施氮量对压砂西瓜氮素累积及SPAD的影响

以压砂西瓜为试材,设置0、45、90、135、180 kg·hm~(-2) 5个氮水平,测定各器官氮素含量、叶片不同部位SPAD值及产量,研究了压砂西瓜氮素吸收及施氮量对压砂西瓜氮素吸收及累积的影响,以期为压砂西瓜合理施用氮肥提供参考依据。结果表明:坐瓜期、膨瓜中期、成熟期施氮45～135 kg·hm~(-2)的植株氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而增加。膨瓜期,施氮45～180 kg·hm~(-2)的茎、叶氮素累积量高于不施氮。坐瓜期施氮45～135 kg·hm~(-2)时,茎氮素累积量随施氮量的增加而增加。顶部叶SPAD值在施氮量为90～135 kg·hm~(-2)时最高,氮水平为45～135 kg·hm~(-2)时中部叶SPAD值最大,施氮量是135～180 kg·hm~(-2)时基部叶SPAD值最高。施氮量与顶部叶SPAD值在膨瓜前期相关系数为0.972,施氮量与中部叶SPAD值相关系数在伸蔓期和膨瓜后期为0.960、0.959,施氮量与基部叶SPAD值在伸蔓期相关系数为0.988。顶部叶叶片氮素含量与SPAD值在伸蔓期、坐瓜期、膨瓜中期、成熟期相关系数为0.911、0.947、0.844、0.968,中部叶叶片氮素含量与SPAD值在伸蔓期、坐瓜期、膨瓜期相关系数为0.934、0.955、0.988、0.946、0.878,基部叶叶片氮素含量与SPAD值在伸蔓期、坐瓜期、膨瓜前期相关系数为0.875、0.835、0.872。产量与顶部叶SPAD值的相关系数在伸蔓期、坐瓜期、膨瓜期为0.881、0.944、0.835、0.975、0.897,产量与中部叶SPAD值在坐瓜期、膨瓜中期和后期、成熟期相关系数为0.961、0.959、0.869、0.997,产量与基部叶SPAD值在伸蔓期、坐瓜期、膨瓜前期和中期相关系数为0.834、0.983、0.987、0.948。施氮可以提高植株氮素累积量和叶片SPAD值,施氮量、叶片氮素含量、产量与中部叶SPAD值相关性最佳。     

自然条件下压砂年限对旱区压砂瓜生理特性及产量的影响

以"金城5号"西瓜嫁接苗为试材,采用单因素对比试验设计方法,研究了自然条件下压砂年限对旱区压砂瓜生理特性及产量的影响,以期为干旱盐碱地地区压砂瓜可持续开发提供参考依据。结果表明:在全生育期内,除土壤有机质变化规律为凸双峰模式,其余养分变化相似,呈凸单峰模式,其高峰期和低峰期有所不同;压砂地的土壤养分(速效磷、速效钾、碱解氮和有机质)含量均随着压砂年限的增加而降低,而土壤全盐含量则相反;在全生育期,压砂瓜主蔓长、叶片数、叶面积和叶面积指数均呈上升趋势且随着压砂年限的延长而逐渐减小;在试验条件下,随着压砂年限的延长产量随之降低。     

西瓜蔬菜优质高效多元复合种植技术

如东县常年种植西瓜面积4000hm^2以上，主要分布于本县的东部沿海区域，种植模式为棉田套种西瓜，常年连作，在西瓜果实膨大期常遇梅雨，导致西瓜病害的大发生，致使西瓜减产，甚至失收。加之西瓜与棉花的共生期长，棉花治虫用药，与西瓜产品质量安全矛盾突出，难以兼顾，消费者心存困惑，影响了销售。这种模式，产量不高不稳，效益低下，逐年萎缩。为了稳定西瓜面积，     

宁夏旱砂地枣瓜间作栽培技术研究

以种植在宁夏中卫市香山干旱山区压砂地根龄5 a生的同心圆枣树(行间套种西瓜)为试材,研究了压砂地不同间作模式对土壤含水率、西瓜的根系生长及产量、产值和枣树根系、树体发育及坐果的影响。结果表明:在裸砂地中每667 m~2补水19.3 m~3,压砂地土壤含水率提高约1.7%,西瓜根系向上层区域(砂层0～20 cm)和向下层区域(40～60 cm)的根系共计增加了8.7%,根系数量(剖面0.6 m~2内)增多28%,西瓜产量提高66.0%,产值增加300%。在枣瓜间作模式中,在同样补水栽培管理条件下,枣树8 m行间间作2行和间作3行西瓜,在大于3 kg商品瓜产值(净面积)方面,比裸砂地补水处理产值分别提高5.9%和降低7.3%;间作2行西瓜的枣树比间作3行西瓜的枣树,单株坐果量和单株产量分别增加17.1%、22.6%。     

