45S rDNA-FISH鉴定银杏雌雄性别

 植物中核糖体基因主要位于染色体次缢痕的核仁组织区（NOR），NOR的数目与随体染色体数目相对应。以核糖体基因（45SrDNA）为探针，对明确的雌株和雄株银杏中期、间期细胞进行荧光原位杂交（FISH）。结果显示雌株有4个杂交点，雄株有3个杂交点，表明雌性银杏具有4条带随体的染色体，而雄性银杏具有3条带随体的染色体。进一步证明银杏的雌雄性别决定与随体染色体数目有关。     

银杏雌雄株核型及性别早期鉴定

以银杏茎尖及根尖为试材，采用压片法对雌雄株核型及性别早期鉴定进行了深入研究，结果表明，①银杏雌雄株核型一致，唯一差异就是雌株第１０对亚中部着丝粒染色体的长臂上各有一个随体，而雄株这对染色体仅一条染色体具有随体，属异型染色体，即性染色体，如果用ＸＹ表示雄株这一对染色体，则雌株可用ＸＸ表示。因此，雌株核型为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２４＝２２ＡＣ［４ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋１２ｓｔ］＋ＸＸ；雄株核型为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２４＝２２Ａ［Ｃ４ｍ（２ｓａｔ）＋６ｓｍ＋１２ｓ］＋ＸＹ，进一步证实了银杏的性别决定机制属ＸＹ型；②根据ＸＹ性别决定机制，借助胚培技术对７５株银杏实生幼苗进行了性别早期鉴定，雌株为３１珠，占４１．３％，雄株为４４株，占５８．７％     

光皮梾木的核型分析

采用染色体压片方法,对光皮株木的染色体数目及核型进行分析.结果表明:光皮株木的染色体数目为2n=18,核型公式2n=2x=18=4sm+ 14m,臂比值变化范围在1.02～1.81之间,核型不对称系数(AS.K％)为58.06％,核型属于“1B”型.     

云南泸定百合12 个野生居群的核型研究

 用常规压片法对云南省境内的12 个泸定百合（Lilium sargentiae Wilson）野生居群进行了核 型分析研究。结果表明：12 个泸定百合野生居群全部为二倍体,染色体基数为12,共有24 条染色体, 无B 染色体,核型类型均为3A,第1、2 对染色体均为具中部（m）或具近中部（sm）着丝点的大型染 色体,且第1 对染色体上均具有随体。12 个居群的核型不对称系数较高,在78.66% ~ 82.05%之间,说明 泸定百合的核型对称性低,进化程度较高。根据核型不对称系数,认为12 个泸定百合野生居群的进化程 度从高到低为：马关居群 > 石坎居群 > 龙陵居群 > 旧城居群 > 石林居群 = 泸西居群 > 双河居群 > 西畴居群 = 师宗居群 > 大关居群 > 文山居群 > 扎西居群。聚类结果显示,当阈值取1.04 时,可以将 12 个居群分为3 类。研究表明,泸定百合染色体数相对稳定,染色体变异主要表现在结构变异;各个居 群的染色体组成、随体数、随体位置、臂比、染色体长度比及核型不对称系数均有差异;泸定百合各居 群间存在明显的核型变化。     

利用青花菜幼嫩雌蕊进行染色体核型分析

 以青花菜幼嫩雌蕊及根尖为材料采用常规压片法进行染色体核型分析。结果表明：雌蕊子房部位处于有丝分裂中期的细胞较花柱和柱头部位多;与根尖相比,幼嫩子房中处于分裂中期的细胞较多,且中期染色体在形态上与根尖无明显区别,随体均清晰可见。两种材料获得的核型公式均为2n=2x=18=8m+10sm(2sat),其中第3、4、7、8对为中着丝粒染色体,第1、2、5、6、9对为近中着丝粒染色体,随体均位于第6对染色体上。核型分类均为基本对称型的2A型。用雌蕊为材料进行核型分析,为染色体较小且具随体的十字花科作物的细胞学研究提供了新的方法。     

叶籽银杏种质资源染色体核型分析及进化趋势

 以来自日本、中国山东等地的28株叶籽银杏种质幼叶为试材,采用常规压片法,对其核型进行了研究。结果表明：各种质染色体均为二倍体,2n = 2x = 24,核型有中部着丝粒染色体（m）、近中部着丝粒染色体（sm）和近端部着丝粒染色体（st）等3种类型;有6个种质具随体。方差分析表明：种质SY2染色体长度比与其它种质差异显著,为3.97;各种质的平均臂比和核型不对称系数之间差异较大。种质GX3和种质HB较进化,种质NS2较原始。     

