新疆早实核桃集约栽培模式的研究

本文基于新疆早实核桃集约栽培研究的 8年试验结果 :定植 (嫁接 )后第 8年平均株产核桃 9.67kg(最高株产达 2 0 .0 2kg) ,平均每 hm2产核桃 410 5 .3 5 kg(最高 hm2产核桃 5 5 2 2 .2 5 kg,660株 / hm2 ) ,间种产值 5 90 0 .5 5元 ,产值效益达 4695 4.0 5元 ;8年间平均每 hm2年产核桃 1115 .78kg,间种产值 9842 .85元 ,产值效益达 2 10 0 0 .6元。提出了适宜早实核桃集约栽培的品种、品种搭配、栽植密度 ,前期间作方式、间种作物 ,施肥浇水 ,幼树整形修剪及病虫害防治等一整套树体和田间管理技术措施 ,对新疆乃至全国早实核桃生产具有一定指导作用     

美国核桃、黑核桃引种试验*

自１９８４年开始，陆续引进了维纳、强特勒等１２个美国加州主栽核桃品种和黑核桃、魁核桃、小黑核桃、北加州黑核桃及其种间杂种（奇异核桃）等５个树种。１２个加州核桃品种的发芽期在北京比当地品种晚０～１８ｄ；其中维纳、强特勒、契可、爱米格、日地等５个品种具有早实、丰产的优良特性。种植在河南洛宁县土层深厚、土质中性的砂壤土上，８年生黑核桃树高达５ｍ，干径１４．６ｃｍ：在北京门头沟区干旱、瘠薄、碱性（ｐＨ８～８．５）的碳酸盐土壤上，６年生奇异核桃高达６．５ｍ，干径１８．５ｃｍ。     

滇东南岩溶山区4种经济林树种的引种成效初报

在滇东南岩溶山区进行了早实核桃、美国山核桃、日本甜柿和奈李的引种和林农混作试验。结果表明:早实核桃、美国山核桃和奈李在引种区生长初期表现良好;奈李和早实核桃还具有早实的特性,4年生结实株率达100%,每公顷产量分别为4 673.8?和497?,每公顷产值为12 151.9元和2 982元,宜推广种植。若与花生、大白豆和辣椒进行林农混作,将会取得较高的经济效益和良好的生态效益。而日本甜柿由于受试区小气候(风和干旱)的影响和金龟子的危害,在试区内生长表现不良,但在该区水湿条件较好的地区和农家庭院还是可以种植的。     

水分胁迫对早实核桃生长和结果的影响

水分胁迫对早实核桃生长和结果的影响谷瑞升，郗荣庭，刘万生（河北农业大学园艺系保定０７１００１）（辽宁经济林研究所大连１１６０３１）关键词早实核桃，水分胁迫，生长和结果核桃是重要的经济林树种，早实核桃品种具有很高的栽培价值。然而我国的核桃产区集中于干旱...     

核桃早实,丰产,优质杂交新品系的选育研究

１９６５－１９９５年间,首次选用了我国南方核桃良种云南薄壳核桃与我国北方新疆早实丰产优株核桃两大核桃种群进行种间杂交育种研究。按照杂交育种程序,经三十多年的试验研究,培育出了７９１４,７９２６,８０３４,８０６４,８５２２７等５个杂交新品系核桃。     

云南早实,丰产,优质杂交新品系统桃的培育

１９６５－１９９５年间，云南省林业科学院首次选用我国南方核桃良种云南薄壳核桃与我国北方新疆早实丰产优株核桃，进行两大核桃种群的种间杂交育种研究。按照杂交育种程序，以３０年多年的试验研究，已培育出７９１４、７９２６、８０３４、８０６４、８５２２７等５个杂交新品系核桃。     

梨枣引种及配套栽培技术研究

１９９６ 年春从山西临猗引入鲜食大枣品种梨枣,在日照市近海平原地区建密植丰产园,株行距１ ×３ ｍ 。经过３ 年栽培试验,表现出与原产地相一致的综合适应性和早实丰产性。２ 、３ 年生平均株产２ ．４ｋｇ 和５ ．３ｋｇ ,６６６ ．７ ｍ ２ 产量达５３２ ．８ｋｇ 和１１７６ ．６ｋｇ ,获得６６６ ．７ ｍ ２ 年均纯收入８２４７ 元的丰产栽培效益。     

四川黑水早实核桃资源的研究

通过资源调查和优树选择，开展黑水县早实核桃资源的研究。结果表明：黑水县的早实核桃资源分布广泛，占全县核桃分布范围的82．3％，其中82．8％属于本地原生核桃资源，是继陕西、新疆之外我国早实核桃种质资源的又一发现。选育出4个早实核桃新品种，不仅实现了四川早实核桃种质资源的开发利用，丰富了核桃品种，还为核桃遗传改良提供了宝...     