开封地区西瓜—花生—甘薯一年三熟栽培技术

在开封地区推广西瓜—花生—甘薯一年三熟间作套种种植模式,该模式的特点是:西瓜和花生建立共生关系,西瓜卷须缠绕到花生植株上,无需压蔓;花生被西瓜卷须缠绕后,有效控制了旺长。次年,西瓜种植行和花生种植行滚动种植,花生种植无需施肥,靠上年瓜沟施肥营养生长,西瓜种植行因种植花生起到自然轮作倒茬的效果,有效防止西瓜病害的发生。种植甘薯完全不影响花生和西瓜的生长,667 m~2收入6 000元左右,效益可观,操作简单易行。     

肥水耦合对西瓜苗期植株干物质积累、膨瓜速度及产量的影响

为建立西瓜高产的肥水耦合模式,以三倍体西瓜品种‘黑帝’为试验材料,在伸蔓期和膨瓜期设置不同肥水组合,探讨其对西瓜苗期植株干物质积累、膨瓜速度及产量的影响。结果表明,处理T3(灌水2次,每次灌水量225 m~3·hm~(-2),冲施复合肥112.5 kg·hm~(-2)有利于西瓜苗期植株干物质积累,明显提高了西瓜果实生长速度,日平均膨瓜量为122.91 cm~3;其产量最高,可达59 894.6 kg·hm~(-2),显著高于其他处理。在总灌水量和施肥量相同的条件下,处理T3的肥水耦合方式可起到以水调肥的协同作用,提高西瓜膨瓜速度和产量。试验结果为实际生产中肥水耦合模式的建立提供了理论依据。     

塑料大棚西瓜套种马铃薯高产栽培技术

武威市地处甘肃省河西走廊东端，区内光热资源丰富，昼夜温差大，具有发展瓜类生产得天独厚的优势条件。在城郊人多地少、肥水条件较好的地方，实行瓜粮、瓜菜间作套种，更能合理利用光热资源，提高土地利用率，解决人多地少、瓜粮争地等矛盾。现将本市大棚西瓜套种马铃薯高产栽培技术介绍如下：１大棚建造及套种方式大棚为拱圆形竹木结构，宽３～６m，高１～１．６m，长３０～４０m。内设１～３排立柱，立柱间距１．２m左右，大棚以南北方向为佳。西瓜栽培选择５～６年未种过瓜类作物的沙壤土，实行半高垄栽培。垄宽９０cm，高２０～３０cm…     

抗病早冠龙西瓜双膜覆盖早熟高产栽培技术

早冠龙西瓜抗性强,易坐瓜,膨瓜速度快,采用地膜加小拱棚栽培,加强生长期间的肥水管理,可以采收2茬瓜,经济效益高。定植后注意循序渐进通风;伸蔓期及时选蔓、压蔓,采用双蔓整枝;人工辅助授粉,尽量用异株花授粉,且授粉量要足。注意防止苗期猝倒病和立枯病,定植后防治蚜虫。     

西瓜套种蔬菜的应用效果

西瓜套种蔬菜的应用效果１西瓜套种蔬菜的优越性（１）西瓜是理想的前茬作物西瓜行距较大，生长期短，行间有较长的休闲时间。若采用地膜移栽，比露地栽培可提前成熟１０—１５ｄ（天），从而缩短了西瓜与间套作物的共生期，有利于后茬作物生长，瓜地可间套青椒、菜花、甘...     

朝天椒套种油葵播期效应研究

朝天椒与油葵合理套种,可以减轻病害,增加收入,但油葵的播期早晚对套种效果影响很大。为了确定最佳套播时间,设置4个不同播期,进行产量、病虫害等综合比较试验,结果表明最适播期为:朝天椒定植后20d左右直播油葵,不仅可以增加产量,而且能够减轻朝天椒多种病害的发生,推广应用前景广阔。     

不同土壤条件对酿酒葡萄生理及果实品质的影响

【目的】为了探索不同土壤条件对酿酒葡萄生理及果实品质的影响,【方法】以‘蛇龙珠’酿酒葡萄为试材,研究了宁夏贺兰山东麓地区,黄河淤土、含石的沙壤土和风沙土3种土壤对葡萄糖分卸载的影响,测定了不同土壤栽培条件下葡萄果实的单果质量、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性总糖、色素、单宁及葡萄叶片的光合速率。【结果】结果表明,在葡萄开始着色至葡萄完全成熟期间,在含石的沙壤土栽培条件下葡萄可溶性总糖含量(22.4%)比黄河淤土栽培条件下和风沙土栽培条件下分别高7%、9%;葡萄色素(5.14 mg.g-1)和叶片光合速率也最高,黄河淤土栽培条件下葡萄的含酸量(8.28 g.L-1)和单粒质量(2.32 g)较高,然而,风沙土条件下,单宁(籽单宁1.15 mg.g-1,皮单宁0.30 mg.g-1)的含量最高。【结论】土壤条件对酿酒葡萄果实品质影响较为显著,含石的沙壤土条件下葡萄品质最佳。     

