稻瘟病菌cAMP受体类GPCR的生物信息学分析

G蛋白偶联受体(GPCRs)是一类重要的细胞表面受体,通过G蛋白介导着多种生物学途径,其介导的信号转导机制及其作为药物靶标的研究已成为研究热点之一.运用生物信息学的方法,对稻瘟病菌全基因组序列中可能的cAMP类GPCR基因进行了生物信息学分析,为深入研究cAMP类GPCR基因的结构和生物学功能奠定了基础.     

Snapshot of activated G proteins at the membrane: the Galphaq-GRK2-Gbetagamma complex

G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) plays a key role in the desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor signaling by phosphorylating activated heptahelical receptors and by sequestering heterotrimeric G proteins. We report the atomic structure of GRK2 in complex with Galphaq and Gbetagamma, in which the activated Galpha subunit of Gq is fully dissociated from Gbetagamma and dramatically reoriented from its position in the inactive Galphabetagamma heterotrimer. Galphaq forms an effector-like interaction with the GRK2 regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) homology domain that is distinct from and does not overlap with that used to bind RGS proteins such as RGS4.     

Use of chemokine receptors by poxviruses

Chemokine receptors serve as portals of entry for certain intracellular pathogens, most notably human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Myxoma virus is a member of the poxvirus family that induces a lethal systemic disease in rabbits, but no poxvirus receptor has ever been defined. Rodent fibroblasts (3T3) that cannot be infected with myxoma virus could be made fully permissive for myxoma virus infection by expression of any one of several human chemokine receptors, including CCR1, CCR5, and CXCR4. Conversely, infection of 3T3-CCR5 cells can be inhibited by RANTES, anti-CCR5 polyclonal antibody, or herbimycin A but not by monoclonal antibodies that block HIV-1 infection or by pertussis toxin. These findings suggest that poxviruses, like HIV, are able to use chemokine receptors to infect specific cell subtypes, notably migratory leukocytes, but that their mechanisms of receptor interactions are distinct.     

Antibody-enhanced infection by HIV-1 via Fc receptor-mediated entry

Monocytes and macrophages, which may play a central role in the pathogenesis of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), express the CD4 molecule and Fc receptors (FcR) for immunoglobulin G (IgG). To explore the possibility that FcR mediate HIV-1 infection of monocytes, studies were conducted with the human monocytic cell line U937. These cells were exposed to HIV-1 complexed with various concentrations of serum from HIV-1 antibody-positive individuals and monitored for HIV-1 replication. Serum samples from antibody-negative normal individuals did not affect virus yields. High concentrations of antibody-positive sera showed virus-neutralizing activity; however, cells infected with HIV-1 in the presence of antibody-positive sera at subneutralizing concentrations significantly enhanced virus replication. This infection enhancement was blocked by heat-aggregated gamma-globulin. Moreover, the IgG fraction from an HIV-1 antibody-positive serum enhanced HIV-1 infection at the same serum dilution equivalents. In contrast, IgG-F(ab')2 did not enhance HIV-1 infection but showed neutralizing activity with HIV-1. These results are compatible with the concept of FcR-mediated infection enhancement and suggest that this immunological response to HIV-1, instead of protecting the host, potentially facilitates the infection.     

Beta-arrestin 2 mediates endocytosis of type III TGF-beta receptor and down-regulation of its signaling

beta-Arrestins bind to activated seven transmembrane-spanning (7TMS) receptors (G protein-coupled receptors) after the receptors are phosphorylated by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), thereby regulating their signaling and internalization. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected and analogous role of beta-arrestin 2 (betaarr2) for the single transmembrane-spanning type III transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor (TbetaRIII, also referred to as betaglycan). Binding of betaarr2 to TbetaRIII was also triggered by phosphorylation of the receptor on its cytoplasmic domain (likely at threonine 841). However, such phosphorylation was mediated by the type II TGF-beta receptor (TbetaRII), which is itself a kinase, rather than by a GRK. Association with betaarr2 led to internalization of both receptors and down-regulation of TGF-beta signaling. Thus, the regulatory actions of beta-arrestins are broader than previously appreciated, extending to the TGF-beta receptor family as well.     

