier conditions predicted in this Mediterranean area in the frame of climate change, an important reduction of growth rates can be hence expected, accompanied by a gain of dominance of drought-tolerant species such as P. latifolia in detriment of more mesic species such as Q. ilex.     

Survival and growth responses of Populus nigra, Salix elaeagnos and Alnus incana cuttings to varying levels of hydric stress

The Salicaceae and Betulaceae are important plant families within riparian ecosystems throughout the Northern hemisphere, and cuttings of species within these families are often used in riparian restoration projects due to their capacity for vegetative (asexual) propagation and rapid growth. Riparian zones can experience a wide range of hydrological conditions and establishing cuttings may be subjected to substantially varying levels of hydric stress from inundation and drought. Tolerance to such stress can vary notably between species, and the absence of knowledge of species-specific responses to inundation and drought has resulted in high mortality in many riparian restoration projects. In this paper, the survival and growth responses of Salix elaeagnos (Salicaceae), Populus nigra (Salicaceae) and Alnus incana (Betulaceae) cuttings in relation to varying rates of water table decline and periods of inundation were investigated using rhizopods during a 69-day greenhouse experiment, in substrates of contrasting sediments (sand versus gravel).

Each species responded differently to the experimental treatments. S. elaeagnos demonstrated an ability to establish in stable, declining and inundated conditions by the production of relatively substantial root and shoot biomass in all treatments, along with elongated roots when experiencing water table decline. P. nigra showed high mortality and poor root and shoot production in inundation treatments, suggesting that this species is intolerant to reduced oxygen conditions. A. incana displayed complete mortality in all gravel-based treatments and high mortality or poor growth in the sand-based inundation treatments. All species showed preferences for stable conditions without inundation, along with slow water table decline for S. elaeagnos. Fast rates of water table decline were detrimental to all species. Overall, sand was a much more effective substrate than gravel for supporting cutting establishment. These results suggest that riparian restoration schemes utilizing S. elaeagnos cuttings may experience greater success than those using the other species investigated. P. nigra cuttings may establish more easily if situated where inundation does not occur often or for prolonged periods, and A. incana cuttings should be planted only where very stable conditions dominate. The study highlights the inter-species variability in the survival and growth response of riparian trees to differing hydrological conditions.     

中国铺道蚁属(膜翅目:蚁科)昆虫研究

本文对中国的铺道蚁属进行了系统研究,共记述15种铺道蚁,其中新种4种,新记录2种。