旱地核桃集约栽培早期丰产技术

为了改变旱地核桃传统的稀植大冠、结果迟与产量低的落后状况 ,笔者于 1994～ 2 0 0 0年进行了山地核桃密植栽培早期丰产技术试验。引种品种为早实良种核桃辽核 1号、中林 5号 ,栽植密度为 84 0株 /ｈｍ2 。栽后第 3年 (1997年 ) ,有 80 %的树结果 ,平均每株挂果 11个 ;第 4年挂果树占 10 0 % ,单产10 0 5ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 ;第 5年达 135ｋｇ;第 6年单产 2 0 2 5ｋｇ/ｈｍ2 ,无病虫果率在 98%以上 ,收入 2 76万元 /ｈｍ2 ,比对照 (5 10株 /ｈｍ2 )增收 1380元 /ｈｍ2 ,且提前 1年进入盛果期。现在树冠紧凑 ,主枝开张、枝梢壮密 ,枝组均衡 ,长势良…     

扎实推进楚雄州核桃产业集约化经营

楚雄州属中国Ⅰ类核桃生产区,全州90%以上的乡镇都可以栽培核桃,栽培品种主要是大姚三台核桃和云南大泡核桃。通过多年的发展,全州核桃基地建设已初具规模,但核桃单产较低,亟待开展集约经营。 一、楚雄州核桃产业发展现状及问题 （一）基地建设初具规模,核桃产量不断增加。到2013年底,全州核桃面积已达到510万亩,其中挂果150万亩,农民人均核桃种植2.7亩;核桃干果产量达4.8万吨,产值达14.6亿元。     

Growth and yield responses of cotton (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Gossypium hirsutum</Emphasis>) to inorganic and organic fertilizers in southern Malawi

Fertilizer trees, the nitrogen-fixing legumes, such as gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and tephrosia (Tephrosia spp.) have been used to improve soil fertility for higher crop yields in nitrogen deficient soils. Many studies have focused on how these fertilizer trees improve maize yield, but there has been a dearth of information on the effect of fertilizer tree species on cotton growth and yield. A study was undertaken for two cropping seasons (2012/13 and 2013/14) with the objective of assessing IRM 81 cotton growth and yield responses to tephrosia and/or gliricidia biomass with or without inorganic fertilizer application. Boll opening significantly varied (P < 0.0001) with treatments and early boll opening was observed in plots where only inorganic fertilizer was applied. Higher lint yield (mean of 1397 kg/ha) was obtained in the second cropping season than in the first cropping season (480 kg/ha) and the application of gliricidia biomass with fertilizer gave the highest lint yield (2121 kg/ha). The lowest lint and seed yields were obtained from plots where tephrosia biomass only was applied. It is concluded that the use of gliricidia biomass with inorganic fertilizer improved cotton yields. The high amount of gliricidia biomass (due to prolific coppicing) applied contributed to higher cotton lint yields with reduced rates of inorganic fertilizer application, making gliricidia-cotton intercropping a cost-effective option to smallholder farmers.     

南华县核桃生产现状及发展对策

南华县早在1964年就被确定为云南省核桃基地县，2002年有核桃面积15000hm^2，年产核桃287.5万kg，产值达3018.8万元。在分析了发展核桃生产有利条件的基础上，指出了存在着良种率低、无名牌商标、无龙头企业等制约产业发展的问题，并提出了实现南华早熟核桃产业化发展的对策。     

京东板栗低产树改接优良品种当年丰产技术研究

为解决遵化市部分实生老栗树产量极低、存在部分低产栗园等问题,于2012年在遵化市马兰峪镇魏进河板栗园进行了低产板栗树高接换优试验。结果表明,通过改接燕山早丰、遵化短刺和紫珀等优良品种,嫁接成活率达到了97．6％～98．2％,改接当年3个品种单株产量分别为1．77kg、1．83k和1．84kg,极显著高于对照;改接第2年3个品种单株产量分别为3．0kg、3．2kg、2．8kg,极显著高于对照,其中以改接遵化短刺产量最高,实现了改接当年丰产、第2年高产。     