CXCR1基因编码区SNPs与荷斯坦牛泌乳性能和繁殖性状关联分析

研究旨在探索CXCR1(Chemokine(C-X-C motif)receptor 1)基因编码区SNPs与荷斯坦牛泌乳性状及部分繁殖性状间关系。用飞行时间质谱法检测865头荷斯坦牛CXCR1基因编码区c.642 AG、c.816 CA、c.980 AG和c.1068 GA 4个SNPs位点,同时收集采样牛2010年12月至2012年7月繁殖指标和2010年至2014年奶牛生产性能测定(Dairy herd improvement,DHI)记录。采用多因素方差分析法分析CXCR1基因CDS区SNPs基因型与测定日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率等泌乳性状和产犊间隔、产后首配泌乳天数、配种次数和妊娠泌乳天数关系。结果表明,CXCR1-642 AG和CXCR1-980 AG对乳中体细胞评分(Somatic cell score,SCS)影响显著(P0.05),c.642 AG、c.816 CA、c.980 AG和c.1068 GA对乳中乳脂率、蛋白率和总固体影响显著(P0.05)。CXCR1-980 AG和CXCR1-1068 GA位点AA型个体测定日产奶量显著高于AG和GG型(P0.05),但CXCR1-980 AG AA型乳蛋白率、SCS和总固体显著低于AG和GG型(P0.05)。CXCR1-816 CA位点对产犊间隔影响达显著水平(P=0.033),AC基因型个体产犊间隔显著低于AA型个体。而CXCR1-642 AG、CXCR1-980 AG和CXCR1-1068 GA位点对产犊间隔、产后首配泌乳天数、配种次数以及妊娠泌乳天数均无显著性关联(P0.05)。CXCR1-980 AG和CXCR1-1068 GA对荷斯坦牛产奶量和乳品质存在显著遗传效应,CXCR1 c.816 CA位点对产犊间隔影响显著。CXCR1基因CDS区SNP可作为提高产奶量和乳品质、缩短产犊间隔候选分子标记之一。     

中国荷斯坦牛CXCR1基因编码区SNP多态与临床乳房炎和生产寿命的关联分析

【目的】探讨中国荷斯坦牛CXCR1基因编码区SNP突变与临床乳房炎和生产寿命的相关性。【方法】根据CXCR1基因编码区序列,利用PCR-直接测序法对低SCS和高SCS样本各20个样本进行SNP筛查,最后对所选择的4个SNP位点利用飞行质谱法对866头中国荷斯坦牛进行检测,同时收集所检测牛只临床乳房炎和生产寿命等信息,利用多因素方差分析法、Logistic回归、Cox生存回归等方法分析以上SNP位点突变与临床乳房炎发生次数和生产寿命的相关性。【结果】CXCR1基因编码区共发现13个SNP位点(291 CT、333 CG、337 AG、365 CT、570 AG、642 AG、735 CG、816 AC、819 AG、980 AG、995 AG、1008 CT和1068 AG),分为4个连锁群,随后从每个连锁群中各选择1个SNP位点(642 AG,816AC,980 AG和1068 AG),利用飞行质谱法对大样本中国荷斯坦牛进行检测。4个SNP位点共有9种单倍型,其中单倍型GAGG频率最高(0.3141),而单倍型ACAA频率最低(0.0017)。CXCR1-642与2胎牛患临床乳房炎次数有显著相关(P0.05),AG基因型个体2胎奶牛患临床乳房炎次数显著高于AA基因型(P0.05),CXCR1-816 AA基因型个体3胎奶牛患临床乳房炎次数显著低于AC和CC基因型(P0.05),其它SNP位点与各胎次临床乳房炎发生次数均无显著相关(P0.05)。CXCR1-816与奶牛离群月龄有极显著相关(P0.01),与奶牛生产月龄和离群胎次有显著相关(P0.05),CXCR1-816 AA基因型个体生产月龄、离群月龄和离群胎次均显著高于CC基因型个体(P0.05),而其它SNP位点对生产月龄、离群月龄和离群胎次均无显著相关(P0.05)。Cox生存分析表明:只有CXCR1-816位点与奶牛生存时间有显著相关(P0.05),CXCR1-816 CC基因型个体在各时间段的生存概率均低于AA和AC基因型个体。【结论】CXCR1-816 AC突变与中国荷斯坦牛患临床乳房炎次数和生产寿命有显著相关,在进一步验证其功能后,可用于中国荷斯坦牛生产寿命的分子标记辅助选择。     

Distinct pathogenic sequela in rhesus macaques infected with CCR5 or CXCR4 utilizing SHIVs