八个蔷薇属种质资源的核型分析

以亮叶月季等8个特异性状的蔷薇属种质资源为试材,采用去壁低渗法进行了染色体数目和核型研究,以期为现代月季品种进行种质创新和遗传改良提供细胞遗传学参考依据.结果表明:1)不同资源的染色体数目差异较大,半重瓣丽江蔷薇、亮叶月季、无刺的木香花、"苦水玫瑰"、黄刺玫为二倍体(2n=2x=14);中国古老月季品种"淡黄香水月季"为三倍体(2n=3x=21);食用玫瑰"滇红"为四倍体(2n=4x=28);狗蔷薇为五倍体(2n=5x=35);2)8个资源的核不对称系数变化范围在59.1％～66.9％,均未观察到随体的存在;3)重瓣丽江蔷薇、"淡黄香水月季""滇红"、狗蔷薇的核型均为2B;重瓣木香花和黄刺玫的核型均为2A;"苦水玫瑰"的核型为1A;亮叶月季的核型为3A.     

兜兰宽瓣亚属8种植物的核型比较

 对兜兰宽瓣亚属( Paphiopedilum subgenus brachypetalum ) 8种植物的染色体数目和核型进行比较研究。结果表明: 供试的兜兰原生种的染色体数目均为26, 二倍体。白花兜兰( P. emersonii) 2n = 2x =26 = 18m + 8sm, 核型不对称系数59190%; 同色兜兰( P. concolor) 2n = 2x = 26 = 2M + 18m + 4sm + 2st, 核型不对称系数56.90%; 巨瓣兜兰( P. bellatulum ) 2n = 2x = 26 = 22m + 2sm + 2st, 核型不对称系数56.10%; 汉氏兜兰( P. hangianum ) 2n = 2x = 26 = 22m + 4sm, 核型不对称系数58.64%; 麻栗坡兜兰(P. m alipoense) 2n = 2x = 26 = 20m + 6sm, 核型不对称系数59.41%; 浅斑兜兰( P. jackii) 2n = 2x = 26 =14m + 10sm + 2st, 核型不对称系数63.00%; 杏黄兜兰( P. arm eniacum ) 2n = 2x = 26 = 24m + 2sm, 核型不对称系数55.05%; 硬叶兜兰( P. micranthum ) 2n = 2x = 26 = 20m + 6sm, 核型不对称系数56.91%。除同色兜兰、巨瓣兜兰和汉氏兜兰的核型类型为“2A”外, 其它为“2B”。染色体长度变化不明显, 主要由中部着丝粒染色体和近中部着丝粒染色体组成, 未见随体结构。这些核型特征为兜兰属植物的系统进化提供了细胞分类学的理论依据。     

黄瓜雌雄株性别苗期化学鉴别方法

应用BTB(溴麝香草酚蓝 )法、NADH(还原辅酶Ⅰ )法和TTC(氯化三苯基四氮唑 )法对黄瓜雌雄株进行了苗期鉴别 ,结果表明 :雌、雄株提取液加入BTB液后雌株转色快于雄株 ,反应后 5h(小时 )内在 6 30nm处雌、雄株吸光值差异最大 ,是鉴别黄瓜雌、雄株的最佳时期。雌、雄株NADH含量和TTCH含量差异显著。BTB法、NADH法和TTC法鉴别雌雄株其差异显著概率均为极显著 ,BTB法和TTC法对雌、雄株混合群体的鉴别正确率均为 10 0 % ,二者可应用于黄瓜雌、雄株苗期鉴别。而NADH法对混合群体的鉴别正确率仅 71.4%。     

17种绣线菊核型特征及核型参数分析

以17种(品种)绣线菊为材料,利用改良去壁低渗法分析染色体特征并作相关性和聚类分析,探讨核型特征与种间进化关系。研究结果表明:供试绣线菊染色体数稳定,为2n=18和2n=36,染色体基数为9,主要由中部着丝点染色体(m)和近中部着丝点染色体(sm)组成。绒毛绣线菊、石蚕叶绣线菊、楔叶绣线菊染色体中有随体结构;核型类型为1A、1B、2B,染色体平均臂比范围为1.26～1.64,最长与最短染色体比值范围为1.67～3.51,着丝点指数范围为38.96%～44.26%,核型不对称系数范围为56.14%～60.69%;按核型不对称系数从高到低排序其进化程度,石棒绣线菊、绒毛绣线菊和楔叶绣线菊等进化程度高,珍珠绣线菊、石蚕叶绣线菊和三亚绣线菊等进化程度低;核型参数的重要性排序为核型不对称系数平均臂比臂比大于2的比率染色体最长/最短值核型类型着丝点指数均值;17种绣线菊核型参数在种间存在差异,可作为绣线菊属植物分类依据;核型特征聚类分析将17种绣线菊分为4组。     

北京观赏植物的冬、春季冻害分析

在2009年11月至2010年4月期间,北京地区出现了异常低温.与2000～2008年同期相比,平均气温降低了2.6℃,日均温＜0℃天数的频率增加了9.6％.这样的极端低温导致北京市植物园观赏植物的严重冻害.2010年春、夏季对17种160余株树木进行了调查.结果表明:广玉兰、紫薇、毛泡桐和天目琼花受冻害最为严重；其次是雪松、白皮松和紫叶李.冬季低温的强度与持续时间、树木的产地与抗寒性能以及栽植的生境等是导致树木受冻害程度差异的主要原因.     