土壤质地和砧木对苹果根际微生物功能多样性及其碳源利用的影响

以分别栽培于砂壤土、壤土和黏壤土，砧木为八棱海棠（Malus robusta Rehd.）和平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）的2年生盆栽‘红富士’苹果（Malus × domestica Borkh.‘Red Fuji’）幼树根际土为试材，分析根际和未栽植果树的非根际土壤细菌16S rRNA基因拷贝数、细菌根际效应、微生物群落代谢活性、功能多样性及其碳源利用类型等。结果表明，根际和非根际土壤细菌的拷贝数、微生物群落代谢活性以及功能多样性指数均是黏壤土 > 壤土 > 砂壤土、平邑甜茶根际土 > 八棱海棠根际土、根际土 > 非根际土。两种砧木的细菌根际效应均是在砂壤土最大，黏壤土最小；砂壤土中的细菌丰度受砧木的影响最大。根际和非根际微生物群落碳源利用能力均是黏壤土 > 壤土 > 砂壤土；根际微生物群落对酚酸和羧酸类碳源的利用能力显著高于非根际；八棱海棠根际微生物群落对羧酸类碳源的利用能力在砂壤土中最高、在黏壤土中最低，平邑甜茶根际微生物群落正相反。根际微生物群落碳源利用类型因土壤质地而异，在砂壤土中主要利用氨基酸类，其次是碳水化合物和羧酸类；在壤土中主要利用碳水化合物，其次是多聚物类和氨基酸类；在黏壤土中主要利用多聚物类，其次是氨基酸类和碳水化合物。主成分分析显示土壤质地使根际微生物群落类型分离，而两种砧木的根际微生物群落在同一质地土壤下聚集在一起，即苹果根际微生物群落碳源利用类型更易受到土壤质地影响，而砧木差异所带来的影响较小。     

Applying spent coffee grounds directly to urban agriculture soils greatly reduces plant growth

There are frequent anecdotal recommendations for the use of locally produced spent coffee grounds in urban agriculture and gardens, either through direct soil application or after composting with other urban organic wastes. This study investigates the scientific basis for direct application of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and the influence of different: (i) plant pH and nitrogen preferences, (ii) soil types, and (iii) application rates. We specifically consider impacts upon plant growth, soil hydrology and nitrogen transformation processes.We grew five horticultural plants (broccoli, leek, radish, viola and sunflower) in sandy, sandy clay loam and loam soils, with and without SCG and fertilizer amendments. The same horticultural plants were grown in the field with 0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25% SCG amendment rates. Plant biomass growth was related to soil pH, soil moisture, nitrogen concentration and net mineralization, as was weed growth after harvesting.All horticultural plants grew poorly in response to SCG, regardless of soil type and fertiliser addition. Increasing SCG amendment significantly increased soil water holding capacity, but also decreased horticultural plant growth and subsequent weed growth. There was evidence of nitrate immobilization with SCG amendment. Growth suppression was not explained by soil pH change, or nitrogen availability, so is more likely due to phytotoxic effects.Fresh SCG should not be used as a soil amendment in ‘closed loop’ urban food production systems without consideration of potential growth suppression. Further research is required to determine the optimal composting conditions for SCG and blends with other organic wastes.     

库布齐沙漠北缘几种机械沙障对沙丘土壤水分的影响

以库布齐沙漠北缘七星湖景区所铺设6种沙障的沙丘土壤为研究对象,通过野外取样,测定6种沙障(平铺式沙柳沙障、芦苇沙障、玉米秆沙障、葵花秆沙障、低立式沙柳沙障、高立式尼龙网沙障)和裸沙丘不同坡位、不同深度的土壤含水率.结果表明:6种沙障和裸沙丘在垂直方向上土壤含水率的变化趋势一致;从铺设方式和沙障材料的角度分析沙障对土壤水分的保持效果,平铺式沙柳沙障较低立式效果好;平铺式芦苇沙障和葵花秆沙障较沙柳沙障、玉米秆沙障效果好.在迎风坡,平铺式芦苇沙障土壤含水率最大,其值为3.52％;在坡顶和背风坡处,平铺式葵花秆沙障的土壤含水率最大,其值分别为1.28％和2.31％00.综合分析认为,从保持沙丘水分这一角度出发,建议在沙丘的迎风坡铺设平铺式芦苇沙障,而在坡顶和背风坡,则应优先考虑铺设平铺式葵花秆沙障.     