Infection of macaques with chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) provides an excellent in vivo model for examining the influence of envelope on HIV-1 pathogenesis. Infection with a pathogenic CCR5 (R5)-specific enveloped virus, SHIVSF162P, was compared with infection with the CXCR4 (X4)-specific SHIVSF33A.2. Despite comparable levels of viral replication, animals infected with the R5 and X4 SHIV had distinct pathogenic outcomes. SHIVSF162P caused a dramatic loss of CD4+ intestinal T cells followed by a gradual depletion in peripheral CD4+ T cells, whereas infection with SHIVSF33A.2 caused a profound loss in peripheral T cells that was not paralleled in the intestine. These results suggest a critical role of co-receptor utilization in viral pathogenesis and provide a reliable in vivo model for preclinical examination of HIV-1 vaccines and therapeutic agents in the context of the HIV-1 envelope protein.     

Crystal structure of a lipid G protein-coupled receptor

The lyso-phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates lymphocyte trafficking, endothelial development and integrity, heart rate, and vascular tone and maturation by activating G protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Here, we present the crystal structure of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 fused to T4-lysozyme (S1P(1)-T4L) in complex with an antagonist sphingolipid mimic. Extracellular access to the binding pocket is occluded by the amino terminus and extracellular loops of the receptor. Access is gained by ligands entering laterally between helices I and VII within the transmembrane region of the receptor. This structure, along with mutagenesis, agonist structure-activity relationship data, and modeling, provides a detailed view of the molecular recognition and requirement for hydrophobic volume that activates S1P(1), resulting in the modulation of immune and stromal cell responses.     

A seven-transmembrane RGS protein that modulates plant cell proliferation

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface activate heterotrimeric G proteins by inducing the G protein alpha (Galpha) subunit to exchange guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins accelerate the deactivation of Galpha subunits to reduce GPCR signaling. Here we identified an RGS protein (AtRGS1) in Arabidopsis that has a predicted structure similar to a GPCR as well as an RGS box with GTPase accelerating activity. Expression of AtRGS1 complemented the pheromone supersensitivity phenotype of a yeast RGS mutant, sst2Delta. Loss of AtRGS1 increased the activity of the Arabidopsis Galpha subunit, resulting in increased cell elongation in hypocotyls in darkness and increased cell production in roots grown in light. These findings suggest that AtRGS1 is a critical modulator of plant cell proliferation.     

Rhodopsin mutants that bind but fail to activate transducin

Rhodopsin is a member of a family of receptors that contain seven transmembrane helices and are coupled to G proteins. The nature of the interactions between rhodopsin mutants and the G protein, transduction (Gt), was investigated by flash photolysis in order to monitor directly Gt binding and dissociation. Three mutant opsins with alterations in their cytoplasmic loops bound 11-cis-retinal to yield pigments with native rhodopsin absorption spectra, but they failed to stimulate the guanosine triphosphatase activity of Gt. The opsin mutations included reversal of a charged pair conserved in all G protein-coupled receptors at the cytoplasmic border of the third transmembrane helix (mutant CD1), replacement of 13 amino acids in the second cytoplasmic loop (mutant CD2), and deletion of 13 amino acids from the third cytoplasmic loop (mutant EF1). Whereas mutant CD1 failed to bind Gt, mutants CD2 and EF1 showed normal Gt binding but failed to release Gt in the presence of guanosine triphosphate. Therefore, it appears that at least the second and third cytoplasmic loops of rhodopsin are required for activation of bound Gt.     

Molecular identification of a taste receptor gene for trehalose in Drosophila

The molecular nature of sweet taste receptors has not been fully explored. Employing a differential screening strategy, we identified a taste receptor gene, Tre1, that controls the taste sensitivity to trehalose in Drosophila melanogaster. The Tre1 gene encodes a novel protein with similarity to G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane receptors. Disruption of the Tre1 gene lowered the taste sensitivity to trehalose, whereas sensitivities to other sugars were unaltered. Overexpression of the Tre1 gene restored the taste sensitivity to trehalose in the Tre1 deletion mutant. The Tre1 gene is expressed in taste sensory cells. These results provide direct evidence that Tre1 encodes a putative taste receptor for trehalose in Drosophila.     

G protein-coupled receptors in Anopheles gambiae

We used bioinformatic approaches to identify a total of 276 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from the Anopheles gambiae genome. These include GPCRs that are likely to play roles in pathways affecting almost every aspect of the mosquito's life cycle. Seventy-nine candidate odorant receptors were characterized for tissue expression and, along with 76 putative gustatory receptors, for their molecular evolution relative to Drosophila melanogaster. Examples of lineage-specific gene expansions were observed as well as a single instance of unusually high sequence conservation.     

Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity

Somatostatin and dopamine are two major neurotransmitter systems that share a number of structural and functional characteristics. Somatostatin receptors and dopamine receptors are colocalized in neuronal subgroups, and somatostatin is involved in modulating dopamine-mediated control of motor activity. However, the molecular basis for such interaction between the two systems is unclear. Here, we show that dopamine receptor D2R and somatostatin receptor SSTR5 interact physically through hetero-oligomerization to create a novel receptor with enhanced functional activity. Our results provide evidence that receptors from different G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein)-coupled receptor families interact through oligomerization. Such direct intramembrane association defines a new level of molecular crosstalk between related G protein-coupled receptor subfamilies.     

Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an inflammatory cytokine that activates neutrophil chemotaxis, degranulation, and the respiratory burst. Neutrophils express receptors for IL-8 that are coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins); binding of IL-8 to its receptor induces the mobilization of intracellular calcium stores. A cDNA clone from HL-60 neutrophils, designated p2, has now been isolated that encodes a human IL-8 receptor. When p2 is expressed in oocytes from Xenopus laevis, the oocytes bind 125I-labeled IL-8 specifically and respond to IL-8 by mobilizing calcium stores with an EC50 of 20 nM. This IL-8 receptor has 77% amino acid identity with a second human neutrophil receptor isotype that binds IL-8 with higher affinity. It also exhibits 69% amino acid identity with a protein reported to be an N-formyl peptide receptor from rabbit neutrophils, but less than 30% identity with all other known G protein-coupled receptors, including the human N-formyl peptide receptor.     

A G protein-coupled receptor is a plasma membrane receptor for the plant hormone abscisic acid

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates many physiological and developmental processes in plants. The mechanism of ABA perception at the cell surface is not understood. Here, we report that a G protein-coupled receptor genetically and physically interacts with the G protein alpha subunit GPA1 to mediate all known ABA responses in Arabidopsis. Overexpressing this receptor results in an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype. This receptor binds ABA with high affinity at physiological concentration with expected kinetics and stereospecificity. The binding of ABA to the receptor leads to the dissociation of the receptor-GPA1 complex in yeast. Our results demonstrate that this G protein-coupled receptor is a plasma membrane ABA receptor.     

Innate immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by neurons expressing NPR-1/GPCR

A large body of evidence indicates that metazoan innate immunity is regulated by the nervous system, but the mechanisms involved in the process and the biological importance of such control remain unclear. We show that a neural circuit involving npr-1, which encodes a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) related to mammalian neuropeptide Y receptors, functions to suppress innate immune responses. The immune inhibitory function requires a guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4 as well as the soluble guanylate cyclase GCY-35. Furthermore, we show that npr-1- and gcy-35-expressing sensory neurons actively suppress immune responses of nonneuronal tissues. A full-genome microarray analysis on animals with altered neural function due to mutation in npr-1 shows an enrichment in genes that are markers of innate immune responses, including those regulated by a conserved PMK-1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. These results present evidence that neurons directly control innate immunity in C. elegans, suggesting that GPCRs may participate in neural circuits that receive inputs from either pathogens or infected sites and integrate them to coordinate appropriate immune responses.     

催乳素释放肽对摄食功能的调节

催乳素释放肽（PrRP）是RF肽的一个新成员,它通过与G蛋白耦联受体结合,起着很多重要的生理调控作用。催乳素释放肽可通过多种途径作用于下丘脑,参与摄食、能量的调节。本文主要回顾了目前有关催乳素释放肽在调节摄食方面的研究进展。     

Structure and function of neuropeptide F in insects

Insect neuropeptides are a group of brain neuro-regulatory factors, which plays very important roles in growth and development, molting and metamorphosis, as well as mating and reproduction. The neuropeptide F(NPF), a multi-functional neuropeptide, is one of neuropeptides identified in numerous insect species, which plays important roles in feeding, metabolism, courtship, reproduction, aggression, ethanol sensitivity, locomotor circadian rhythms, learning and stress responses. These roles of NPF are implemented through NPF receptors(NPFR). The NPFR1, a G protein-coupled receptor with 7 transmembrane domains, is one of these receptors and is found to be important for NPF regulation. The NPF usually is consisted of around 36–40 amino acid residues, but the short neuropeptide F(sNPF) consisted of 7–16 amino acid residues have also been found in some insects. In this review, the structure and function of both NPF and sNPF in insects are discussed.