Heavy metal in leaves of twelve plant species from seven different areas in Shanghai,China

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd) were measured in leaves of twelve plant species from seven different locations in Shanghai, China. Unwashed and washed new and old leaves were considered, and the correlations among the heavy metal concentrations in soils and in plant leaves and deposited by the atmosphere were analyzed. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the stomatal density and structure of the leaves.The background site (Chenshan Botanical Garden) had lower mean metal concentrations than the other sites. The highest Cu contents were found in Nerium indicum and Platanus acerifolia, the highest Zn content was found in Pittosporum tobira, and the highest Pb and Cd contents were found in Cedrus deodara. The lowest heavy metal contents were found in Ginkgo biloba, potentially because Platanus acerifolia and Pittosporum tobira leaves have higher densities of stomata than on Ginkgo biloba leaves (according to SEM results). However, Magnolia grandiflora had the highest metal accumulation index (MAI) (4.27), and Cedrus deodara had the lowest MAI (1.53). When comparing the heavy metal contents in the washed leaf samples with the unwashed leaf samples, Nerium indicum captured more rare-earth elements (determined using the capture rate (CR)), including Cu (92.7%) and Zn (36.9%). Magnolia grandiflora had higher CR values for Pb (63.4%) and Cd (49.1%), and Cedrus deodara had lower CR values for Cu (0), Zn (8.90%), Pb (5.93%) and Cd (2.97%). In addition, the Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in plant needles potentially originate from the soil, and the Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the leaves of broad-leaved plants potentially originate from bulk atmospheric deposition. This hypothesis is supported by the relationship between the heavy metal concentrations in the soils and the washed new and old leaves. In addition, the concentration factor (CF) of heavy metals supported this model.     

Remaining residual bone marrow cells through bone marrow transplantation from female to male in mice

AIM:To investigate the remaining residual bone marrow cells after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from female to male in mice by detecting the male Y chromosome from the blood cells. METHODS:Bone marrow cells from either male or female C57BL/6 mice were injected via tail vein to the corresponding male or female mice at 1×107 per animal 6 h after irradiation exposure to different doses of ［137Cs］. The survival rate of BMT was calculated after 14 d. The numbers of leukocytes in peripheral blood were measured and Y chromosome levels were also assayed in the male recipent mice. RESULTS:With radiation doses of 1 000 rad and 950 rad, the hematopoietic function of the female recipient mice quickly restored, but the male recipient mice had only 48% survival rate. With the radiation dose of 900 rad, the male recipient mice all survived and their hematopoietic function quickly restored. The peripheral leukocyte counts returned to normal 13 d after BMT. The Y chromosome genes in the peripheral blood cells were detected in 5 weeks after BMT in the male recipient mice, suggesting that the bone marrow cells in the male mice were completely destroyed by radiation, and the bone marrow cells from female mice completely replaced those in the male mice. CONCLUSION: After irradiation at a dose of 900 rad, the male mice can be used as BMT recipients without endogenous bone marrow cells. This study warrants male recipient mouse model in BMT for further investigation on the function of bone marrow cell-specific genes after global gene manipulations of the animals.     

枇杷属植物种间及近缘属杂交亲和性研究

采用去雄、套袋、人工授粉方法对7种枇杷属植物及2种枇杷近缘属植物共14份材料配置的91个种间、21个属间共112个杂交组合进行研究,结果发现：91个种间杂交组合中有28个坐果率为零,即杂交不亲和,约占30%;杂交组合大多为部分亲和,仅少数为完全亲和。枇杷属与其近缘属植物（石斑木、石楠）的正交基本不亲和,反交有5个组合能结果,但杂种胚中途败育,需要进行胚挽救。不同的种类作为父本或母本时,坐果率相差较大,以大渡河枇杷,栎叶枇杷、野生普通枇杷和‘解放钟’作母本,平均坐果率高达36.2% ~ 58.2%;而以台湾枇杷及其两个变型和椭圆枇杷作母本,平均坐果率仅为2.9% ~ 16.3%,作父本时,平均坐果率较高,达22.4% ~ 43.1%。花粉管生长的荧光观察显示,台湾枇杷恒春变型作母本与栎叶枇杷杂交为孢子体不亲和。     

