钙元素对冬季迟缓期的艾纳香生物量和有效成分含量的影响

以一年生艾纳香种子苗为实验材料，用一水合氯化钙提供钙元素，在冬季艾纳香生长迟缓期进行3次施肥，测定艾纳香的株高、地径、叶长和叶宽等生长指标以及生物量。采用紫外可见分光光度法测定艾纳香不同部位中总黄酮的相对含量，并计算总黄酮的绝对含量；采用GC测定艾纳香叶片中l-龙脑的相对含量，并计算l-龙脑的绝对含量。结果表明：钙元素极显著增加了冬季生长迟缓期的艾纳香叶、茎和根生物量，其中5 g/L钙处理组的艾纳香叶生物量极显著高于其他3个处理组，10、15 g/L钙处理下的叶生物量极显著高于空白对照组（CK），分别是对照的3.03倍和2.65倍。钙元素的施加抑制了艾纳香不同部位总黄酮相对含量的积累，然而显著增加了总黄酮绝对含量。5 g/L钙处理组的l-龙脑相对含量和绝对含量最高，分别为0.22％和0.22 g，与10、15 g/L钙和CK组相比，分别增加了37.50％、22.22％、37.50％和100％、100％、450％。在冬季艾纳香生长迟缓期施加钙元素可以显著促进艾纳香叶、茎和根生物量的积累，提高总黄酮和l-龙脑的绝对含量。     

广金钱草中超声波辅助提取总黄酮的工艺优化

利用纤维素酶协同超声波提取技术对广金钱草中总黄酮的提取工艺进行筛选,通过单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验优选出纤维素酶协同超声波法提取总黄酮的最佳工艺为:乙醇浓度50％、料液比1:30,纤维素酶500mg,超声波提取时间30min.在该提取条件下黄酮得率为2.28％.本实验优选的工艺设计合理,稳定可行,抗氧化活性较好,...     

艾纳香总黄酮对大鼠皮肤创伤愈合的作用及机制研究

探讨艾纳香总黄酮对大鼠皮肤创伤愈合的影响及其作用机制。取大鼠150只,随机分为模型组、京万红组和艾纳香总黄酮高、中、低组,建立大鼠背部双侧圆形创伤模型,连续给药10 d,测定创面面积,计算愈合率;于术后的1、3 、5、7 、10 d检测创缘组织IL-1、TNF-α表达量并切取创伤边缘皮肤全层,制片,HE染色后镜下观察创面组织形态学的改变。结果表明：艾纳香总黄酮随药物剂量的增加而提高创面愈合百分率,缩短愈合时间,创伤早期增强创面IL-1、TNF-α的表达。艾纳香总黄酮促进大鼠皮肤创伤的愈合机制之一可能是增强创伤早期炎症因子的分泌,从而促进创面的修复愈合。     

绿茶总黄酮提取方法及对羟自由基清除效果比较研究

通过对传统醇提法、超声波法、微波法、微波-超声协同法4种提取方法的比较,研究绿茶总黄酮的最佳提取方法。结果表明:微波提取法的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%,液固比45∶1,微波时间40s;微波-超声协同提取法最佳工艺为乙醇浓度70%,液固比45∶1,超声时间30min。4种提取方法以微波-超声协同提取法总黄酮得率最高,并比较4种提取方法获得的绿茶总黄酮提取物对羟自由基(·OH)的清除效果,超声提取法清除·OH效果最佳。     

千层塔全草总黄酮提取工艺的优化

为了优化千层塔全草中总黄酮的提取工艺。采用索氏提取方法,以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,通过单因素试验确定各因素对提取工艺的影响,正交试验确定最佳提取工艺。结果表明：影响千层塔总黄酮提取效率的主次因素依次为：乙醇浓度＞温度＞提取时间＞料液比。千层塔中总黄酮最佳提取工艺为：乙醇浓度60％、提取时间130 min、提取温度85 ℃、料液比（g/mL）1 ∶ 35,千层塔中总黄酮提取率为1.262 6％。     

超声波辅助提取石崖茶总黄酮工艺优化

应用正交试验方法对石崖茶总黄酮提取工艺进行优化。结果表明:各因素对总黄酮提取量影响大小依次为:料液比超声温度超声时间乙醇浓度。超声波辅助石崖茶总黄酮提取工艺最佳条件为料液比1∶40(g/m L)、乙醇浓度70%、超声时间30 min、超声温度55℃,此条件下总黄酮提取率为30.3%。采用该工艺测定广西昭平、桂平和金秀三个产地的石崖茶总黄酮含量,结果昭平石崖茶总黄酮含量最高,为30.4%。     

菜豆中总黄酮提取工艺及含量测定

目的测定菜豆豆荚总黄酮含量，优化菜豆中黄酮提取工艺。方法以芦丁为对照品通过紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量，将回流法、超声法、煎煮法提取黄酮类化合物的提取效率进行对比，采用正交法优化了超声提取工艺。用最佳提取工艺验证实验结果。结果提取次数对黄酮提取率影响显著．超声时间和乙醇浓度对提取率影响不显著。结论最佳提取工艺为85％乙醇、超声60min、提取3次，菜豆中总黄酮含量为158．86mg／100g。     

酸枣仁总黄酮成分的提取工艺及其含量分析

目的优化酸枣仁中总黄酮的提取工艺。方法利用分光光度计通过测定吸光度测定酸枣仁中总黄酮的含量,采用正交试验,优选酸枣仁中总黄酮最佳提取工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为加10倍量,70%的乙醇,提取1次,每次1h。结论建立的酸枣仁总黄酮含量的测定方法,该方法简单、快捷,重现性好,可用于酸枣仁的质量控制和定量分析。优选的方法可靠,重现性好,可用于提取酸枣仁中总黄酮。     

葛根有效成份提取新工艺研究

目的确定葛根有效成份提取的最佳条件。方法以40%乙醇为溶剂,通过正交实验,以葛根总黄酮得率为评价指标,筛选最佳工艺条件。结果 40%乙醇为溶剂提取葛根总黄酮的最佳组合条件为提取时间120min,溶剂用量25倍,提取温度80℃,提取次数2次。结论该条件下葛根中总黄酮的得率为8.95%。此实验方法操作简单、快捷,具有高效性及安全性,适合工业化生产推广。     

正交试验优化山地五月茶总黄酮的提取工艺

通过单因素试验,分析乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、提取次数等对总黄酮提取率的影响,采用正交试验确定山地五月茶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺。结果表明,山地五月茶总黄酮的最佳提取条件为乙醇浓度85%、料液质量体积比1∶10、提取温度90℃,加热回流提取2.0 h,提取3次。在此条件下,测得山地五月茶总黄酮的含量为(4.548 6±0.041 5)mg/g。本研究建立了山地五月茶总黄酮的提取工艺,可为山地五月茶资源的充分利用、研究开发等提供科学依据。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.