Acacia cyanophylla for forage and fuelwood in North Africa

Forage and wood yield of Acacia cyanophylla, also known as Acacia saligna, was studied in a 300–400 mm precipitation zone in Tunisia. Yields were measured during and after drought. This short (2–8 m) evergreen leguminous tree is used as a forage drought reserve in frost free regions where mean annual precipitation exceeds 250 mm. The standing crop of leafy forage builds up year after year for at least four years or until the tree is cut. It rapidly regrows after cutting from coppice shoots. The leaves provide high protein forage for sheep and goats during the long dry summer season typical of the Mediterranean climate as well as emergency forage during drought. The tree is used to stabilize moving sand dunes, and as a windbreak to protect cropland. It also provides fuelwood and increasaes soil nitrogen by fixation. The need for supplemental irrigation during establishment is a major constraint. Research in the 350 mm precipitation zone of Tunisia found 3.2 year old trees to yield over 1400 kg of forage standing crop per hectare after a severe drought. Trees harvested at 2.5 years of age in May, during the worst drought in over 30 years, yielded a standing forage crop of 724 kg per hectare. Forage regrowth 8 months after cutting and 4 months after rains returned was 700 kg/ha. The forage standing crop for trees harvested only once during the 3.2 year period was double the amount of forage regrowth from trees harvested the previous year, but mean annual forage yield similar. This demonstrates that it is possible for forage to be conserved as a living forage reserve for later use during drought. Total wood yield was only 1621 kg/ha for trees cut twice compared to 3683 kg/ha for trees cut only once. Annual cutting will substantially reduce the amount of forage available during drought and reduce the production of fuelwood. It may also reduce the vigor, productivity and life of the tree. Acacia cyanophylla alley cropped on cereal farmland can protect the soil from erosion, protect the associated crop from wind damage, fix nitrogen, provide fuelwood and provide a reserve of high quality forage for use during drought. This work was supported by the Government of Tunisia and the U.S.A.I.D. Tunisia Range Development and Management Project (664-0312.8).     

Growth and nut production of black walnut in relation to site, tree type and stand conditions in south-central United States

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) is a prime tree species for agroforestry practices in the United States providing highly prized wood and nuts for human consumption and wildlife. In 54 black walnut stands in south central United States, the site index (i.e., mean dominant height [DH], at age 25 years) ranged between 5.2 and 21.4 m, and was independent of stand density. There were no differences in height and stem diameter (DBH) growth rates between stands with improved varieties and native stock. Most stands were in a “free growth” stage because of either early age or wide spacing. Mean annual increments in DBH and height were positively related both for improved varieties and native stock. Understory competition had a substantial detrimental effect on DH. In a 26 year-old stand, trees growing within Kentucky blue grass (Poa pratensis) had a site index 5 m greater than trees growing within tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Predicted nut yields in 2002 varied between 0 and 1370 kg of hulled nuts per ha. Improved varieties had, in general, higher nut yields than predicted from a nut yield-DBH equation developed for individual trees. Nut yields were highly variable both within and among stands, and were related to DBH in native stock but not in improved varieties.     

云雄板栗新品种栽培研究

云雄是云南省林业科学院经济林研究所历时20多年选育出的板栗新品种,通过优株选择、无性系评比试验、物候观测、授粉试验、花粉生活力测定、区域化栽培试验、产量和品质测定等多年的栽培研究.结果表明,该品种坚果大、品质优、产量高.用其授粉,平均成实率高达87.4％,且对主栽品种坚果增重明显,增重幅度为4.9％～26.3％.用云雄花粉人工辅助授粉,较自然授粉平均每公顷增产396.5 kg,增产率18.5％;坚果平均增重1.43 g,增长率16.4％.因此,在板栗栽培中,选用云雄作为授粉品种,对提高产量和品质具有重要作用.     

沼气发酵残留物在昌宁县核桃栽培中的应用

在昌宁县柯街镇仙岳村杞木林村民小组进行了沼气发酵剩余物对核桃生长及结果影响试验.结果表明,在核桃雌花初期和第一次果实迅速膨大期喷施、浇施沼液以及采果后深施沼渣等措施对核桃植株增产效果明显,平均坐果率提高到94.5%,比对照增加90.5%;株鲜核平均产量达41.7 kg,增产212%;盛果期平均株产鲜核果316.1kg,比对照增加54.2%.     

Impacts of fructification on biomass production and correlated genetic effects in Norway spruce (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis> [L.] Karst.)

For the period 2003–2006, fructification of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) was recorded at the Kranzberg forest site in Southern Germany by employing a crane with access to the canopy of more than 266 trees. For each tree, stem diameter and growth parameters were assessed annually as well as biomass of cones and seeds, number of seeds per cone, and proportions of empty seeds for a total of 371 trees with cone crop. Genotypes at 19 enzyme coding gene loci of 110 trees were included in the study of correlations between morphological and genetic traits. Re-scaling the observed values for a virtual pure Norway spruce stand of 1 ha, cone biomass including winged seeds (oven-dried at 38°C) varied between 706.8 kg/ha in 2006 (average value per tree was 3.6 kg) and values close to zero in 2005. Corresponding values for vegetative biomass increment of the coning trees in 2006 were 9,273.0 kg/ha and 10.8 kg/tree. A significant higher biomass investment was determined for dominant trees in terms of absolute cone mass as well as in terms of cone mass relative to vegetative biomass and fructification frequency. No trade-off effects in decreased vegetative biomass growth were found in the fructification year, compared to trees that did not grow cones. Although the dominant trees invested proportionally considerable biomass in cones, they showed no significant reduction in vegetative biomass growth. In the following year no decrease in vegetative growth was detected. Based on logistic regressions and homogeneity tests, respectively, significant genetic effect became evident with respect to the gene loci AAP-B and AAT-C concerning fructification probability in the year with maximum generative biomass investment. These and closely related loci also have been found to be indicative for growth and viability, respectively, in other species.