库尔勒香梨的商品性状分析

经过3a时间,对库尔勒地区香梨果实商品性状进行分析。结果表明:香梨果实商品性状不稳定,不同年份有差异,主要表现在商品果率、特级果率、"公梨"和"母梨"的发生比例、可溶性固形物、硬度等方面;单果重表现为,初果园的盛果园的老果园的;可溶性固形物表现为,老果园和初果园的高,盛果园的低;"公梨"和"母梨"的硬度、可溶性固形物的差异在不同年份表现不同,"母梨"的品质优于"公梨"的说法不科学;3a"公梨"的单果重都显著大于"母梨"的。研究指出,目前香梨果实分级存在弊端,特级果的硬度和可溶性固形物并不优于其它级别果实。     

栽培小菊17个品种的核型多样性

 采用常规压片法对具有不同株型和用途的17个栽培小菊品种制备染色体标本,进行核型分析。结果表明：（1）17个栽培小菊均为混倍体,染色体数在49～57之间变异,以54条为主;（2）染色体呈现多态性：多数品种由中部、近中部和近端部着丝粒染色体组成;最长与最短染色体的比值为1.62～2.39;臂比＞2的染色体所占的比率为11.11%～29.62%;核型不对称系数为59.74%～63.37%;3个地被菊品种和‘奥运橙光’、‘金陵白凤’（2n=53）核型类型为“2B”,其它品种为“2A”型。核型多样性不仅仅是简单的染色体突变,很可能是染色体重组所致。     

大白菜初级三体的配子形成及传递率研究

大白菜三体的n+1配子传递率的测定是利用三体进行遗传分析的重要参数。本研究以大白菜初级三体系为亲本,分别与二倍体正反交,测定n+1雌雄配子传递率,并将各三体雄配子形成过程中染色体的减数分裂行为及花粉特性进行了观察分析。研究结果表明：大白菜初级三体系除10号三体（Tri-10）外,其他三体均能通过n+1雌雄配子传递,但传递率在不同三体间以及雌雄配子间有差异。各三体在雄配子形成过程中,染色体的减数分裂行为从三价体的形成到后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ的分离等方面都存在异常,这些共同影响n+1雄配子的传递率。     

树莓无刺性状杂交试验初报

对8个树莓品种物候期及有效授粉期进行了调查,'早红'开花成熟最早,'美国22号'开花成熟最晚;'无刺红'与其它7个品种的有效授粉期达10 d以上.以'无刺红,为母本与其它7个品种杂交授粉时,小核果坐果率的变化趋势与坐果率变化一致,果实的单果重倾向于母本,种子饱满、千粒重较大;以'无刺红'为父本时变化规律与之相似.对杂交后代实生苗的刺密度进行了调查,刺密度属数量性状连续变异,后代分离广泛,其中澳洲红自交后代无刺实生苗比例最大,可以达到30.56%.杂交后代刺密度组合传递力3.94,自交后代刺密度组合传递力1.67.     

甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、成虫及卵特性研究

在室温条件下对甘蔗红尾白螟蛹、雌雄成虫及卵的特性进行了观察研究,测定了雌雄蛹和成虫每头平均体重、体长和体宽（翅展）,并进行了相关性分析.结果表明,成虫羽化雌雄比为1.36：1;蛹的平均发育历期为35.14±0.370d,雌雄成虫平均发育历期分别为6.10±0.220d和7.13±0.451d,卵的平均发育历期为11.58±0.267d;雄成虫的体重和翅展没有相关性,雌雄蛹和成虫的体重、体长及体宽（翅展）之间都呈显著正相关.     

First reported case of spontaneous hermaphrodism in female date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), cv ‘Alligue’

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is dioecious with male flowers deficient in functional gynoecium and female flowers deficient in functional androecium borne on separate palms. The presence of male and female flowers on the same plant, a phenomenon known as monoecy, is unusual in male date palms.

This study reports for the first time on hermaphrodite (bisexual) flowers borne by two female date palms, ‘Alligue’, that were found growing in an open field in Degache, southern Tunisia. The observations on these two female palms were compared with hermaphrodite male date palms growing in the same location. Hermaphrodite female date palm inflorescence branches bear female flowers predominantly near their base, in contrast to the hermaphrodite flowers that are found primarily toward their upper part. The position of the hermaphrodite flowers in hermaphrodite male date palms is reversed: inflorescence branches bear male flowers toward the upper part while the hermaphrodite flowers are found at the base. Histological examination of female hermaphrodite flowers revealed that they had three carpels and 1–6 stamens. Hermaphrodite flowers on male plants were usually also composed of three carpels of variable size, and six stamens. Hermaphrodite flowers on both female and male palm trees turn generally into parthenocarpic fruits. The present data support the theory that dioecious plants are derived from a common hermaphrodite ancestor. Floral hermaphroditism in date palm should be investigated in relation to the in planta self-fertilization process to identify sex markers and genes that control sex organ development.