土壤转换对二年生平邑甜茶根系发生与功能的影响

以2年生平邑茶为试材研究表明：土壤转换后，根系的发生与功能有所改变，由粘壤土转入沙壤土的根系吸收表面积、分泌H^ 速率和吸收NO3^-速率比由沙壤土转入粘壤土的高，但均比未处理植株低；前者新根量大，生长势强，分布广，后者的吸收根大量死亡。。     

土壤微生物对柑桔生长及产量的影响

通过对红壤、沙壤和紫色土壤的高、低产桔园土壤进生物的研究,证实不同类型土壤和同类型不同肥力水平土壤的微生物种类和数量不同.酸性红壤的真菌、近中性沙壤的细菌、偏碱性土壤的放线菌数量最大.土壤中的微生物总量与土壤中的有机质和C/N等呈正相关.由于不同类型土壤高、低产园的微生物种类及数量不同,柑桔的生长势及产量等有明显的差异.同时提出了套种绿肥、增施有机肥等土壤改良措施.     

The influence of moisture regime on greenhouse rose production in various growth media

The effect of irrigation regimes and growth media on the production and quality of ‘Baccara’ roses was examined in a greenhouse during the 1969/70 and 1970/71 seasons. The media tested were (a) sandy loam, (b) sandy loam mixed with peat moss, (c) vulcanic scoria (tuff), (d) sandy loam placed on top of the local soil; all except (d) were in raised benches. Two levels of fertilizers were examined in the tuff media. The irrigation treatments in the soil media were established according to pre-irrigation water suction in the range 5 to 50 centibars (cb). In the tuff media the irrigation treatments were scheduled at different frequencies ranging from eight irrigations per day to one irrigation every 2–3 days.Maximum flower production was obtained in sandy loam which was placed on top of the local soil and irrigated so that the soil water suction did not rise above 5 cb. Flower length was unaffected by the irrigation regime in this growth medium.Flower production in the raised benches dropped when the water suction was kept below 20 cb or when it was allowed to rise to 50 cb. On the other hand, the highest percentage of long-stem flowers was obtained when the water suction was maintained below 5 cb.No significant difference in flower production was found between 5–8 and 2 irrigations per day in the tuff media. Maximum yield from these treatments was significantly lower than that in the non-raised soil benches. An increase in fertilizer level had no effect on flower production or quality.The flowering buds were relatively small at the beginning of winter and became larger toward spring. Only minor effects of growth media and moisture regimes on bud weight were found.     

江油不同质地土壤对附子苗期生长的影响

采取盆栽试验,对江油附子主要种植区中6个不同质地土壤类型的养分状况和种植于该6个土壤类型之上的附子苗期状况进行研究.结果表明:砂壤土和壤土土壤肥力高,更适合附子的种植,砂土和粘土上的附子生长状况相对较差,建议通过科学的土壤改良,合理施肥,精耕细作来改变砂土和粘土的质地,提高其土壤肥力,以更好地满足附子的生长需要.     

压砂地中晚熟西瓜主要性状的遗传效应及其配合力分析

为提高压砂地中晚熟西瓜品种的种类数量及抗性,选用4份中晚熟西瓜自交系为亲本材料。采用Griffing方法Ⅳ配制杂交组合6个。对4个亲本及F1代的7个主要数量性状进行方差和配合力分析。结果表明,‘W08-15’各性状一般配合力效应值较高,综合性状表现优良,中晚熟西瓜品种选育可用其作为主要亲本来使用。在特殊配合力相对效应值上‘,W03-15×W08-15’是比较优良的杂交组合。在遗传力分析中,单果质量、果皮硬度、果肉硬度和维生素C含量分别具有较大的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力。该结果可为压砂地中晚熟西瓜杂交育种的亲本选择和选配提供依据。     

Substrate temperature fluctuation and dry-weight partitioning of Lantana grown in four green roof growing media

Summary

Four potential green roof substrates were evaluated in a field study for their thermal characteristics and their impact on Lantana camara dry-weight accumulation. The substrates were a) a sandy loam soil (S), b) the sandy loam soil amended with urea formaldehyde resin foam (S:F) at a proportion of 60:40 v/v, c) the sandy loam soil mixed with peat and perlite (S:P:Per) at a proportion of 50:30:20 v/v, respectively and, d) peat amended with urea-formaldehyde resin foam (P:F) at a proportion of 60:40 v/v. Measurements included the monitoring of the substrate temperature and the determination of the dry-weight accumulation rhythm of shoots, leaves and roots. In addition, the lateral spreading of the roots was recorded and the shoot/root ratio determined. Temperature fluctuation within the substrates was found to depend on the type of the substrate, plant growth, and season. Temperature fluctuation was high in S, moderate in S:F and S:P:Per and low in P:F. Shoot and root dry-weight accumulation was reduced in P:F, while root growth was promoted in S substrate. Differences in dry-weight accumulation and the lateral spreading of the roots were affected more by the water holding capacity of the substrate than by the substrate temperature.